Suchergebnisse

Die Reform der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung ist eine der wichtigsten Strukturreformen. Nach der systematischen Darstellung der Finanzierung der GKV und den damit verbundenen Problemen wird der Einfluss der demographischen Entwicklung auf Einnahmen und Ausgaben analysiert. Daraus werden Ziele für eine nachhaltige Finanzreform abgeleitet. Daran bewertet werden zunächst Reformen im Umlagesystem: Steuerfinanzierung, Bürgerversicherung, Kopfpauschalen und Kompromissmodelle. Wie Kapital innerhalb und außerhalb der GKV gebildet werden kann, wird mit den jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert. Als Referenzsystem wird die Private Krankenversicherung analysiert und gezeigt, wie Alterungsrückstellungen bei einem Versicherungswechsel theoretisch übertragen werden können. Zahlreiche Berechnungen untermauern die Ausführungen.

Die Reform der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung ist eine der wichtigsten Strukturreformen. Nach der systematischen Darstellung der Finanzierung der GKV und den damit verbundenen Problemen wird der Einfluss der demographischen Entwicklung auf Einnahmen und Ausgaben analysiert. Daraus werden Ziele für eine nachhaltige Finanzreform abgeleitet. Daran bewertet werden zunächst Reformen im Umlagesystem: Steuerfinanzierung, Bürgerversicherung, Kopfpauschalen und Kompromissmodelle. Wie Kapital innerhalb und außerhalb der GKV gebildet werden kann, wird mit den jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert. Als Referenzsystem wird die Private Krankenversicherung analysiert und gezeigt, wie Alterungsrückstellungen bei einem Versicherungswechsel theoretisch übertragen werden können. Zahlreiche Berechnungen untermauern die Ausführungen.

Die Reform der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung ist eine der wichtigsten Strukturreformen. Nach der systematischen Darstellung der Finanzierung der GKV und den damit verbundenen Problemen wird der Einfluss der demographischen Entwicklung auf Einnahmen und Ausgaben analysiert. Daraus werden Ziele für eine nachhaltige Finanzreform abgeleitet. Daran bewertet werden zunächst Reformen im Umlagesystem: Steuerfinanzierung, Bürgerversicherung, Kopfpauschalen und Kompromissmodelle. Wie Kapital innerhalb und außerhalb der GKV gebildet werden kann, wird mit den jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert. Als Referenzsystem wird die Private Krankenversicherung analysiert und gezeigt, wie Alterungsrückstellungen bei einem Versicherungswechsel theoretisch übertragen werden können. Zahlreiche Berechnungen untermauern die Ausführungen.

AbstractSince its initial conception in 2017, the University of Denver Ethnography Lab (DUEL) has aimed to catalyze collaborations between students, faculty, and community organizations. Inspired by community–campus partnerships implemented in the past across the United States, DUEL seeks to cultivate a community of practice centered on ethnography in action, and to draw on strengths and opportunities specific to our university. In this article, we present the process that channeled the energies and ideas of 30 faculty and students from 10 different departments into the creation of DUEL, we share examples from our experience so far, and we identify challenges and opportunities for DUEL's future.

Ein großes Optimierungspotenzial der Funkenerosion liegt in den Energien der einzelnen Entladungen verborgen. Eine vektorielle Bestimmung der Entladedauern und die darauf basierende Energieberechnung sowie Klassifizierung erlauben es, die Entladeenergien, Entladungsarten und -dauern in Echtzeit zu überwachen und zu analysieren. Möglich wird dies durch ein Multiprocessing-Erzeuger-Verbraucher-Schema, welches überdies eine Visualisierung und Auswertung der Messdaten erlaubt.

A large optimization potential of electrical discharge machining is hidden in the energies of individual discharges. A vector-based determination of discharge durations and the resulting energy calculation and classification allow for real-time monitoring and analysis of discharge energies, discharge types, and discharge durations. This is made possible by a multiprocessing producer-consumer scheme, which also allows for visualization and evaluation of measurement data.

