Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Approach -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Persian Gulf Region Encounters the Iraq War -- 1.2 Research Design -- 1.3 Persian Gulf Security Studies -- 1.3.1 Security Changes Following the Iraq War -- 1.3.2 The Persian Gulf Security Complex -- 1.3.3 A Synthetic Theoretical Framework -- 1.3.4 In Search of Causes -- Notes -- Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on the Persian Gulf Security Complex -- 2.1 Security and Identity -- 2.2 Regional Security Complex Theory and the Copenhagen School -- 2.2.1 The Regionalist Approach -- 2.2.2 Regional Security Complex Theory -- 2.2.3 Boundary -- 2.2.4 Polarity -- 2.2.5 Social Construction -- 2.2.6 Internal and External Transformations -- 2.2.7 Securitization, Politicization and Ontological Security -- 2.2.8 Sectors of Security -- 2.3 Towards a More Sociological Perspective on Societal Security -- 2.3.1 The Societal Sector of Security -- 2.3.2 Identity, the Self and the Other -- 2.4 Theoretical Framework and Implications for Empirical Research -- 2.5 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Scrutinizing Causes: The Process-Tracing Method -- 3.1 Observing the Persian Gulf Security Complex Through Causes and Processes -- 3.2 Case Study Research -- 3.2.1 Strengths of the Case Study Approach -- 3.2.2 Weaknesses of the Case Study Approach -- 3.3 The Process-Tracing Method -- 3.4 Andrew Bennett's Process Tracing -- 3.5 Time Period -- 3.6 Data Collection -- 3.6.1 Primary Data -- 3.6.2 Secondary Data -- 3.7 Validity and Reliability -- 3.8 Ethical Concerns -- 3.9 Summary -- Notes -- Part II: Analyses -- Chapter 4: Regional Anti-American Sentiment Between 1980 and 2003 -- 4.1 Anti-Americanism from Different Perspectives -- 4.2 Actor Constellation in the Regional Rise of Anti-Americanism in the Persian Gulf.

This is the first book ever to examine the architecture and urbanism of the Persian Gulf as a complete entity, dealing equally with conditions on the eastern Iranian shoreline as in Arabic countries on the western side. By inviting a range of architects and scholars to write about historical and contemporary influences on 14 cities along both Gulf coastlines, the book traces the changes in architecture and human settlement in relation to environmental factors and particularity of place. It provides an innovative contribution to the study of architecture and globalisation through a detailed investigation of this particular region, investigating how buildings and cities are being shaped as a result. A set of thematic essays at the end offer important insights into issues of globalisation, urbanism and environmental design, drawing from the experience of the Persian Gulf. The outcome is a unique record of the Gulf in the early-21st century at a point when global capitalism is making major inroads and yet questions of architectural design, climate change, ecological sustainability, cultural identity and so-called 'Facebook Democracy' are likewise shaking up the Middle Eastern region. The book thus offers a fresh reading of the architecture and urbanism of a fascinating and often contradictory region, while also showing how globalisation can be analysed in a more engaged and integrated manner.

This book critically examines the origins of American diplomacy in the greater Persian Gulf region, arguing that it was the inability of the United States to contend effectively with the disintegration of British imperial authority in the Gulf that eventually led it to assume its current role in the region.

Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

The article seeks to analyze the policy of USA as a self-proclaimed leader of a coalition representing the interest of the North as also its allies and supporters in the South, specially in the context of increasing sense of energy insecurity. This insecurity is caused by a combination of factors like the declining reserves in the North, continued reliance upon oil and gas for commercial energy, and the feeling that not only 'rogue' regimes but also non-state actors pose a threat to free flow of energy at affordable price. That sense of increasing insecurity has prompted the US-led coalition to seek to militarily dominate a substantial part of the oil and gas reserves of the Gulf region, especially after 2003. Of late, steps have also been contemplated to force these states to open their oil and gas sector to oil majors of the North. These policies are likely to be resented, especially at the popular level, in this sensitive region. It remains to be seen whether the policy of dominating the Gulf and its energy resources by stationing large military force will succeed or further add to the sense of insecurity.

International audience ; Ongoing global change and its direct environmental impacts, in addition to securing economic transition to the post-oil era, could trigger complex socioeconomic and political crises in oil-dependent economies of the Persian Gulf Region (PGR). To evaluate the role of climate change and related policies in degrading the environment and its socioeconomic impacts in the PGR, we have used a variety of available global datasets and published data. The results show that the countries of the PGR pursue some types of socioeconomic reforms to alleviate the impacts of climate change. However, it seems that these attempts are not compatible with the environment's capacity. The main problem stems from the fact that political differences between the PGR nations prevent them from managing the Persian Gulf environment as an integrated natural system and consequently they have to limit their efforts within their borders, regardless of what happens in other parts of the system. The shift to alternative revenue sources by the countries needs socioeconomic preparedness while there are environmental obstacles, political tensions and geopolitical rivalries. Unless there is a cooperative approach to mitigate the effects of climate change, accompanied by a reorientation of PGR economies, the situation is likely to worsen rather than improve. To address the challenges of climate change, integrated regional collaborations are needed. Collective action, such as more investment in regional research and development and education, is required if the PGR is to successfully transition from a commodity-based to a knowledge-based economy.