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Perpetual peace projects in late medieval period
Projects on the establishment of world peace in the late Middle Ages were initially marked by religious views on the world. Christian church was the subject of war and peace and it did not make differences among peoples. It had universal aspirations. This dogmatic comprehension will be abandoned by the appearance of national states where the state becomes subject of war and peace. A division among nations appears and the possibility of their mutual recognition. In that way relations among states are being regulated from the point of view of international relations. His basic principle becomes the one of sovereign equality, this could happen after the termination of religious wars which got its peak by Westphalia peace. Starting from Dubois, Podjebrady, Penn, Duke of Silly, via Hobbes, Grotius end Puffendorf, it will be possible to determine how changes in society political systems and way of production influenced the developments of ideas on perpetual peace. The achievements of these thinkers were revolutionary and were still valid. It is worth mentioning the principles of sovereign equality of states, the presence of realism in international relations and the existence of judicial institutions such as the International Court of Justice.
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The universal peace organization of King George of Bohemia: a fifteenth century plan for world peace, 1462/1464
In: The Garland library of war and peace
Sessija Vsemirnogo Soveta Mira: (materialy)
Dayton's Peace Accord: Historic background, preparation, and results
Although it had had some drawbacks, Dayton's Peace Accord was to be a successful one due to the following reasons: Firstly, USA finally realised they had been the crucial factor of war ending in Bosnia and Herzegovina, otherwise their credibility as the great power would be put into question. Secondly, Croatian military operation called 'Oluja' ('Storm') and ruthless bombing of Serbian targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina changed balance of power and created factual fundament for negotiation on territorial division by drawing of future maps on the field. Thirdly, Milošević finally realised Serbs from Bosnia were a primary obstacle toward the lifting of international sanctions and set free isolation. Fourthly, American administration gave a full freedom to the main negotiator Holbrooke to lead the negotiations. Finally, Dayton's Peace Accord managed to ensure the cease of fire, which was the greatest achievement of it. On the other hand, it could not give the answer to the question of the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina either it is in integration or separation. The basic problem which is going to appear during its implementation will include nation building process on the ruins of the war. This is because the above mentioned process is influenced by domestic political forces, considerations and dilemmas besides strong international civic and military presence. In this point coercive diplomacy has proven to be unsuccessful. It might be rung off.
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The Astana Process Six Years On: Peace or Deadlock in Syria?
Blog: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace - sada
The end of meetings in the Kazakh capital offers an opportunity to reevaluate the forum and assess its relevance for the future of the Syrian conflict.
Walk 3 WAR AND PEACE ; Прогулка 3 ВОЙНА И МИР
Memorial Complex «Tank "Irkutsky Komsomolets"»V.P.Sukhachev's Estate ParkSketch of Development along Dekabrskikh Sobyty Street and Ushakovka-Angara Green AxeTrade Unions ' Recreation Center for 800 seats on Dekabrskikh Sobyty Street1200-seat Hostel for Institute of National Economy on Sovetskaya StreetMonument to Irkutsk Citizens Killed on Military Duty ; Мемориальный комплекс «Танк "Иркутский комсомолец"»Парк в усадьбе В. П. СукачеваЭскиз застройки ул. Дек. событий и зеленая ось Ушаковка-АнгараДом культуры профсоюзов на 800 мест по ул. Декабрьских СобытийОбщежитие института народного хозяйства на 1 200 мест по ул. СоветскойПамятник иркутянам, погибшим при исполнении воинского долга
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