Abu Dhabi Media Company -- Adam Opel AG -- Airgain, Inc. -- Albany International Corp. -- Apple Hospitality REIT Inc. -- At Home Group Inc. -- Automobili Lamborghini Holding S.p.A. -- Avant, Inc. -- Baskin-Robbins LLC -- Bausch & Lomb Incorporated -- B.C. Jindal Group -- Big Ten Network Services, LLC -- Canada's National Ballet School -- CapStar Financial Holdings, Inc. -- Cathay General Bancorp -- Choice Hotels International, Inc. -- Compass Self Storage LLC -- Conwed Plastics, LLC -- Coupa Software Incorporated -- Cumberland Farms, Inc. -- Daio Paper Corporation -- Delaware North Companies, Inc. -- Delta Defense, LLC -- Detroit Symphony Orchestra Inc. -- Digital Realty Trust, Inc. -- Dixie Brands, Inc. -- Dolby Laboratories Inc. -- Empire Resorts, Inc. -- ESM Solutions Corporation -- Flipkart Pvt. Ltd. -- FMC Corporation -- The Football Association Ltd. -- The Football Association Premier League Ltd. -- Frontier Agriculture Ltd. -- Gartner, Inc. -- The Habit Restaurants, Inc. -- HarborOne Bancorp, Inc. -- Harte-Hanks, Inc. -- Home Box Office, Inc. -- Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd. -- Imperial Oil Limited -- Impinj, Inc. -- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies -- Irish Distillers Group Limited -- J. Crew Group Inc. -- Jack Henry & Associates, Inc. -- The Jackson Laboratory -- Jostens, Inc. -- Kinsale Capital Group, Inc. -- Konami Holdings Corporation -- Korea Exchange -- Kuhn S.A. -- The Learning House, Inc. -- Lifes2good Holdings Limited -- Linkem S.p.A. -- Magellan Jets, LLC -- The Michaels Companies, Inc. -- Midland States Bancorp, Inc. -- Mitel Networks Corporation -- Modine Manufacturing Company -- Munchery Inc. -- NantHealth, Inc. -- Nexon Co., Ltd. -- Nihon Kohden Corporation -- Nutanix, Inc. -- Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. -- Okta Inc. -- Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal -- Painting with a Twist, LLC -- Paragon Commercial Corporation -- Paramount Pictures Corporation -- Penske Automotive Group, Inc. -- Pie Five Pizza Company, Inc. -- Pilkington Group Limited -- Post Publishing Pcl. -- Postmates Inc. -- Q Holding Company -- R. Raphael & Sons plc. -- Raining Rose Inc. -- RasGas Company Limited -- Renaissance Technologies LLC -- Rolex S.A. -- Rugby Football Union -- Sayaji Hotels Limited -- Sichuan Changhong Electric Company Ltd. -- Skis Rossignol S.A. -- Snap Kitchen LLC -- Spoldzielnia Mleczarska Mlekovita -- Star Micronics Co., Ltd. -- The State Academic Marrinsky Theatre -- Telegraph Media Group Limited -- Tomorrowland Co., Ltd. -- Trinity Mirror plc. -- Turning Point Brands, Inc. -- United Parcel Service, Inc. -- University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre -- Weight Watchers International Inc. -- W.R. Berkley Corporation -- WRGB Licensee, LLC -- Zott SE & Co. KG.

