Suchergebnisse

Relevance of the topic. Lithuania is not a large country and sports talents are not emerging very often. It does not depend on the social or economic situation of the country (Schnabel et al., 1994; Cedaro, 2000; Carling et al., 2009). When giving the opportunity for the talent to achieve positive results in sports, the talented personalities have to be selected, the purposeful training program has to be concluded as well as the monitoring of the practical implementation of the program has to be performed (Regnier et al., 1993; Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001; Abernethy, 2008; Vaeyens et al., 2008; Bailey et al., 2010; Burgess, Naughton, 2010; Philips et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2011). Therefore it is very important that the training of the athletes has to be conceptualized, so a small quantity of the talented athletes is developed as optimally as possible. Inaccurate training system prevents the athletes from revealing their own potential. Thus, only the consistent sports training system shall stimulate a more rapid improvement of the sports results, as it is harder to identify a talent than to develop it (Balyi, Hamilton, 1999; Raslanas, 2001; Malina et al., 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). It was considered for a long time that success in sports depends solely on the athletes, who are physically strong and developed tactically (Krasilshchikov, 2011), however, due to increase of the competition between athletes (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and major political and commercial influence of sports (Green, Oakley, 2001), there is a necessity to create long-term development programs with respect to different sports (Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). Long-term development of the young athletes taking place for a period between eight–to–twelve years before becoming elite athlete is a purposeful and integral didactic process (Ericsson, Charness, 1994; Salmela et al., 1998; Balyi, 2001; Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010) which is significantly affected by the body composition of the athletes (genotypic and phenotypic factors) (Heyward, Stolarczyk, 1996; Jebb et al., 2000; Drinkwater et al., 2008; Ostojic et al., 2006; Abraham, 2010), training program (Trninic et al., 2001; Milanovič, 2002; Balčiūnas et al., 2006), exceptionally physical (Drinkwater et al., 2008; Delextrat, Cohen, 2009) and technical fitness (Apostolidis et al., 2004; Karpowicz, 2006), nature of sport performance (Hucinski, 2004; Dembinski, 2005). A reasonable long-term development system of young basketball players began to take shape in seventh decade of the 20th century. Different types of training were distinguished in such system: integral, physical, technical, tactical and theoretic (Stonkus, 1992; Butautas, 2002). The scientists have different opinions on the long-term development. Zeldovič and Keraminas (Зельдович, Кераминас, 1964) provide that 50 % of the total training time in the training cycle of the boys aged 11–14 years should be attributed to the physical and technical training. Dobry (1986) and Stonkus (1985) provide that physical training should prevail (at least 40 % of the total training time) in the training of boys aged 11–14 years. Other scientists (Mikulowsky, Oszast, 1976, Butautas, 2002; Milanovič et al., 2002; Cenic, 2004) state that the technical training is the most important type of training. Based on the opinion of the other group of scientists (Литвинов и др., 1996; Canadian Sports Centres, 2008), the time attributed to the physical training shall be reduced in parallel to the increase of age of an athlete, i.e. during the first year of training the largest part shall be attributed to physical training. One of the most important conditions of effective sports training is control and management of sports training in order to determine and assess physical development, physical fitness, change in the level of technical skills (Johnson, Nelson, 1986; Bouchard et al., 1997; Stonkus, 2002, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Barfield et al., 2007; Mirkov et al., 2008; Balčiūnas et al., 2009; Robinson, 2010). According to some studies performed, age periods which are the most sensitive for the training of motor abilities (Komi, 1992; Shephard, Astrand, 1992; Kraemer, 1993; Pauletto, 1995; Alter, 1996; Donald, Chu, 1996; Dintiman et al., 1997; Donald, Chu, 1998; Viru et al., 1999; Baquet et al., 2003; Boisseau, Delamarche, 2000; Malina et al., 2004; Ford et al., 2011), technical skills (Schmidt, 1991; Latash, 1993; Burton, Miller, 1998; Schmidt, Lee, 1999; Cabodevilla, 2008; Kasa, 2006; Zambova, Tomanek, 2012) is childhood and adolescence. Scientists (Impellizzeri et al., 2005; Wolf, 2006; Ljach, 2007) provide that with respect to training of young basketball players fitness objectives shall be important next to the training objectives, as they influence achievement of the results of a young personality. Considering that the population of Lithuania is just below 3 million (2.96 million; http://www.stat.gov.lt, 2013), the results and achievement of Lithuanian basketball men national team (5th place in the world ranking, 406 points; http://www.fiba.com, 2013) and of national teams of younger age groups (3rd place in the world ranking, 261 points (http://www.fiba.com, 2013) in the Olympic Games, World and European championships should be treated as exceptional phenomena. A case study of an effective training