Suchergebnisse

It is well established in International Relations that the modem state & the state system originated at the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In this article, the author argues that there is little evidence to support such an understanding, neither in the texts of the treaties nor in the political situation before or in the wake of 1648. Rather, the Peace of Westphalia can in many ways be understood to be a step backwards from a modem understanding of sovereignty (cuius regio, eius religio: whose region it is, his religion it is), which to some extent was represented in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). International Relations' understanding of the Peace of Westphalia is based on a mythical understanding of historical processes. Furthermore, the author argues, International Relations should abandon the mythical watershed which 1648 represents. However, instead of searching for another myth to explain the origin of its main object of study, one should instead re-conceptualise the discipline in a new & more dynamic way, taking into account the heterogeneous character of the international system. 60 References. Adapted from the source document.

In light of the dramatic events in the Middle East in the course of the spring 2003, it has become more & more important to focus the interest on the multidimensional relationship between the West & Arabic world. The Barcelona process or the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) is relatively purely known, but nevertheless an important aspect of the European Union's policy toward the Arabic countries. The EMP was launched in 1995 between the EU & 12 countries on the southern side of the Mediterranean Sea. The article gives a brief account of the content & the form of the project by Dec 2002 & explains at the same time the motive behind the European activities in the Mediterranean region. The three parts of the project (the political, the economical & the cultural partnership) are then analyzed focusing on the actual challenges. Problems are of financial as well as of cultural character, but the main responsibility for the slow progress characterizing the project is to be sought in the diverse interests of the member countries in important areas as trade & security politics. 24 References. Adapted from the source document.

The advantages that some military establishments have enjoyed in the remote Arctic region are diminishing. The military secrets of the Arctic Ocean are being progressively uncloaked, as civilian polar research expands into areas previously known only to a few. This study examines the security ramifications of broadened international research into what has been the most inhospitable and exclusive operational area on Earth. Firstly, the study argues that successful military operations in the Arctic depend on extended knowledge about area-specific issues related to e.g. the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere, weather, sea ice, ocean structure and dynamics, seafloor bathymetry and sediments, as well as reliable target detection systems. Secondly, it finds that a number of nations, both Arctic and non-Arctic, have stepped up their polar research in recent years. Secrets once held by a few are now accessible to many through international cooperation, data-sharing and open-access publishing. Finally, the study concludes that knowledge proliferation is likely to level the Arctic battlefield. Lending terms from Mica Endsley's three-level Situation Awareness model, polar research will result in increasingly shared perceptions about the Arctic operational environment, contribute to a more uniform comprehension of the elements, and even enable new actors to project a future state of the Arctic environment.

This article takes an in-depth look at the controversy surrounding initiatives to eliminate poverty in developing countries. While analysis of the problem necessarily assumes an international perspective, special attention is given here to the role that Norway -- as a European country made wealthy by its natural resources -- is to play in the effort to advance underdeveloped regions. A review of existing critical literature reveals a commonly held view that the most detrimental problems arise because of the inability to control what happens to aide money given to impoverished nations that are often run by corrupt power groups that use the money to consolidate their own power. As much research has demonstrated, world contributions to developing areas over the past decades have failed to produce the expected results, which again signals that the dilemma of under-developed areas is rooted in their internal organization & collective incentives. Several perspectives on this issue are reviewed here to pronounce the moral question assumed by many where Norway is concerned, namely if a country made wealthy by something that it has not "earned" per se should continue to support an aide mechanism that is shown by many analyses to be unsustainable. The stakes & alternatives in this debate are discussed here in detail. C Brunski

Berte Kanutte Aarflot lived in the Northwestern region of Norway in the 19th century. In this book, her great-great-grandson gives the first overview of her written work and puts it in the context of her time. Aarflot, a woman who left a big mark both in the religious sphere and in society, published over 600 pages of religious litterature. This is the 34th book in the series Kyrkjefag Profil. - "Berte Kanutte Aarflot satte tydelige spor etter seg både i kirken og i samfunnet generelt i første halvdel av 1800-tallet. Det er et særsyn at en enkel bondekvinne kunne vinne slik anseelse og betydning i sitt lokalmiljø på Sunnmøre, men innflytelsen hennes strakte seg også til store deler av Nordvestlandet, og langt utover
i landet ellers.