Accuride Corporation -- American Equity Investment Life Holding Company -- Arbitron Inc. -- Banta Foods Inc. -- Baronie Chocolates NV -- Bloomberg BNA Inc. -- Brake Bros Ltd. -- Bridgewater Interiors, LLC -- The British Museum -- Calendar Holdings, LLC -- Captain D's LLC -- Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories Ltd. -- Carletti A/S -- Carvel Corporation -- Chester, Inc. -- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia -- The Corcoran Group -- Cott Corporation -- CryoLife, Inc. -- Crystal Rock Holdings Inc. -- Daiei, Inc. -- Dark Horse Comics, Inc. -- Distillerie Tuoni Canepa Srl -- Doppelmayr Holding AG -- Dutchmen Manufacturing Inc. -- Egeplast Werner Strumann GmbH & Co. KG -- Enstar Group Ltd. -- Flex-N-Gate Corporation -- Gallery Furniture Inc. -- Gene B. Glick Company Inc. -- Gordon Trucking Inc. -- Greenheck Fan Corporation -- Hub City Inc. -- The Hut Group Ltd. -- The Hyakugo Bank Ltd. -- Indiana Farmers Mutual Insurance Company -- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. -- InterAgro S.A. -- Itau Unibanco Holding S.A. -- J. Front Retailing Co., Ltd. -- JanSport -- Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc -- Jervis B. Webb Company -- John Fluevog Boots & Shoes Ltd. -- Kansas City Life Insurance Company -- KMC Music -- KWH Group Ltd. -- LeMaitre Vascular, Inc. -- Malayan Banking Berhad -- March of Dimes Foundation -- Mashreqbank PSC -- Matahari Putra Prima Tbk, PT -- Mediobanca SpA -- Microchip Technology Inc. -- MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company -- Mizuho Financial Group Inc. -- Moog Music, Inc. -- Morinaga & Co. Ltd. -- Morley Candy Makers, Inc. -- Munro & Company, Inc. -- Newfield Exploration Company -- Newsquest Media Group Ltd. -- Obayashi Corporation -- OCI Company Ltd. -- Oettinger IMEX AG -- ORC International Inc. -- Ozburn-Hessey Logistics, LLC -- Pacers Basketball, LLC -- Pakistan International Airlines Corporation -- Parrish and Heimbecker Ltd. -- Penske Corporation -- Piraeus Bank S.A. -- PR Newswire -- Psion -- Publishers Clearing House -- Punjab National Bank -- Quality Houses PCL -- R. Griggs Group Ltd. -- Reinsurance Group of America, Inc. -- Renhe Commercial Holdings Company Ltd. -- Robertet S.A. -- Roularta Media Group NV -- Royal Crown Cola International -- Rush Enterprises, Inc. -- SeaArk Boats Inc. -- Sembcorp Industries Ltd. -- Societe Cooperative Agricole Terres du Sud -- SOHO China Ltd. -- Standard Bank Group Ltd. -- Taiwan Sugar Corp. -- Twitchell Corporation -- Valence Technology, Inc. -- Van Uden Group B.V. -- Van Zyverden, Inc. -- VLP Holding Co., Inc. -- Voice Media Group LLC -- Walter Piano Company, Inc. -- W.M. Sprinkman Corporation -- ZF Electronics Systems Pleasant Prairie LLC -- Zoltek Companies, Inc.

A -- A.S. Watson & Company Ltd. -- Alamo Rent A Car -- Aquarion Company -- The Athlete's Foot Brands LLC -- B -- Blokker Holding B.V. -- British Sugar plc -- Brodart Company -- Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & Company KG -- C -- C.H. Guenther & Son, Inc. -- Callard and Bowser-Suchard Inc. -- CHF Industries, Inc. -- Chicago Review Press Inc. -- Compagnie Nationale a Portefeuille -- Compania Industrial de Parras, S.A. de C.V. (CIPSA) -- Credit Agricole Group -- Cuisine Solutions Inc. -- Cumberland Farms, Inc. -- Cutera, Inc. -- D -- Daesang Corporation -- Daio Paper Corporation -- Day International, Inc. -- Deceuninck N.V. -- Deutscher Sparkassen- und Giroverband (DSGV) -- Direct Wines Ltd. -- Discount Tire Company Inc. -- Dooney & Bourke Inc. -- F -- Ferrara Fire Apparatus, Inc. -- Finmeccanica S.p.A. -- First Colony Coffee & Tea Company -- Forever 21, Inc. -- FreshDirect, LLC -- Frontier Airlines Holdings Inc. -- G -- Galenica AG -- Genesco Inc. -- Gerber Scientific, Inc. -- Groupe Glon -- Groupe Le Duff S.A. -- Grupo Angeles Servicios de Salud, S.A. de C.V. -- Grupo Viz, S.A. de C.V. -- Guida-Seibert Dairy Company -- H -- Hagoromo Foods Corporation -- Haights Cross Communications, Inc. -- Henry Ford Health System -- Herr Foods Inc. -- I -- Intrawest Corporation -- J -- James Original Coney Island Inc. -- Johnson Outdoors Inc. -- K -- K2 Inc. -- Kaiser Aluminum Corporation -- Kelley Blue Book Company, Inc. -- Kensington Publishing Corporation -- Knorr-Bremse AG -- Kuwait Flour Mills & Bakeries Company -- L -- LCC International, Inc. -- The Leona Group LLC -- M -- Marten Transport, Ltd. -- Martignetti Companies -- Mary Kay Inc. -- Mead Johnson & Company -- Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. -- Millipore Corporation -- Mrs. Grossman's Paper Company Inc. -- N -- New Jersey Devils -- O -- Orange S.A. -- Oxford Industries, Inc. -- P -- Panzani -- Parexel International Corporation -- Penske Corporation -- Piscines Desjoyaux S.A. -- R -- Rack Room Shoes, Inc. -- Rain Bird Corporation -- Ratiopharm Group -- Redken Laboratories Inc. -- Roman Meal Company -- Rosy Blue N.V. -- S -- S&D Coffee, Inc. -- Sapa AB -- Shoe Pavilion, Inc. -- Simon Property Group Inc. -- Societe Industrielle Lesaffre -- Sotheby's Holdings, Inc. -- Southern Connecticut Gas Company -- Southern Wine and Spirits of America, Inc. -- Speedy Hire plc -- Swank, Inc. -- The Swett & Crawford Group Inc. -- T -- TechBooks Inc. -- Thane International, Inc. -- Things Remembered, Inc. -- Tohan Corporation -- Topcon Corporation -- Toresco Enterprises, Inc. -- U -- Unicharm Corporation -- V -- Vertis Communications -- W -- Weis Markets, Inc. -- Wellco Enterprises, Inc. -- Wilson Sporting Goods Company.

Uniparentally-inherited markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the non-recombining regions of the Y chromosome (NRY), have been used for the past 30 years to investigate the history of humans from a maternal and paternal perspective. Researchers have preferred mtDNA due to its abundance in the cells, and comparatively high substitution rate. Conversely, the NRY is less susceptible to back mutations and saturation, and is potentially more informative than mtDNA owing to its longer sequence length. However, due to comparatively poor NRY coverage via shotgun sequencing, and the relatively low and biased representation of Y-chromosome variants on capture assays such as the 1240 k, ancient DNA studies often fail to utilize the unique perspective that the NRY can yield. Here we introduce a new DNA enrichment assay, coined YMCA (Y-mappable capture assay), that targets the "mappable" regions of the NRY. We show that compared to low-coverage shotgun sequencing and 1240 k capture, YMCA significantly improves the mean coverage and number of sites covered on the NRY, increasing the number of Y-haplogroup informative SNPs, and allowing for the identification of previously undiscovered variants. To illustrate the power of YMCA, we show that the analysis of ancient Y-chromosome lineages can help to resolve Y-chromosomal haplogroups. As a case study, we focus on H2, a haplogroup associated with a critical event in European human history: the Neolithic transition. By disentangling the evolutionary history of this haplogroup, we further elucidate the two separate paths by which early farmers expanded from Anatolia and the Near East to western Europe. ; Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. This study was funded by the Max Planck Society, the French (ANR) and German (DFG) Research Foundations under the INTERACT project (ANR-17-FRAL-0010, DFG-HA-5407/4-1, 2018-2021) to M.R. and W.H., the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant agreement no. 771234-PALEoRIDER to W.H., the award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences to M.E. and the project RVO 67985912 of the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague to M.S. ; Peer reviewed