institution could help to form an assumption on the peculiarities of the long-term development program successfully implemented by the Lithuanian coaches. The relevance of the problem is influenced by the following factors: • a special meaning for the development of a personality has genuine activity in childhood and adolescence (Jovaiša, 1993; 2001); • basketball is becoming a more important social phenomena as sports results represent the country (Wilson, Spink, 2006; Sakalauskas, 2010; Paulauskas, 2010); • in order to form a training concept of young basketball players, tendencies of the training of the training and fitness of the best athletes has to be analyzed (Leonardo et al., 2002; Stonkus, 2003); • train and manage the process of young basketball players so that the best results are achieved in the most important competitions (Balyi, Williams, 2009). It is especially important for Lithuania as it has limited resources of sports talent and finance; • only the scientifically-sound optimum training program of the young basketball players (aged 7–17 years) shall allow the athletes to realize their individual potential in order to achieve results in sports, as well as to realize sensitive opportunities for the development of personality (Aksen, Gunay, 2010). Research problem: due to different training of the young basketball players and different concept of the fitness influencing the training, it is important to determine, which peculiarities of the training programs applied effectively while aiming for the best results influence the fitness of the players during different age periods. Research hypothesis: a case study of coaching of young basketball players of Sabonis Basketball Center aged 7–17 years will reveal the structure of the long-term coaching of the players. Research object: coaching of young basketball players (aged 7–17 years). Research aim: conceptualization of the peculiarities of coaching of young basketball players (aged 7–17 years). Research objectives: 1. Determine the peculiarities of the content changes and amount of load of the training programs of basketball players aged 7–17 years. 2. Evaluate the body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness of basketball players aged 7–17 years by creating the rank scales of the indicators. 3. Determine the model values of the sport performance indicators of basketball players aged 12–17 years. 4. Reveal the selection and coaching model of Sabonis Basketball Center. Originality and theoretical significance of the research As basketball is becoming a more complex sport (faster, more athletic and more versatile), the results depend on many internal and external factors (Stonkus, 2003; Wissel, 2012). Training of young basketball players has become multidimensional, systemic process as multidisciplinary knowledge, methods and measures are used. A revealed phenomenological interaction between training and fitness of young basketball players aged 7–17 years is based on the following aspects: • a selection and training model of Sabonis Basketball Center has been revealed; • a training program of young basketball players aged 7–17 years applied in Sabonis Basketball Center has been revealed; • a rank scale of body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness of young basketball players aged 7–17 years has been formed; • the most sensitive age periods for the training of motor abilities and technical skills of young basketball players have been determined; • the characteristics of sport performance of basketball players aged 12–17 years have been formed. Practical application of the research Training programs and their peculiarities for different age periods provided in this dissertation shall help Lithuanian coaches to organize, plan and implement the long-term development of young basketball players more effectively. The rank scales of young basketball players' body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness and the model indicator values of sport performance, which have been formed for the purposes of this dissertation, shall help to select and train the players, prepare them for competitions and develop the highly skilled athletes. The established sensitive age periods for the training of motor abilities and technical skills shall assist the coaches in developing the abilities of young basketball players more effectively. Conclusions 1. It was determined that aiming to develop the basic skills of basketball technique and game awareness the specialized development prevail

Relevance of the topic. Lithuania is not a large country and sports talents are not emerging very often. It does not depend on the social or economic situation of the country (Schnabel et al., 1994; Cedaro, 2000; Carling et al., 2009). When giving the opportunity for the talent to achieve positive results in sports, the talented personalities have to be selected, the purposeful training program has to be concluded as well as the monitoring of the practical implementation of the program has to be performed (Regnier et al., 1993; Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001; Abernethy, 2008; Vaeyens et al., 2008; Bailey et al., 2010; Burgess, Naughton, 2010; Philips et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2011). Therefore it is very important that the training of the athletes has to be conceptualized, so a small quantity of the talented athletes is developed as optimally as possible. Inaccurate training system prevents the athletes from revealing their own potential. Thus, only