Suchergebnisse

Em 2013, após o golpe liderado pelo Séléka, que são grupos rebeldes muçulmanos, as milícias cristãs, também conhecidas como anti-Balaka, decidiram retaliar. Esta disputa violenta deteriorou as condições já pobres na República Centro-Africana (RCA). Embora a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) tenha estabelecido uma missão multidimensional de manutenção da paz na RCA, a MINUSCA não foi eficaz para conter o conflito e evitar uma crise humanitária. Assim, este artigo examina um novo conceito para a estruturação de forças de manutenção da paz na África, particularmente na República Centro-Africana, que é o estabelecimento de uma força africana permanente de manutenção da paz. Após uma pesquisa bibliográfica e uma entrevista com um observador militar brasileiro, que trabalhou na RCA, foi possível verificar que os contingentes militares nacionais que integram a MINUSCA enfrentam graves problemas, como baixo nível de treinamento de tropas, salários atrasados, parcialidade e até mesmo a violação dos direitos humanos da população civil, minando a credibilidade da ONU no país. A fim de melhorar a eficácia da força militar na RCA, uma força africana permanente de manutenção da paz, como um ramo da União Africana (UA) e sob o controle da MINUSCA, parece ter mais chances de ter sucesso, já que esta tropa seria mais imparcial, melhor remunerado e especificamente treinado para as operações de paz.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- A Few Necessary Definitions -- Defining Peacekeeping -- The Evolution of War and Its Impact on Peacekeeping -- Book Outline -- 2 A Brief History of UN Peacekeeping -- The Nascent Period, 1946-1956 -- The Assertive Period, 1956-1967 -- The Dormant Period, 1967-1973 -- The Resurgent Period, 1973-1978 -- The Maintenance Period, 1978-1988 -- The Expansion Period, 1988-1993 -- The Contraction Period, 1993-1999 -- The Era of Unrealistic Expectations, 1999-Present -- 3 Failing Before Beginning -- Organizational Factors -- Deciding to Act -- The Mandate -- The Role of the Secretary-General -- Picking the Right People -- Having to Pick the Wrong People -- Planning, Logistics, and Rapid Reaction -- Conflict-Specific Factors -- 4 Failing While Doing -- Failing at Classical Peacekeeping -- Failing at Multidimensional Peacekeeping -- 5 Angola and Mozambique: Similar Histories, Different Outcomes -- Internal Resources and External Forces -- Mediation and the Mandate -- Picking the Right People -- The Internal Factors -- The Blue Helmets-Too Many Troops with Too Little to Do -- The Police Component-Calling the Wrong Cop -- Humanitarian Functions-Good Intentions and Bad Results -- Demining-Defusing a Time Bomb -- Reintegration-Making Civilians Out of Soldiers -- Disarmament-Ten Guns for Every Soldier -- Demobilization-Giving up the Military Option -- Forming a Unified Army or Simply Creating a Third -- Elections-Free, Fair, and Rejected -- 6 The Real Reasons Peacekeeping Fails -- Classical Peacekeeping -- Protection and Stabilization Missions -- Why Peacekeepers Cannot Succeed Against Violent Extremism -- Multidimensional Missions-Lessons from Angola and Mozambique -- The Real Culprits-The Parties Themselves -- Propaganda-All the News That Is Fit to Invent.

The book explores how diversity in United Nations' peace mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. It identifies four key dimensions of composition: Blue Helmets' field diversity, top mission leadership diversity (between Force Commander and Special Representative of the Secretary General), vertical leadership distance (Leadership-Blue Helmets), and horizontal distance with the local population. Each dimension of diversity of mission is measured as linguistic, geographical, and religious distance. The book finds that diversity of Blue Helmets and diversity of top leadership may increase the mission's capacity to reduce battle-field violence and civilian victimization. This book crucially demonstrates why diversity of mission composition is a key variable to consider when trying to enhance peacekeeping effectiveness.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Introduction: Three Dilemmas for UN Peacekeeping Missions -- 2 Conflict Externalities and the Incentive to Keep the Peace -- 3 Analyzing the Argument -- 4 Conclusion: Managing Incentives and Disincentives to Keep the Peace -- References -- About the Author.

Civil wars have caused tremendous human suffering in the last century, and the United Nations is often asked to send peacekeepers to stop ongoing violence. Yet despite being the most visible tool of international intervention, policymakers and scholars have little systematic knowledge about how well peacekeeping works. 'Peacekeeping in the Midst of War' offers the most comprehensive analyses of peacekeeping on civil war violence to date. With unique data on different types of violence in civil wars around the world, it offers a rigorous understanding of UN intervention by analysing both wars with and without UN peacekeeping efforts. It also directly measures the strength of UN missions in personnel capacity and constitution.