A -- Advance Publications Inc. -- AK Steel Holding Corporation -- Alfa, S.A. de C.V. -- Amcor Limited -- Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A. -- Ashland Inc. -- Avon Products, Inc. -- Aydin Corp. -- B -- Banco Itau S.A. -- Bandag, Inc. -- BBN Corp. -- Belden Inc. -- Belk Stores Services, Inc. -- Besnier SA -- The BFGoodrich Company -- Bird Corporation -- Blessings Corp. -- British Steel plc -- Burr-Brown Corporation -- C -- CalMat Co. -- Caltex Petroleum Corporation -- Caraustar Industries, Inc. -- Casey's General Stores, Inc. -- Chevron Corporation -- Christian Dior S.A. -- CKE Restaurants, Inc. -- Columbia Sportswear Company -- Comptoirs Modernes S.A. -- Consolidated Natural Gas Company -- Cordis Corp. -- Crowley, Milner & Company -- Cubic Corporation -- Cyrk Inc. -- D -- D'Agostino Supermarkets Inc. -- Daily Mail and General Trust plc -- Dixons Group plc -- Dominion Homes, Inc. -- Dow Jones & Company, Inc. -- The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation -- E -- El Chico Restaurants, Inc. -- Enron Corporation -- Escalade, Incorporated -- Evans & Sutherland Computer Corporation -- F -- Fansteel Inc. -- Fletcher Challenge Ltd. -- Flying J Inc. -- Forest Oil Corporation -- Framatome SA -- G -- Gallaher Limited -- Gehl Company -- Giant Industries, Inc. -- Graco Inc. -- The Great Universal Stores plc -- The Greenbrier Companies -- Grupo Financiero Serfin, S.A. -- Grupo Industrial Bimbo -- H -- Haggar Corporation -- Harland and Wolff Holdings plc -- The Hearst Corporation -- Hilton Hotels Corporation -- Holophane Corporation -- I -- In-N-Out Burger -- Inland Steel Industries, Inc. -- International Speedway Corporation -- J -- Jefferson Smurfit Group plc -- Just For Feet, Inc. -- Justin Industries, Inc. -- K -- Karstadt Aktiengesellschaft -- Kobe Steel, Ltd. -- L -- L. Luria & Son, Inc. -- Layne Christensen Company -- Leseo Inc. -- M -- Mallinckrodt Group Inc. -- MasTec, Inc. -- Max & Erma's Restaurants Inc. -- The May Department Stores Company -- The Mead Corporation -- Mercantile Stores Company, Inc. -- Mohawk Industries, Inc. -- Myers Industries, Inc. -- N -- National Public Radio -- The New York Times Company -- O -- O'Charley's Inc. -- P -- Patterson Dental Co. -- Penske Corporation -- Petroleos Mexicanos -- Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc. -- Pillowtex Corporation -- Pinault-Printemps-Redoute S.A. -- Pioneer-Standard Electronics Inc. -- Pitney Bowes, Inc. -- The Pittston Company -- Proffitt's, Inc. -- Groupe Promodes S.A. -- Publicis S.A. -- Q -- Quad/Graphics, Inc. -- Quaker Fabric Corp. -- R -- Rare Hospitality International Inc. -- Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. -- Reynolds Metals Company -- Rio Tinto plc -- Rite Aid Corporation -- The Rival Company -- Roberds Inc. -- Robertson-Ceco Corporation -- Rothmans UK Holdings Limited -- S -- Safelite Glass Corp. -- Salt River Project -- Santa Fe Gaming Corporation -- Schnitzer Steel Industries, Inc. -- Schwinn Cycle and Fitness L.P. -- The Score Board, Inc. -- ScottishPower Plc -- The Selmer Company, Inc. -- Service Merchandise Company, Inc. -- Showboat, Inc. -- Simon & Schuster Inc. -- Sommer-Allibert S.A. -- Southwest Gas Corporation -- Spartech Corporation -- Spec's Music, Inc. -- Springs Industries, Inc. -- Stein Mart Inc. -- Steinway Musical Properties, Inc. -- Sturm, Ruger & Company, Inc. -- Summit Family Restaurants Inc. -- Systems & Computer Technology Corp. -- T -- Thermadyne Holding Corporation -- TJ International, Inc. -- The TJX Companies, Inc. -- Town & Country Corporation -- Treadco, Inc. -- U -- Unitog Co. -- UPM-Kymmene Corporation -- V -- Valhi, Inc. -- Valmont Industries, Inc. -- Valores Industriales S.A. -- Velcro Industries N.V. -- W -- Waldbaum, Inc. -- Walker Manufacturing Company -- Washington Gas Light Company -- Watts Industries, Inc. -- Welbilt Corp. -- Westvaco Corporation -- Wild Oats Markets, Inc. -- Wolohan Lumber Co. -- The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. -- Y -- Younkers, Inc. -- Z -- Zytec Corporation.