the consistent sports training system shall stimulate a more rapid improvement of the sports results, as it is harder to identify a talent than to develop it (Balyi, Hamilton, 1999; Raslanas, 2001; Malina et al., 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). It was considered for a long time that success in sports depends solely on the athletes, who are physically strong and developed tactically (Krasilshchikov, 2011), however, due to increase of the competition between athletes (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and major political and commercial influence of sports (Green, Oakley, 2001), there is a necessity to create long-term development programs with respect to different sports (Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). Long-term development of the young athletes taking place for a period between eight–to–twelve years before becoming elite athlete is a purposeful and integral didactic process (Ericsson, Charness, 1994; Salmela et al., 1998; Balyi, 2001; Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010) which is significantly affected by the body composition of the athletes (genotypic and phenotypic factors) (Heyward, Stolarczyk, 1996; Jebb et al., 2000; Drinkwater et al., 2008; Ostojic et al., 2006; Abraham, 2010), training program (Trninic et al., 2001; Milanovič, 2002; Balčiūnas et al., 2006), exceptionally physical (Drinkwater et al., 2008; Delextrat, Cohen, 2009) and technical fitness (Apostolidis et al., 2004; Karpowicz, 2006), nature of sport performance (Hucinski, 2004; Dembinski, 2005). A reasonable long-term development system of young basketball players began to take shape in seventh decade of the 20th century. Different types of training were distinguished in such system: integral, physical, technical, tactical and theoretic (Stonkus, 1992; Butautas, 2002). The scientists have different opinions on the long-term development. Zeldovič and Keraminas (Зельдович, Кераминас, 1964) provide that 50 % of the total training time in the training cycle of the boys aged 11–14 years should be attributed to the physical and technical training. Dobry (1986) and Stonkus (1985) provide that physical training should prevail (at least 40 % of the total training time) in the training of boys aged 11–14 years. Other scientists (Mikulowsky, Oszast, 1976, Butautas, 2002; Milanovič et al., 2002; Cenic, 2004) state that the technical training is the most important type of training. Based on the opinion of the other group of scientists (Литвинов и др., 1996; Canadian Sports Centres, 2008), the time attributed to the physical training shall be reduced in parallel to the increase of age of an athlete, i.e. during the first year of training the largest part shall be attributed to physical training. One of the most important conditions of effective sports training is control and management of sports training in order to determine and assess physical development, physical fitness, change in the level of technical skills (Johnson, Nelson, 1986; Bouchard et al., 1997; Stonkus, 2002, 2003; Graham et al., 2004; Barfield et al., 2007; Mirkov et al., 2008; Balčiūnas et al., 2009; Robinson, 2010). According to some studies performed, age periods which are the most sensitive for the training of motor abilities (Komi, 1992; Shephard, Astrand, 1992; Kraemer, 1993; Pauletto, 1995; Alter, 1996; Donald, Chu, 1996; Dintiman et al., 1997; Donald, Chu, 1998; Viru et al., 1999; Baquet et al., 2003; Boisseau, Delamarche, 2000; Malina et al., 2004; Ford et al., 2011), technical skills (Schmidt, 1991; Latash, 1993; Burton, Miller, 1998; Schmidt, Lee, 1999; Cabodevilla, 2008; Kasa, 2006; Zambova, Tomanek, 2012) is childhood and adolescence. Scientists (Impellizzeri et al., 2005; Wolf, 2006; Ljach, 2007) provide that with respect to training of young basketball players fitness objectives shall be important next to the training objectives, as they influence achievement of the results of a young personality. Considering that the population of Lithuania is just below 3 million (2.96 million; http://www.stat.gov.lt, 2013), the results and achievement of Lithuanian basketball men national team (5th place in the world ranking, 406 points; http://www.fiba.com, 2013) and of national teams of younger age groups (3rd place in the world ranking, 261 points (http://www.fiba.com, 2013) in the Olympic Games, World and European championships should be treated as exceptional phenomena. A case study of an effective training institution could help to form an assumption on the peculiarities of the long-term development program successfully implemented by the Lithuanian coaches. The relevance of the problem is influenced by the following factors: • a special meaning for the development of a personality has genuine activity in childhood and adolescence (Jovaiša, 1993; 2001); • basketball is becoming a more important social phenomena as sports results represent the country (Wilson, Spink, 2006; Sakalauskas, 2010; Paulauskas, 2010); • in order to form a training concept of young basketball players, tendencies of the training of the training and fitness of the best athletes has to be analyzed (Leonardo et al., 2002; Stonkus, 2003); • train and manage the process of young basketball players so that the best results are achieved in the most important competitions (Balyi, Williams, 2009). It is especially important for Lithuania as it has limited resources of sports talent and finance; • only the scientifically-sound optimum training program of the young basketball