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"Not since Marx identified the manufacturing plants of Manchester as the blueprint for the new capitalist society has there been a more profound transformation of the fundamentals of our social life. As capitalism faces a series of structural crises, a new social, political and economic dynamic is emerging: peer to peer.
What is peer to peer? Why is it essential for building a commons-centric future? How could this happen? These are the questions this book tries to answer. Peer to peer is a type of social relations in human networks, as well as a technological infrastructure that makes the generalization and scaling up of such relations possible. Thus, peer to peer enables a new mode of production and creates the potential for a transition to a commons-oriented economy. "

Not since Marx identified the manufacturing plants of Manchester as the blueprint for the new capitalist society has there been a more profound transformation of the fundamentals of our social life. As capitalism faces a series of structural crises, a new social, political and economic dynamic is emerging: peer to peer. What is peer to peer? Why is it essential for building a commons-centric future? How could this happen? These are the questions this book tries to answer. Peer to peer is a type of social relations in human networks, as well as a technological infrastructure that makes the generalization and scaling up of such relations possible. Thus, peer to peer enables a new mode of production and creates the potential for a transition to a commons-oriented economy.

The information flow inside a P2P network is highly dependent on the network structure. In order to ease the diffusion of relevant data toward interested peers, many P2P protocols gather similar nodes by putting them in direct contact. With this approach the similarity between nodes is computed in a point- to-point fashion: each peer individually identifies the nodes that share similar interests with it. This leads to the creation of a sort of "private" communities, limited to each peer neighbors list. This "private" knowledge do not allow to identify the features needed to discover and characterize the correlations that collect similar peers in broader groups. In order to let these correlations to emerge, the collective knowledge of peers must be exploited. One common problem to overcome in order to avoid the "private" vision of the network, is related to how distributively determine the representation of a community and how nodes may decide to belong to it. We propose to use a gossip-like approach in order to let peers elect and identify leaders of interest communities. Once leaders are elected, their profiles are used as community representatives. Peers decide to adhere to a community or another by choosing the most similar representative they know about. Index Terms-distributed clustering; peer-to-peer;

Problems arising from the development of fintech include data security and legal certainty of online-based loans so that it impacts on potential risks to consumers and financial stability and integrity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of peer to peer lending in Indonesia, which is reviewed based on relevant institutional regulations and literature studies. This research uses a descriptive method with literature review. The results of this study describe the types of fintech that fall into the dominant category in Indonesia are peer to peer lending, peer to peer lending users by productive age with a percentage of 70%. In October 2019 the number of loans increased 200.01%. The government supervises peer to peer lending through three institutions there are Bank Indonesia, the Ministry of Communication and Information and OJK. The three institutions oversee operations from the start up to consumer protection. Peer to peer lending targets MSMEs that are feasible but cannot obtain bank credit facilities. Peer to peer lending can help develop MSMEs in financial terms, especially in the field of financing.

In this paper, I infuse political and legal theory with peer-to-peer decentralized design features. This experiment studies how property and liability, two core legal institutions attached to individual persons, react and can be transformed (like chemical elements) when applied a peer-to-peer, distributed design, with an empirical and evolutionary approach of hacking the law, seen as a regulatory system. In this jurisprudential analysis unfolding the theory of distributed architecture, I study the effect of applying peer-to-peer to the liberal legal institutions of property, liability and democratic political participation. In that sense, beyond using technology as a tool of the law, I propose to use technology as a tool for exploring and modeling the law. Peer to peer fragmentation is particularly disruptive for the law because the legal reasoning is used accustomed to operate on subjects which are characterized by and uniquely attached to some spatio-temporal existence. This ontological difference between the nature of distributed technology and positivist legal thinking is also reflected in the gap between the law, traditionally much more protective of the interests of capital with its identified owners, than of the commons, with a crowd of distributed peers.

In this paper, I infuse political and legal theory with peer-to-peer decentralized design features. This experiment studies how property and liability, two core legal institutions attached to individual persons, react and can be transformed (like chemical elements) when applied a peer-to-peer, distributed design, with an empirical and evolutionary approach of hacking the law, seen as a regulatory system. In this jurisprudential analysis unfolding the theory of distributed architecture, I study the effect of applying peer-to-peer to the liberal legal institutions of property, liability and democratic political participation. In that sense, beyond using technology as a tool of the law, I propose to use technology as a tool for exploring and modeling the law. Peer to peer fragmentation is particularly disruptive for the law because the legal reasoning is used accustomed to operate on subjects which are characterized by and uniquely attached to some spatio-temporal existence. This ontological difference between the nature of distributed technology and positivist legal thinking is also reflected in the gap between the law, traditionally much more protective of the interests of capital with its identified owners, than of the commons, with a crowd of distributed peers.

Echtes Peer-to-Peer-Lending stammt aus Großbritannien und ist eine Finanzinnovation, bei der Anleger über Internetplattformen Verbrauchern und Unternehmen unmittelbar und anonym Darlehen gewähren. Aufgrund regulatorischer Unsicherheiten wird echtes Peer-to-Peer-Lending in Deutschland bislang nicht angeboten. In der Arbeit werden die vertrags- und aufsichtsrechtlichen Anforderungen an die am Peer-to-Peer-Lending Beteiligten sowie Möglichkeiten zur Regulierung untersucht. Im Zentrum des aufsichtsrechtlichen Teils steht dabei die bankaufsichtsrechtliche Erlaubnispflicht der Aufnahme und Vergabe von Darlehen über die Plattformen. Hier wird insbesondere gezeigt, dass Verbraucher und Unternehmen über die Plattformen pro Jahr Darlehen in Höhe von bis zu 100.000 Euro aufnehmen könnten, ohne dass hierfür eine bankaufsichtsrechtliche Erlaubnis erforderlich wäre. / »Peer-to-Peer-Lending. Contractual and Regulatory Requirements« -- Peer-to-Peer-Lending originates from Great Britain and is a financial innovation. It enables investors to lend money directly and anonymously via internet platforms to consumers and businesses. Due to regulatory uncertainties, Peer-to-Peer-Lending is not offered in Germany. This study examines the existing contractual and regulatory framework for operating a Peer-to-Peer-Lending platform in Germany and also discusses options for the regulation of platforms.

Summary
The new Israeli public diplomacy approach seeks to empower Israeli citizens to utilize their position both as information consumers and producers in order to participate in grass-roots public diplomacy efforts. So-called 'peer-to-peer diplomacy' reflects the shift from 'old public diplomacy', where the nation-state has since 1960 been the sole actor in international relations, to today's reality where average citizens play an increasingly important role. The notion of 'peer-to-peer' (P2P) describes the latest development in diplomatic practice, wherein civilians — by virtue of social media — are not only consumers of government information, but also information producers, with the potential to bypass existing official government bodies. Today's public diplomacy is about more than governments employing 'soft and smart power'. It is increasingly about dealing and collaborating with a public that can obtain and produce the information themselves.