Au Printemps S.A. -- Belk Stores Services, Inc. -- Bergen Brunswig Corporation -- The Boots Company PLC -- The Burton Group plc -- C&A Brenninkmeyer KG -- Campeau Corporation -- Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. -- Coles Myer Ltd. -- Costco Wholesale Corporation -- Cotter & Company -- The Daiei, Inc. -- The Daimaru, Inc. -- Dayton Hudson Corporation -- Dillard Department Stores, Inc. -- Dixons Group plc -- El Corte Ingles Group -- Fred Meyer, Inc. -- Galeries Lafayette S.A. -- The Gap, Inc. -- GIB Group -- The Great Universal Stores P.L.C. -- Hankyu Department Stores, Inc. -- Hertie Waren- und Kaufhaus GmbH -- The Home Depot, Inc. -- Home Shopping Network, Inc. -- Hudson's Bay Company -- The IKEA Group -- Isetan Company Limited -- Ito-Yokado Co., Ltd. -- J.C. Penney Company, Inc. -- John Lewis Partnership plc -- Jusco Co., Ltd. -- Karstadt Aktiengesellschaft -- Kaufhof Holding AG -- Kingfisher plc -- Kmart Corporation -- Kotobukiya Co., Ltd. -- The Limited, Inc. -- The Littlewoods Organisation PLC -- Longs Drug Stores Corporation -- Lowe's Companies, Inc. -- Marks and Spencer p.l.c. -- Marui Co., Ltd. -- Matsuzakaya Company Limited -- The May Department Stores Company -- Melville Corporation -- Mercantile Stores Company, Inc. -- Mitsukoshi Ltd. -- Montgomery Ward & Co., Incorporated -- Nagasakiya Co., Ltd. -- National Intergroup, Inc. -- Nichii Co., Ltd. -- Nordstrom, Inc. -- Otto-Versand (GmbH & Co.) -- The Price Company -- Quelle Group -- R. H. Macy & Co., Inc. -- Revco D.S., Inc. -- Rite Aid Corporation -- Sears plc -- Sears, Roebuck and Co. -- Seibu Department Stores, Ltd. -- The Seiyu, Ltd. -- Service Merchandise Company, Inc. -- Takashimaya Co., Limited -- The TJX Companies, Inc. -- Tokyu Department Store Co., Ltd. -- Toys "R" Us, Inc. -- The United States Shoe Corporation -- Uny Co., Ltd. -- W H Smith Group PLC -- W.W. Grainger, Inc. -- Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. -- Walgreen Co. -- Wickes Companies, Inc. -- Woolworth Corporation -- The BFGoodrich Company -- Bridgestone Corporation -- Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin -- Continental Aktiengesellschaft -- The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company -- Pirelli S.p.A. -- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. -- The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. -- American Telephone and Telegraph Company -- Ameritech -- BCE Inc. -- Bell Atlantic Corporation -- BellSouth Corporation -- British Telecommunications plc -- Cable and Wireless plc -- Deutsche Bundespost Telekom -- France Telecom Group -- GTE Corporation -- Koninklijke PTT Nederland NV -- MCI Communications Corporation -- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation -- Northern Telecom Limited -- NYNEX Corporation -- osterreichische Post- und Telegraphenverwaltung -- Pacific Telesis Group -- Schweizerische Post-, Telefon- und Telegrafen-Betriebe -- Societa Finanziaria Telefonica per Azioni -- Southwestern Bell Corporation -- Swedish Telecom -- Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson -- Telefonica de Espana, S.A. -- U S West, Inc. -- United Telecommunications, Inc. -- Brown Group, Inc. -- Burlington Industries, Inc. -- Coats Viyella plc -- Courtaulds plc -- Levi Strauss & Co. -- Milliken & Co. -- Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. -- Nike, Inc. -- Reebok International Ltd. -- Springs Industries, Inc. -- Teijin Limited -- Toray Industries, Inc. -- Unitika Ltd. -- VF Corporation -- American Brands, Inc. -- Gallaher Limited -- Imasco Limited -- Japan Tobacco Incorporated -- Philip Morris Companies Inc. -- RJR Nabisco Holdings Corp. -- Rothmans International p.l.c. -- Tabacalera, S.A. -- Universal Corporation -- British Railways Board -- Burlington Northern Inc. -- Canadian Pacific Limited -- Consolidated Freightways, Inc. -- Consolidated Rail Corporation -- CSX Corporation -- Danzas Group -- Deutsche Bundesbahn -- East Japan Railway Company -- Federal Express Corporation -- Hankyu Corporation -- Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. -- Keio Teito Electric Railway Company -- Kinki Nippon Railway Company Ltd. -- Kuhne & Nagel International AG --La Poste -- Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. -- Nippon Express Co., Ltd. -- Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha -- Norfolk Southern Corporation -- Odakyu Electric Railway Company Limited -- The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company -- Penske Corporation -- PHH Corporation -- Post Office Group -- Roadway Services, Inc. -- Ryder System, Inc. -- Santa Fe Pacific Corporation -- Seibu Railway Co. Ltd. -- Societe Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais -- Southern Pacific Transportation Company -- The Swiss Federal Railways (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen) -- TNT Limited -- Tokyu Corporation -- Union Pacific Corporation -- United Parcel Service of America Inc. -- Yamato Transport Co. Ltd. -- Yellow Freight System, Inc. of Delaware -- Allegheny Power System, Inc. -- American Electric Power Company, Inc. -- Arkla, Inc. -- Baltimore Gas and Electric Company -- Bayernwerk AG -- British Gas plc -- Carolina Power & Light Company -- Centerior Energy Corporation -- Central and South West Corporation -- Chubu Electric Power Company, Incorporated -- Chugoku Electric Power Company Inc. -- CMS Energy Corporation -- The Columbia Gas System, Inc. -- Commonwealth Edison Company -- Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. -- Consolidated Natural Gas Company -- The Detroit Edison Company -- Dominion Resources, Inc. -- Duke Power Company -- Electricite de France -- ENDESA Group -- Enron Corp. -- Enserch Corporation -- Ente Nazionale per L'energia Elettrica -- Entergy Corporation -- Florida Progress Corporation -- FPL Group, Inc. -- Gaz de France -- General Public Utilities Corporation -- Generale des Eaux Group -- Hokkaido Electric Power Company Inc. -- Hokuriku Electric Power Company -- Houston Industries Incorporated -- The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. -- Kyushu Electric Power Company Inc. -- Long Island Lighting Company -- Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez -- N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie -- New England Electric System -- Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation -- Northeast Utilities -- Northern States Power Company -- Nova Corporation of Alberta -- Ohio Edison Company -- Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. -- Pacific Enterprises -- Pacific Gas and Electric Company -- PacifiCorp -- Panhandle Eastern Corporation -- Pennsylvania Power & Light Company -- Philadelphia Electric Company -- PreussenElektra Aktiengesellschaft -- Public Service Enterprise Group Incorporated -- Ruhrgas AG -- RWE Group -- San Diego Gas & Electric Company -- SCEcorp -- Shikoku Electric Power Company, Inc. -- The Southern Company -- Texas Utilities Company -- Tohoku Electric Power Company, Inc. -- The Tokyo Electric Power Company, Incorporated -- Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. -- TransCanada Pipelines Limited -- Transco Energy Company -- Union Electric Company -- Vereinigte Elektrizitatswerke Westfalen AG -- Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. -- Waste Management, Inc.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic. ; The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung ("Paleobiochemistry", to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).