players (aged 7–17 years) shall allow the athletes to realize their individual potential in order to achieve results in sports, as well as to realize sensitive opportunities for the development of personality (Aksen, Gunay, 2010). Research problem: due to different training of the young basketball players and different concept of the fitness influencing the training, it is important to determine, which peculiarities of the training programs applied effectively while aiming for the best results influence the fitness of the players during different age periods. Research hypothesis: a case study of coaching of young basketball players of Sabonis Basketball Center aged 7–17 years will reveal the structure of the long-term coaching of the players. Research object: coaching of young basketball players (aged 7–17 years). Research aim: conceptualization of the peculiarities of coaching of young basketball players (aged 7–17 years). Research objectives: 1. Determine the peculiarities of the content changes and amount of load of the training programs of basketball players aged 7–17 years. 2. Evaluate the body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness of basketball players aged 7–17 years by creating the rank scales of the indicators. 3. Determine the model values of the sport performance indicators of basketball players aged 12–17 years. 4. Reveal the selection and coaching model of Sabonis Basketball Center. Originality and theoretical significance of the research As basketball is becoming a more complex sport (faster, more athletic and more versatile), the results depend on many internal and external factors (Stonkus, 2003; Wissel, 2012). Training of young basketball players has become multidimensional, systemic process as multidisciplinary knowledge, methods and measures are used. A revealed phenomenological interaction between training and fitness of young basketball players aged 7–17 years is based on the following aspects: • a selection and training model of Sabonis Basketball Center has been revealed; • a training program of young basketball players aged 7–17 years applied in Sabonis Basketball Center has been revealed; • a rank scale of body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness of young basketball players aged 7–17 years has been formed; • the most sensitive age periods for the training of motor abilities and technical skills of young basketball players have been determined; • the characteristics of sport performance of basketball players aged 12–17 years have been formed. Practical application of the research Training programs and their peculiarities for different age periods provided in this dissertation shall help Lithuanian coaches to organize, plan and implement the long-term development of young basketball players more effectively. The rank scales of young basketball players' body composition indicators, physical and technical fitness and the model indicator values of sport performance, which have been formed for the purposes of this dissertation, shall help to select and train the players, prepare them for competitions and develop the highly skilled athletes. The established sensitive age periods for the training of motor abilities and technical skills shall assist the coaches in developing the abilities of young basketball players more effectively. Conclusions 1. It was determined that aiming to develop the basic skills of basketball technique and game awareness the specialized development prevail

Relevance of the topic. Lithuania is not a large country and sports talents are not emerging very often. It does not depend on the social or economic situation of the country (Schnabel et al., 1994; Cedaro, 2000; Carling et al., 2009). When giving the opportunity for the talent to achieve positive results in sports, the talented personalities have to be selected, the purposeful training program has to be concluded as well as the monitoring of the practical implementation of the program has to be performed (Regnier et al., 1993; Durand-Bush, Salmela, 2001; Abernethy, 2008; Vaeyens et al., 2008; Bailey et al., 2010; Burgess, Naughton, 2010; Philips et al., 2010; Ford et al., 2011). Therefore it is very important that the training of the athletes has to be conceptualized, so a small quantity of the talented athletes is developed as optimally as possible. Inaccurate training system prevents the athletes from revealing their own potential. Thus, only the consistent sports training system shall stimulate a more rapid improvement of the sports results, as it is harder to identify a talent than to develop it (Balyi, Hamilton, 1999; Raslanas, 2001; Malina et al., 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). It was considered for a long time that success in sports depends solely on the athletes, who are physically strong and developed tactically (Krasilshchikov, 2011), however, due to increase of the competition between athletes (De Bosscher et al., 2006) and major political and commercial influence of sports (Green, Oakley, 2001), there is a necessity to create long-term development programs with respect to different sports (Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010). Long-term development of the young athletes taking place for a period between eight–to–twelve years before becoming elite athlete is a purposeful and integral didactic process (Ericsson, Charness, 1994; Salmela et al., 1998; Balyi, 2001; Balyi, Hamilton, 2004; Balyi, Williams, 2009; Stafford, 2010) which is significantly affected by the ...

