Suchergebnisse

W artykule autorka stawia tezę, że w latach pieriestrojki, a następnie pierwszego etapu istnienia Federacji Rosyjskiej, nie zaistniały warunki gospodarcze, społeczne i polityczne dla budowy demokracji. Przyczyny tego stanu rzeczy autorka upatruje w źle przeprowadzonych reformach ekonomicznych, słabości instytucji systemowych, braku konsensusu elit. Istotny, okazał się wysoki poziom inercji społeczeństwa, zwłaszcza po nieudanych reformach pieriestrojki i rozpadzie państwa. Otoczenie międzynarodowe początkowo wspierało, głównie deklaratywnie pieriestrojkę Gorbaczowa, jednakże w wyniku naruszania standardów demokracji przez Jelcyna i jego ekipę, nie sprzyjało w sposób efektywny, procesom demokratyzacyjnym w tym państwie. ; The author of the article puts forward a thesis that the economic, social and political conditions at the time of perestroika and, then, in the first period of the Russian Federation were not conducive to the emergence of democracy. In the author's opinion, this state of affairs is due to poorly carried out economic reforms, weaknesses of systemic institutions, and the lack of consensus among the elites. High levels of public inertia turned out to be essential as well, especially after the failed perestroika reforms and the collapse of the state. The international environment initially supported Gorbachev's perestroika, albeit mainly verbally. However, after Yeltsin and his team violated democratic standards, this support was ineffective in promoting democratization processes in Russia.

The author of the article puts forward a thesis that the economic, social and political conditions at the time of perestroika and, then, in the first period of the Russian Federation were not conducive to the emergence of democracy. In the author's opinion, this state of affairs is due to poorly carried out economic reforms, weaknesses of systemic institutions, and the lack of consensus among the elites. High levels of public inertia turned out to be essential as well, especially after the failed perestroika reforms and the collapse of the state. The international environment initially supported Gorbachev's perestroika, albeit mainly verbally. However, after Yeltsin and his team violated democratic standards, this support was ineffective in promoting democratization processes in Russia. ; W artykule autorka stawia tezę, że w latach pieriestrojki, a następnie pierwszego etapu istnienia Federacji Rosyjskiej, nie zaistniały warunki gospodarcze, społeczne i polityczne dla budowy demokracji. Przyczyny tego stanu rzeczy autorka upatruje w źle przeprowadzonych reformach ekonomicznych, słabości instytucji systemowych, braku konsensusu elit. Istotny, okazał się wysoki poziom inercji społeczeństwa, zwłaszcza po nieudanych reformach pieriestrojki i rozpadzie państwa. Otoczenie międzynarodowe początkowo wspierało, głównie deklaratywnie pieriestrojkę Gorbaczowa, jednakże w wyniku naruszania standardów demokracji przez Jelcyna i jego ekipę, nie sprzyjało w sposób efektywny, procesom demokratyzacyjnym w tym państwie.

Events of August'91 as an expression of political disobidience in the process of shaping civil conduct, "Kultura i edukacja. Culture and Education" 2016, nr 4 (114), pp. 125-139 , 2016 Civil disobedience is the attitude which in the 20th century proved to be the only effective form of resistance to authoritarian regimes. So it was in the case of the events of August '91 when the Soviet society objected to the activities of the State Committee on the State of Emergency. It would not have been possible without the reform programme known as perestroika initiated by the last USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Thanks to perestroika and the accompanying glasnost-transparency of sociopolitical life-the previously apathetic and alienated Soviet society felt responsible for their own life and for the fate of the State. By opposing the rebels through pas sive resistance, the citizens proved to the leaders of their own country, to the world, and above all, to themselves that they were aware of their rights and responsibilities. The process of sociopolitical socialization stimulated the development of civil society in the Soviet Union.