United Nations peacekeeping has proven remarkably effective at reducing the death and destruction of civil wars. But how peacekeepers achieve their ends remains under-explored. This book presents a typological theory of how peacekeepers exercise power. If power is the ability of A to get B to behave differently, peacekeepers convince the peacekept to stop fighting in three basic ways: they persuade verbally, induce financially, and coerce through deterrence, surveillance and arrest. Based on more than two decades of study, interviews with peacekeepers, unpublished records on Namibia, and ethnographic observation of peacekeepers in Lebanon, DR Congo, and the Central African Republic, this book explains how peacekeepers achieve their goals, and differentiates peacekeeping from its less effective cousin, counterinsurgency. It recommends a new international division of labor, whereby actual military forces hone their effective use of compulsion, while UN peacekeepers build on their strengths of persuasion, inducement, and coercion short of offensive force.

This study explores the issue of interpreters' positionality as outsiders to the forces' personnel and insiders to the local communities. Twenty local interpreters who worked in the different peacekeeping operations (PKOs) in the Bosnian War, and seven members of the forces' personnel were surveyed on their personal and professional background, their experiences with working conditions and training as well as the particularities and challenges of PKOs. The results indicate that the status, motivations, hiring procedures, and working conditions of the interpreters changed under the different PKOs, and that this had an impact on the positionality of the interpreter. The findings suggest that specific training programs are needed to better train interpreters to work in PKOs, and that consideration should be given to the issue of how to better train peacekeeping forces to work with interpreters.

The characteristics of the armed conflict in the modern world are given. The role and place of military and special units of the security forces at the border conflict intervention in the peacekeeping force. Described role of internal troops of the security forces in the area divided by military conflict parties. ; 1. Про оборону України [Текст] : Закон України від 06.12.1991 р. № 1933-XII // Відомості Верховної Ради України. – 1992. – № 9. – Ст. 12 (із змінами, внесеними згідно із Законом № 803-VI (803-17) від 25.12.2008 р., ВВР, 2009, № 19).2. Про внутрішні війська МВС України [Текст] : Закон України від 26.03.1992 р. № 2235-ХІІ // Відомості Верховної Ради України. – 1992. – № 29. – Ст. 397 (із змінами, внесеними згідно із законами . № 1381-XIV (1381-14) від 13.01.2000 р.).3. Положення про територіальну оборону України [Текст] : указ Президента України від 27.03.1998 р. № 225 (у ред. від 02.10.2001 р. № 918/2001). – 16 с.4. Шмаков, О. М. Словник офіцера внутрішніх військ з воєнно-наукових питань [Текст] / О. М. Шмаков. –5-те вид.– Х. : Акад. ВВ МВС України, 2009. – 517 с.

The characteristics of the armed conflict in the modern world are given. The role and place of military and special units of the security forces at the border conflict intervention in the peacekeeping force. Described role of internal troops of the security forces in the area divided by military conflict parties. ; 1. Про оборону України [Текст] : Закон України від 06.12.1991 р. № 1933-XII // Відомості Верховної Ради України. – 1992. – № 9. – Ст. 12 (із змінами, внесеними згідно із Законом № 803-VI (803-17) від 25.12.2008 р., ВВР, 2009, № 19).2. Про внутрішні війська МВС України [Текст] : Закон України від 26.03.1992 р. № 2235-ХІІ // Відомості Верховної Ради України. – 1992. – № 29. – Ст. 397 (із змінами, внесеними згідно із законами . № 1381-XIV (1381-14) від 13.01.2000 р.).3. Положення про територіальну оборону України [Текст] : указ Президента України від 27.03.1998 р. № 225 (у ред. від 02.10.2001 р. № 918/2001). – 16 с.4. Шмаков, О. М. Словник офіцера внутрішніх військ з воєнно-наукових питань [Текст] / О. М. Шмаков. –5-те вид.– Х. : Акад. ВВ МВС України, 2009. – 517 с.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION -- Notes -- CHAPTER 2: UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING -- Pacific Settlement and Collective Security -- Peacekeeping -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 3: THE UNITED NATIONS INTERIM FORCE IN LEBANON -- UNIFIL in Lebanon -- Performance and Problems -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 4: THE MULTINATIONAL FORCE IN BEIRUT -- The Invasion of Lebanon -- MNF-I -- MNF-II -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 5: AUTHORITY -- International Society -- U.N. as Authoritative Expositor of International Values -- Authority without Power -- Notes -- CHAPTER 6: POWER -- Power without Authority -- Great Power Responsibility -- Notes -- CHAPTER 7: LEGITIMACY -- Power of Legitimacy -- Power without Legitimacy -- Notes -- CHAPTER 8: FORCE -- Enforcement without Authority -- Between the Devil of Impotence and the Deep Blue Sea of Intervention -- Force and National Interest -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 9: LESSONS FROM VIETNAM -- The ICSC in Vietnam -- Lessons -- Notes -- CHAPTER 10: CONCLUSION -- Notes -- Appendix A: MNF-I -- Appendix Β: MNF-II -- Appendix C: United Nations Resolutions -- Bibliography -- Index of Names.