The article aims to structure historical knowledge on Klaipėda municipal and local government issues, to highlight the problems, and suggest guidelines for future studies. The author defines local government development stages, and analyses the state of studies and the accessibility of sources. More attention is paid to the results of studies that cover local government structure of 1945-1990, and problems related to the definition of legal status of sovereign and relationship of citizens in a time of Teutonic Order. On the basis of the scope of public participation in local and municipal government structures, changes of competencies, and structural development criteria, the author defines three stages of local government development in Klaipėda: the 13th – the beginning of the 19th c., the beginning of 19th c. – 1945, and 1945-1990. Studies of the first stage are the most explicit ones. Other two periods are less studied, but there are not few unused sources of the 16th-19th c. All stages lack for comparative evaluation of historic and historiographic contexts; historiography lacks for the identification of problems of this subject. The analysis of some problem issues called for a conclusion that the confirmation of Lubeck rights to Klaipėda should be dated 1258 and interpreted in two contexts: 1) the 13th c. pressure between Lubeck and German order in regards to the establishment of cities in the East Baltic region; and 2) possible contradiction between visions of German and Livonian orders in regards to the development of Klaipėda city. The confirmation of the 1475's privilege should be assumed as Great Master's aim to liquidate the exclusivity of Klaipėda city and completely integrate its citizens into legal state structure of the Order.

The article aims to structure historical knowledge on Klaipėda municipal and local government issues, to highlight the problems, and suggest guidelines for future studies. The author defines local government development stages, and analyses the state of studies and the accessibility of sources. More attention is paid to the results of studies that cover local government structure of 1945-1990, and problems related to the definition of legal status of sovereign and relationship of citizens in a time of Teutonic Order. On the basis of the scope of public participation in local and municipal government structures, changes of competencies, and structural development criteria, the author defines three stages of local government development in Klaipėda: the 13th – the beginning of the 19th c., the beginning of 19th c. – 1945, and 1945-1990. Studies of the first stage are the most explicit ones. Other two periods are less studied, but there are not few unused sources of the 16th-19th c. All stages lack for comparative evaluation of historic and historiographic contexts; historiography lacks for the identification of problems of this subject. The analysis of some problem issues called for a conclusion that the confirmation of Lubeck rights to Klaipėda should be dated 1258 and interpreted in two contexts: 1) the 13th c. pressure between Lubeck and German order in regards to the establishment of cities in the East Baltic region; and 2) possible contradiction between visions of German and Livonian orders in regards to the development of Klaipėda city. The confirmation of the 1475's privilege should be assumed as Great Master's aim to liquidate the exclusivity of Klaipėda city and completely integrate its citizens into legal state structure of the Order.

Russian school of book science attributed to the Continental European bibliography school is at present one of the strongest since it has deep traditions of this science which have for a long time been influencing (and are still influencing) the development of the book science in the neighboring countries, the republics of the former Soviet Union and other countries. This research is a work on the book science history the object of which is an independent book science which has formed in the 2nd – 3rd decade of the 20th century in Russia when its relation with bibliography playing the generalizing role of the book science radically changed. The object of research is new on the one part due to its non-traditional scholarly organizational aspect and on the other part it's new in chronological sense because no other research of the history of the book science has been carried out which included all period of independent existence of the Russian book science, i.e. the 20th century. Thus this paper is the first attempt to discover systematically the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century with the help of scholarly organizational system analysis – such was the aim of this research. Organizational system of the Russian book science was analyzed in three levels: book science institutions, book science conferences and book science press. Despite the method of analysis used, there was no attempt to separate mechanically the elements of the research since due to their close interaction a completely isolated (at least in the first stage of the research) research would have been neither effective nor probably generally possible. Due to the limited size of the paper and broadness of the topic only the most notable and the most significant moments of organization of the Russian book science are presented. Besides, the emphasis on autonomy of the book science as such pushed the organizational status of bibliography and librarianship, which are gaining greater and greater independence in the latter years, beyond the scope of the research. In order to reach the aim the following tasks were formulated: 1. to find out the most important institutions, events (conferences) and the state of the press of the Russian book science in the 20th century; 2. to show the change of the general level of the Russian book science organization in the 20th century, to distinguish between its stages of development, more prominent tendencies and the causes of changes; 3. to show the significance of manifestations of science organization to the general development of the book science; 4. to check the hypothesis about analytical (individual) and synthesized (general) research of the distinguished levels of science organization as a means for revealing the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century. The following general scientific and theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, synthesis, bibliographic and comparative (comparative – historical, comparative analysis). The researched showed that organizational system of the book science being the most public, human factor and practice related side of the science has always reacted sensitively to political-economical factors and was under their influence. Moreover, it was proved that each individual level of the book science organization and especially their synthesized research reflects the general development of the Russian book science and corresponds to its traditional periodization. On the one hand, this fact proved the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the research and, on the other hand, it undoubtedly pointed to the fact that the scholarly organizational aspect was one of the most important and strongest arguments in determining chronological boundaries of the stages of development of the Russian book science in the 20th century.