In Poland after 1989 – after regaining sovereignty and initiating the socio-political transformation – there are many concepts of Eastern policy, which was also the result of dynamic changes in the Soviet . The process of emancipation of the united republics accelerated in the period of perestroika and steadily progressed. Its final effect was the disintegration of the Soviet empire at the end of 1991. Therefore various groups and political trends in Poland formed different concepts and visions of the Polish Eastern policy. In discussions on its shape more and more attention was turned to Polish-Ukrainian relations. One of the trends in formulating assumptions on the Polish policy towards the post-Soviet area was conservative parties and groups. Within this ideological option, represented by many parties and groups, many – often conflicting – ideas and visions of the Polish policy towards Ukraine were formed. The objective of this article is to present an overview of these concepts – formulated in the framework of the conservative trend. ; In Poland after 1989 – after regaining sovereignty and initiating the socio-political transformation – there are many concepts of Eastern policy, which was also the result of dynamic changes in the Soviet . The process of emancipation of the united republics accelerated in the period of perestroika and steadily progressed. Its final effect was the disintegration of the Soviet empire at the end of 1991. Therefore various groups and political trends in Poland formed different concepts and visions of the Polish Eastern policy. In discussions on its shape more and more attention was turned to Polish-Ukrainian relations. One of the trends in formulating assumptions on the Polish policy towards the post-Soviet area was conservative parties and groups. Within this ideological option, represented by many parties and groups, many – often conflicting – ideas and visions of the Polish policy towards Ukraine were formed. The objective of this article is to present an overview of these concepts – formulated in the framework of the conservative trend.

The attempts of maintaining the USSR not only resulted in failure, but even accelerated the process of its collapse. That was determined by the imperial structure and functioning system of the Soviet state. Along with the initiation of perestroika even the strict executives were conscious that the party had been losing the initiative to lead the nation. The question arose: to continue the policy or to return to the current methods? The continuation was opted for with the maintenance of system-forming elements characteristic for the Soviet state. The conclusion of a new union treaty was to be a solution. etween 1990 and 1991, the y ear of the d issolution, five d rafts h ad been published. The changes were to concern, among others, the catalogue of the treaty entities and mechanisms of implementation of their interests, as well as economic functioning of the new union and entities. With existing variety of nations, nationalities and peoples, decentralizing actions were initiated all over the country. They weakened the national and state structure and created new conflicts. Mutual expectations led to the delegitimization of union authority, the party's role and state unity, and consequently the element consolidating the territories of the empire being under the influence of the Western, Orthodox and Muslim cultures ; Próby utrzymania ZSRR nie tylko zakończyły się niepowodzeniem, ale przyspieszyły proces. Zdecydował o tym imperialny model budowy i funkcjonowania państwa radzieckiego. Wraz z rozpoczęciem procesów znanych jako pieriestrojka nawet ścisłe kierownictwo było świadome, że partia traci inicjatywę w kierowaniu społeczeństwem. Powstało pytanie: kontynuacja polityki czy powrót do dotychczasowych metod. Opowiedziano się za kontynuacją przy zachowaniu elementów systemotwórczych dla państwa radzieckiego. Rozwiązaniem miało być zawarcie nowego układu związkowego. W okresie od 1990 do rozpadu ZSRR w 1991 r. opublikowano pięć projektów. Zmiany dotyczyć miały m.in. katalogu podmiotów układu i mechanizmów realizacji ich interesów oraz ekonomicznych podstaw funkcjonowania nowego związku oraz podmiotów. Przy istniejącej różnorodności narodów, narodowości i ludów, na obszarze całego kraju uruchomiono ruchy odśrodkowe. Osłabiły one strukturę narodowo-państwową i stworzyły nowe konflikty. Wzajemne oczekiwania doprowadziły do delegitymizacji władzy związkowej, roli partii i jedności państwa, a więc tego, co było elementem scalającym obszary imperium znajdujące się pod wpływami kultury zachodniej, prawosławnej i muzułmańskiej