Med røtter i det haugianske miljøet i Ørsta og Volda sto hun frem som veileder og vekkerrøst i en brytningstid der nye nasjonale strømninger preget Norge. Hun var en foregangskvinne, både som selvlært forfatter og selvstendig formidler av kirkens budskap. Skriftene hennes omfattet mer enn 600 sider, og ble trykt i over tretti opplag i løpet av 1800-tallet.

I denne boken foreligger for første gang en grundig gjennomgang av arbeidene til Berte Kanutte Aarflot, med en presentasjon av hennes trosverden og religiøse tanker, satt inn i samtidens kontekst. Det er et samtidsbilde som maner til inspirasjon og ettertanke, også for lesere i vår tid.

Boka er nummer 34 i serien Kyrkjefag Profil."

The U.S. Department of the Navy released A Strategic Blueprint for the Arctic on 5 January 2021. The Navy is focused on preparing for an Alaskan and "Blue" Arctic. Recognizing the changing landscape of the Arctic, the US Navy seeks to maintain a competitive edge, freedom of the seas, and deterrent effect. For the Marine Corps, both the 2021 document and the previous Advantage at Sea: Prevailing with Integrated All-Domain Naval Power, highlight the Marines' mission to assist the Navy in sea control and sea denial. These strategic documents reflect the direction both the Navy and Marine Corps are taking to better engage in the Arctic, and, therefore on NATO's northern flank and elsewhere in the world. The Marine Corps' new concept for warfighting, represented in The Tentative Manual for Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) presumes that Marines are a "stand-in" force, i.e., they are already in areas within an adversary's weapon's engagement zone (WEZ). However, this is not the case on NATO's northern flank, where Marines conduct training with NATO and under bilateral agreements. In order to better understand how these new concepts and strategic documents influence the USMC's engagement on NATO's northern flank, it is important to relate them to the overall strategic context in this region, as well as the possible gaps that exist down to include operational and some tactical levels implications.

The article describes some common features of Indigenous sea cosmovisions (through examples from Oceania and the Arctic region), from which an understanding of ocean governance rooted in the interconnectedness of all life and the importance of protecting water and people emerges. Hence, the model of ocean (or water) connectivity is characterized by the understanding of ocean-human relationships as a continuum of connections between human and non-human elements. In line with the normative recognition of the sacredness of water, the interconnectedness of all life, and the importance of protecting the sea, Indigenous peoples' law provides insights and implementation solutions for the restoration of marine ecosystems. This study aims to identify blind spots of the current law-of-the-sea regime, where marine ecological connectivity is not fully recognized as a foundational pillar of effective ocean protection. It also suggests approaches towards knowledge integration mechanisms that could minimize critical issues in ocean governance by enabling the enshrinement of Indigenous nature-oriented approaches within the law of the sea regulatory framework (especially focusing on the high seas' regime). The work is structured into three main parts: a comprehensive overview of connectivity conceptualizations drawn from Indigenous cosmovisions; reflections on the model's capability to address law-of-the-sea's systemic challenges; and concluding reflections on possible future trajectories in law-of-the-sea that could encompass elements of the analyzed model.

In 2017, the The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) – a set of function-based regulations applicable to Arctic and Antarctic waters, with the goal of increasing awareness and improving safety for ship operations in polar waters – entered into force. This article examines the Polar Code's contribution to the establishment of new standards and guidelines, with the problem under discussion being the extent to which the function-based regulations contribute to enhancing safety for ship operations in the Arctic, given that maritime activities in these waters are associated with great risks and uncertainties. The article gives a historical review, elucidating the background leading to the development of the Polar Code, followed by a review of the structure and key principles of the regulations. Further, ship traffic in the Arctic region and those subject to the Polar Code are examined, followed by a summary of findings and experiences from three survival exercises (SARex I, II and III), performed in northern areas around Svalbard between 2016 and 2018. The article concludes that safe ship operations depend on those subject to the regulations conducting thorough operational risk assessments that cover all potential hazards, in order to mitigate sufficiently. Further, the presence of authorities is found to be crucial, with validation of the adequacy and the dimensioning of the implemented measures being of the essence.