Russian school of book science attributed to the Continental European bibliography school is at present one of the strongest since it has deep traditions of this science which have for a long time been influencing (and are still influencing) the development of the book science in the neighboring countries, the republics of the former Soviet Union and other countries. This research is a work on the book science history the object of which is an independent book science which has formed in the 2nd – 3rd decade of the 20th century in Russia when its relation with bibliography playing the generalizing role of the book science radically changed. The object of research is new on the one part due to its non-traditional scholarly organizational aspect and on the other part it's new in chronological sense because no other research of the history of the book science has been carried out which included all period of independent existence of the Russian book science, i.e. the 20th century. Thus this paper is the first attempt to discover systematically the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century with the help of scholarly organizational system analysis – such was the aim of this research. Organizational system of the Russian book science was analyzed in three levels: book science institutions, book science conferences and book science press. Despite the method of analysis used, there was no attempt to separate mechanically the elements of the research since due to their close interaction a completely isolated (at least in the first stage of the research) research would have been neither effective nor probably generally possible. Due to the limited size of the paper and broadness of the topic only the most notable and the most significant moments of organization of the Russian book science are presented. Besides, the emphasis on autonomy of the book science as such pushed the organizational status of bibliography and librarianship, which are gaining greater and greater independence in the latter years, beyond the scope of the research. In order to reach the aim the following tasks were formulated: 1. to find out the most important institutions, events (conferences) and the state of the press of the Russian book science in the 20th century; 2. to show the change of the general level of the Russian book science organization in the 20th century, to distinguish between its stages of development, more prominent tendencies and the causes of changes; 3. to show the significance of manifestations of science organization to the general development of the book science; 4. to check the hypothesis about analytical (individual) and synthesized (general) research of the distinguished levels of science organization as a means for revealing the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century. The following general scientific and theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, synthesis, bibliographic and comparative (comparative – historical, comparative analysis). The researched showed that organizational system of the book science being the most public, human factor and practice related side of the science has always reacted sensitively to political-economical factors and was under their influence. Moreover, it was proved that each individual level of the book science organization and especially their synthesized research reflects the general development of the Russian book science and corresponds to its traditional periodization. On the one hand, this fact proved the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the research and, on the other hand, it undoubtedly pointed to the fact that the scholarly organizational aspect was one of the most important and strongest arguments in determining chronological boundaries of the stages of development of the Russian book science in the 20th century.

Russian school of book science attributed to the Continental European bibliography school is at present one of the strongest since it has deep traditions of this science which have for a long time been influencing (and are still influencing) the development of the book science in the neighboring countries, the republics of the former Soviet Union and other countries. This research is a work on the book science history the object of which is an independent book science which has formed in the 2nd – 3rd decade of the 20th century in Russia when its relation with bibliography playing the generalizing role of the book science radically changed. The object of research is new on the one part due to its non-traditional scholarly organizational aspect and on the other part it's new in chronological sense because no other research of the history of the book science has been carried out which included all period of independent existence of the Russian book science, i.e. the 20th century. Thus this paper is the first attempt to discover systematically the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century with the help of scholarly organizational system analysis – such was the aim of this research. Organizational system of the Russian book science was analyzed in three levels: book science institutions, book science conferences and book science press. Despite the method of analysis used, there was no attempt to separate mechanically the elements of the research since due to their close interaction a completely isolated (at least in the first stage of the research) research would have been neither effective nor probably generally possible. Due to the limited size of the paper and broadness of the topic only the most notable and the most significant moments of organization of the Russian book science are presented. Besides, the emphasis on autonomy of the book science as such pushed the organizational status of bibliography and librarianship, which are gaining greater and greater independence in the latter years, beyond the scope of the research. In order to reach the aim the following tasks were formulated: 1. to find out the most important institutions, events (conferences) and the state of the press of the Russian book science in the 20th century; 2. to show the change of the general level of the Russian book science organization in the 20th century, to distinguish between its stages of development, more prominent tendencies and the causes of changes; 3. to show the significance of manifestations of science organization to the general development of the book science; 4. to check the hypothesis about analytical (individual) and synthesized (general) research of the distinguished levels of science organization as a means for revealing the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century. The following general scientific and theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, synthesis, bibliographic and comparative (comparative – historical, comparative analysis). The researched showed that organizational system of the book science being the most public, human factor and practice related side of the science has always reacted sensitively to political-economical factors and was under their influence. Moreover, it was proved that each individual level of the book science organization and especially their synthesized research reflects the general development of the Russian book science and corresponds to its traditional periodization. On the one hand, this fact proved the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the research and, on the other hand, it undoubtedly pointed to the fact that the scholarly organizational aspect was one of the most important and strongest arguments in determining chronological boundaries of the stages of development of the Russian book science in the 20th century.

Russian school of book science attributed to the Continental European bibliography school is at present one of the strongest since it has deep traditions of this science which have for a long time been influencing (and are still influencing) the development of the book science in the neighboring countries, the republics of the former Soviet Union and other countries. This research is a work on the book science history the object of which is an independent book science which has formed in the 2nd – 3rd decade of the 20th century in Russia when its relation with bibliography playing the generalizing role of the book science radically changed. The object of research is new on the one part due to its non-traditional scholarly organizational aspect and on the other part it's new in chronological sense because no other research of the history of the book science has been carried out which included all period of independent existence of the Russian book science, i.e. the 20th century. Thus this paper is the first attempt to discover systematically the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century with the help of scholarly organizational system analysis – such was the aim of this research. Organizational system of the Russian book science was analyzed in three levels: book science institutions, book science conferences and book science press. Despite the method of analysis used, there was no attempt to separate mechanically the elements of the research since due to their close interaction a completely isolated (at least in the first stage of the research) research would have been neither effective nor probably generally possible. Due to the limited size of the paper and broadness of the topic only the most notable and the most significant moments of organization of the Russian book science are presented. Besides, the emphasis on autonomy of the book science as such pushed the organizational status of bibliography and librarianship, which are gaining greater and greater independence in the latter years, beyond the scope of the research. In order to reach the aim the following tasks were formulated: 1. to find out the most important institutions, events (conferences) and the state of the press of the Russian book science in the 20th century; 2. to show the change of the general level of the Russian book science organization in the 20th century, to distinguish between its stages of development, more prominent tendencies and the causes of changes; 3. to show the significance of manifestations of science organization to the general development of the book science; 4. to check the hypothesis about analytical (individual) and synthesized (general) research of the distinguished levels of science organization as a means for revealing the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century. The following general scientific and theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, synthesis, bibliographic and comparative (comparative – historical, comparative analysis). The researched showed that organizational system of the book science being the most public, human factor and practice related side of the science has always reacted sensitively to political-economical factors and was under their influence. Moreover, it was proved that each individual level of the book science organization and especially their synthesized research reflects the general development of the Russian book science and corresponds to its traditional periodization. On the one hand, this fact proved the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the research and, on the other hand, it undoubtedly pointed to the fact that the scholarly organizational aspect was one of the most important and strongest arguments in determining chronological boundaries of the stages of development of the Russian book science in the 20th century.