The paper examines the conflict between indigenous people living in Numto Nature Park in the Khanty-Mansy region of Russia and the oil company Surgutneftegaz, which is trying to expand to new areas of the Park for industrial development. We analyse this conflict by looking at different perceptions concerning the threats and benefits underpinning the conflicting parties' arguments. We show that the oil company, whose approach is based on the principles of benefit sharing, seeks to provide economic benefits as well as infrastructure to ensure development in the indigenous community. In contrast, the indigenous people in Numto prioritise environmental safety and the possibility of maintaining their traditional ways of life, which means eliminating the negative impacts of oil development on fisheries, reindeer herding and the general state of the environment. The study indicates that focusing on indigenous peoples' and oil companies' differences concerning perceptions of threats and benefits provides a better understanding of desirable benefit-sharing arrangements between oil companies and indigenous peoples in areas that have so far only been marginally affected by industrialisation and modernisation. This insight suggests that the introduction of community-centred perspectives emphasising cultural and environmental security in benefit-sharing policies in oil companies could improve practices. The analysis draws on interviews with members of the indigenous Nenets and Khanty peoples of Numto Park as well as representatives of Surgutneftegaz, NGOs, the regional administration and the Numto Park administration

Rapid climate change in the Arctic triggers the remobilization of chemical pollution, increasing its exposure and potential impacts in the region. While scientific knowledge on multiple stressors, including the interlinkages between climate change and hazardous chemicals, is increasing, it has proven challenging to translate this knowledge into policy. This study analyzes the process of translating Arctic scientific knowledge on multiple stressors into global policy by focusing on the development of a guidance document under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Through document analysis and key informant interviews, we focus particularly on the role of the Arctic Council working group AMAP in synthesizing, translating and communicating science on multiple stressors to policy makers. We draw on the theoretical framework of formalization (how and by whom knowledge is summarized for policy) and separation (the relative distance between science and policy) to analyze the science-to-policy interface. Our analysis of the phases leading up to the guidance document show that AMAP has dynamically moved between different degrees of separation and formalization. Orchestrating the interplay between scientists and policy makers, the working group has put multiple stressors on the political agenda internationally. AMAP has thereby contributed to turn Arctic science into global policy through the guidance document. We conclude by illustrating several constraints in terms of the implementation of actual policy, which we argue is due to an increasing degree of formalization in the last phase and a general unreadiness of contemporary governance systems to address multiple stressors.

"Who is the biblical Jesus? The answer depends on which translation you read. Most people read their Bible translation as "the Bible". Publishers of the Bible have great power to define the Bible and decide how the biblical Jesus is presented.

Jesus i oversettelse is a detailed analysis of the translation processes behind the making of eighteen Christological verses in the translations of the Norwegian Bible Society 1959–2011. Readers are invited to a process that few have access to: How the translations are made, and what considerations and which interests are reflected in the translation choices. To what extent do the translators ensure a distinct understanding of Jesus in the translated text? Do the translations change the meaning and message of the source text, or do the translations preserve the interpretative possibilities? What view of Jesus is reflected in translations of the Norwegian Bible Society?
" - "Hvem er Bibelens Jesus? Svaret avhenger av hvilken oversettelse du leser. Folk flest leser sin bibeloversettelse som «Bibelen». Utgivere av Bibelen har stor definisjonsmakt over Bibelen, og bestemmer hvordan Bibelens Jesus blir presentert.

Jesus i oversettelse er en detaljert analyse av atten kristologiske vers i Bibelselskapets oversettelser 1959–2011. Leserne blir invitert inn i en prosess som få har innsyn i: Hvordan Bibelselskapets oversettelser lages, og hvilke hensyn og interesser som gjenspeiles i oversettelsesvalgene. I hvilken grad sikrer oversetterne en bestemt forståelse av Jesus i den oversatte bibelteksten? Endrer oversettelsene kildetekstens betydning og budskap, eller ivaretar oversettelsenetolkningsmulighetene som ligger i kildeteksten? Hvilket syn på Jesus reflekteres i Bibelselskapets oversettelser?Tema i denne antologien er universitets- og høgskolesektorens utvikling og forhold til nasjon og region. I Norge har utfordringen med å sveise sammen et land med sterke og sprikende regionale og lokale identiteter vært styrende for nasjonsbyggingsprosjektet. Den politikken som er blitt ført for å bygge ut høyere utdanning og forskning, bærer umiskjennelig preg av å være en del av et slikt prosjekt. Utdannings- og forskningspolitikken har gjennomløpt ulike faser og vært underlagt skiftende paradigmer. Fra 1960-tallet og de første tiår fremover ble det bygd ut UH-institusjoner utover landet, spesielt for å dekke behov for høyt utdannet arbeidskraft i regionene. Resultatet av denne prosessen ble at Norge ved inngangen til 1990-tallet antakelig hadde et av verdens mest desentraliserte UH-systemer målt i forhold til folketallet.