This study examines evolution of the content of the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace and its consolidation in international law and the national legal systems of the state (on the example of the Republic of Belarus). The author in the work summarizes the scientific ideas about the essence of the principle, enshrined in the sources of international aviation law; identifies changes in legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty in the context of liberalization of the regulation of international flights; analyzes the legal status of sovereign airspace and the nature of new common aviation spaces created on its basis; considers aspects of implementation of the principle in national legislation (on the example of the Republic of Belarus); assesses the compliance of the air legislation of the Republic of Belarus with the obligations undertaken by the state to build a single airspace within the Eurasian Economic Union. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the evolution in the legal understanding of the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace in the process of development of international aviation law. The object of the research is legal relation arising between the subjects of the international aviation law in the sovereign airspace in connection with the legal regulation of international flights. The subject of the research is complex of international and national law (by the example of the Republic of Belarus), in the norms of which the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace is realized. As a result of studying the topic, it was concluded that legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty, enshrined in the international aviation law, is undergoing significant changes on the background of global and regional development processes in international air navigation. There is a gradual development from the understanding of the principle as an instrument of absolute and unlimited freedom of states to control their air territory without putting into consideration other actors of the international aviation law. This tendency is growing and is primarily associated with integration of sovereign airspace of a certain states into common (single) regional airspaces and, as a result, with a change in the airspace regime and state's transfer of a part of its power to the supranational governing bodies of this common space. The principle of sovereignty in this context acts as a political and legal instrument that allows the state in integration associations to defend its sovereign rights to manage the state territory in a common space, as well as to choose its own pace of integration towards the "single sky" on the basis of balanced use of both liberal, and protective measures for regulating international flights in their skies. A comprehensive study of the problem allowed the author to clarify the definition of the concept of "the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace"; to propose a new point of view on the periodization of the process of consolidation and implementation of the principle in the sources of international aviation law; to determine a group of public rights of the state arising in the conditions of the functioning of the new liberal aeropolitics; identify a number of factors that impede the state (by the example of the Republic of Belarus) to successfully implement integration processes in the field of building a single airspace, as well as propose recommendations for improving the Air Code of the Republic of Belarus. Methodological basis of the study is formed by general scientific methods of systemic and structural analysis, generalization, interpretation, as well as special scientific methods of historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal analysis. Practical significance of the work lies in the ability to use specific provisions, facts and conclusions set out in the dissertation research in specialized courses and academic subjects of international legal orientation, and will also be an asset author's employment in aviation sector.

This study examines evolution of the content of the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace and its consolidation in international law and the national legal systems of the state (on the example of the Republic of Belarus). The author in the work summarizes the scientific ideas about the essence of the principle, enshrined in the sources of international aviation law; identifies changes in legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty in the context of liberalization of the regulation of international flights; analyzes the legal status of sovereign airspace and the nature of new common aviation spaces created on its basis; considers aspects of implementation of the principle in national legislation (on the example of the Republic of Belarus); assesses the compliance of the air legislation of the Republic of Belarus with the obligations undertaken by the state to build a single airspace within the Eurasian Economic Union. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the evolution in the legal understanding of the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace in the process of development of international aviation law. The object of the research is legal relation arising between the subjects of the international aviation law in the sovereign airspace in connection with the legal regulation of international flights. The subject of the research is complex of international and national law (by the example of the Republic of Belarus), in the norms of which the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace is realized. As a result of studying the topic, it was concluded that legal understanding of the principle of sovereignty, enshrined in the international aviation law, is undergoing significant changes on the background of global and regional development processes in international air navigation. There is a gradual development from the understanding of the principle as an instrument of absolute and unlimited freedom of states to control their air territory without putting into consideration other actors of the international aviation law. This tendency is growing and is primarily associated with integration of sovereign airspace of a certain states into common (single) regional airspaces and, as a result, with a change in the airspace regime and state's transfer of a part of its power to the supranational governing bodies of this common space. The principle of sovereignty in this context acts as a political and legal instrument that allows the state in integration associations to defend its sovereign rights to manage the state territory in a common space, as well as to choose its own pace of integration towards the "single sky" on the basis of balanced use of both liberal, and protective measures for regulating international flights in their skies. A comprehensive study of the problem allowed the author to clarify the definition of the concept of "the principle of sovereignty in relation to airspace"; to propose a new point of view on the periodization of the process of consolidation and implementation of the principle in the sources of international aviation law; to determine a group of public rights of the state arising in the conditions of the functioning of the new liberal aeropolitics; identify a number of factors that impede the state (by the example of the Republic of Belarus) to successfully implement integration processes in the field of building a single airspace, as well as propose recommendations for improving the Air Code of the Republic of Belarus. Methodological basis of the study is formed by general scientific methods of systemic and structural analysis, generalization, interpretation, as well as special scientific methods of historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal analysis. Practical significance of the work lies in the ability to use specific provisions, facts and conclusions set out in the dissertation research in specialized courses and academic subjects of international legal orientation, and will also be an asset author's employment in aviation sector.