Deretter startet en epoke med en serie reformer for konsentrasjon og samling, for å styrke kvalitet, forskning og nasjonal konkurranseevne i en tid der kunnskap er vår viktigste ressurs. Det har vært skiftende syn på styring av og innenfor sektoren, påvirket av internasjonale trender. Det betyr ikke at de regionale ambisjonene ble mindre, men de antok andre former. Behovet for høyt utdannet arbeidskraft var like sterkt til stede, og parallelt kom økte krav til kunnskapsutvikling og samarbeid med regionalt næringsliv og offentlige institusjoner.

I denne antologien forsøker vi å gi et riss av den historiske utviklingen som har preget UH-sektoren. Hvordan forstår og forklarer vi den utviklingen vi har hatt? Hvilke interesser, drivkrefter og aktører kan vi identifisere? Hvilke konsekvenser kan vi spore? I noen grad forsøker vi også å se fremover med utgangspunkt i hvor vi nå befinner oss.

Bidragene til antologien kommer fra sentrale forskere innenfor feltet. De teoretiske og empiriske inngangene til temaet er ulike. I sitt mangfold gir de et dekkende bilde av den spennende utviklingen bak den universitets- og høgskolesektoren vi har i dag, og de forutsetninger dette gir for å utvikle sektoren videre."

Agder was and is an important industrial and working-class county. Wasn't it in Arendal that the Norwegian Labor Party was founded? Isn't it the case that a number of eloquent agitators, ideologues and strategists come from the South? It's not a guess that Kristiansand is new Houston? This book will help bring work, the workers and the labor movement in Agder out of oblivion. Eight authors take us through working life in Southern Norway between 1500 and 2020.

The history of industrial work in Sørlandet is proud and varied: There was shipbuilding and ironworks operation, steam engines and mechanical workshops, textile industry, breweries and bakeries before 1900. Around the turn of the century, the region gained large jobs in wood processing and the electrometallurgical industry. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by many small and medium-sized businesses. And in recent times there has been another increase, with industrial work in shipbuilding and the oil industry.

This anthology deals with the history of work, workers and the labor movement and also concerns challenges, conflicts and cooperation. As several of the contributions in the book show, it happened that Sørlandet's underclass took a strong stand against the authorities and employers.

Labour, the workers and the labor movement in Agder not only have a past, but also a present. Two of the contributions shed light on current topics such as labor migration in and out of Agder, neoliberalism and trade union work in Agder. The chapters in the book are relevant for both researchers and lay people, not least from the labor movement, from Agder and other parts of the country. - Agder var og er et viktig industri- og arbeiderfylke. Var det ikke i Arendal at Det norske Arbeiderpartiet ble stiftet? Er det ikke slik at en rekke taleføre agitatorer, ideologer og strateger kommer fra Sørlandet? Går det ikke gjetord om at Kristiansand er det nye Houston? Denne boka vil bidra til å hente fram fra glemselen arbeid, arbeiderne og arbeiderbevegelsen på Agder. Åtte forfattere tar oss med gjennom arbeidslivet på Sørlandet mellom 1500 og 2020.

Historia om industrielt arbeid på Sørlandet er stolt og variert: Det var skipsbygging og jernverksdrift, dampmaskiner og mekaniske verksteder, tekstilindustri, bryggerier og bakerier før 1900. Omkring århundreskiftet fikk landsdelens store arbeidsplasser innen treforedlingen og den elektrometallurgiske industrien. På 1900-tallet ble disse supplert med mange små og mellomstore bedrifter. Og i den seneste tida kom enda en tilvekst, med industrielt arbeid i fartøysbygging og oljeindustrien.

Denne antologien tar for seg historia om arbeid, arbeidere og arbeiderbevegelsen og dreier seg også om utfordringer, konflikter og samarbeid. Som flere av bidragene i boka viser, hendte det at Sørlandets underklasse tok kraftig til motmæle mot øvrighet og arbeidsgivere.

Arbeid, arbeiderne og arbeiderbevegelsen på Agder har ikke bare ei fortid, men også ei samtid. To av bidragene kaster lys på dagsaktuelle emner som arbeidsmigrasjon inn og ut av Agder, nyliberalismen og fagforeningsarbeid på Agder. Kapitlene i boka er aktuelle for både forskere og lekfolk, ikke minst fra arbeiderbevegelsen, fra Agder og andre landsdeler.