Suchergebnisse

Персидский залив является важным стратегическим регионом для национальной безопасности Соединенных Штатов и их статуса как глобальной сверхдержавы. В статье исследуется роль США в обеспечении безопасности в Персидском заливе, анализируется стратегическое, и геополитическое значение региона для Соединенных Штатов, отношения между странами Персидского залива и США в сфере безопасности, а также раскрываются приоритеты внешней политики Вашингтона в Персидском заливе. Автором отмечается, что за последние годы происходит изменения во внешнеполитическом курсе США, которые заключаются в ослаблении обязательств Америки по обеспечению стабильности в зоне Персидского залива и поиске, и разработке новой концепции региональной безопасности с участием всех внутренних и ключевых внешних акторов.

The European Union pursues an active foreign policy both in a form of bilateral ties with sovereign states and while interacting with regional associations. The article considers the strategic attractiveness of the Persian Gulf region for the European Union as well as EU's external regional policy (European interregionalism) towards the Gulf Cooperation Council. The paper analyzes the methodological basis of the European interregionalism, the goals and specific directions of the EU's policy in the region, the mechanisms for its implementation, strategic changes in the EU's policy while taking into account the Arab Spring. The authors conclude that the cooperation initially planned in Brussels on the basis of exporting the liberal values could not stand the test of the Arab Spring. In the Global Strategy of 2016 the EU introduced changes that envisage a differentiated approach in the policy of European interregionalism. In the final part, the authors draw the conclusion about the effectiveness of the new EU Global strategy towards the GCC. © 2019 Institute of Europe Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

The author studies the influence of the "Shia factor" on the relations between Iran and the Gulf Arab countries. In most countries of the Persian Gulf, there are Shia communities that constitute a significant part of the population. After the Islamic revolution of 1979 relations between Iran and most Arab countries have become particularly tense. In the 1980s, the Gulf monarchies also became wary of exporting the Islamic revolution in their countries. This was due to the fact that, being inspired by the success of the co-religionists in Iran, the Arab Shiites became more involved in politics. It should be noted that the way the Arab Gulf countries treat the Shiites in the region is influenced by the fact that Iran and the Arab Gulf countries compete for political and economic predominance in the region. Often the Shia Muslims are discriminated by the authorities of the Arab countries, and are regarded as the so-called "fifth column" of Iran. In the author's opinion, the policy of oppression of the Shia Muslims in the Persian Gulf monarchies not only worsens the political situation in these countries, but also complicates relations with neighboring Iran. This policy is not constructive. Moreover, the mythical "Iranian threat" does not go to any comparison with the threat posed by the Islamic State. According to the author, although after the execution of the Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr in Saudi Arabia at the beginning of 2016 Iran's relations with Arab countries became even more strained, the further escalation of the conflict is not in the interests of Iran. Especially now, at the initial stage of removing sanctions against Iran's nuclear program, the military operations against the Shiites in the Arab countries may slow down the process. As for Saudi Arabia, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities Riyadh may seriously damage relations with the United States. This is because Washington sees no benefits in involving Saudi Arabia, its biggest ally in the region, into another armed conflict in the region.

Basic issues of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and countries of the Persian Gulf Arab States Cooperation Council (GCC) are discussed. Despite mutual interest, relations between GCC states and Russia could not have reached sufficiently high level, specifically owing tothe influence of political factors. At the same time, in spite of rather small trade volumes and poor economic relations between Russia and GCC states, their cooperation prospects may be considered as sufficiently optimistic. ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению основных вопросов торгово-экономического сотрудничества России и стран Совета содружества арабских государств Персидского залива (ССАГПЗ). Отмечается, что, несмотря на взаимный интерес, отношения между государствами ССАГПЗ и Россией на текущий момент не смогли достичь высокого уровня, в том числе по причине влияния политического фактора. Вместе с тем, несмотря на относительно небольшие объёмы торгово-экономических связей России с государствами ССАГПЗ, перспективы взаимодействия между ними представляются в достаточной степени оптимистичными.

The article covers the features of West Germany's foreign policy in the Middle East during the German reunification period. In particular, the attention is paid to the fact of Germany's participation in the Persian Gulf War. In conditions of domestic policy changing, in spite of difficulties connected with them, West Germany aspired to play a significant role on the international stage. Maneuvering between the USA and the major European partners, cares for domestic economic settlement and development, the unstable economic relations with Middle East partners reduced the efficiency of German policy. However, according to the author of the article, the Persian Gulf War allowed Germany to declare itself a significant political power. West Germany assumed the solution of important strategic tasks, provided the USA a platform for military formations, made an essential contribution to the solution of humanitarian problems in the region and became financial center of this military operation. In the article concepts and main strategies of the state and also the main steps taken within described events are analyzed. Features of the formation of the new foreign policy doctrine in correlation with the USA foreign course and the USSR expectations are revealed ; Рассматриваются особенности внешней политики ФРГ на Ближнем Востоке в период германского объединения. В частности, уделяется внимание факту участия ФРГ в войне в Персидском заливе. В меняющихся внутриполитических условиях, несмотря на трудности, с этим связанные, ФРГ стремилась играть значительную роль на международной арене. Лавирование между США и важнейшими европейскими партнерами, заботы о внутреннем экономическом урегулировании и развитии, нестабильные экономические отношения с ближневосточными партнерами снижали эффективность политики Германии. Однако, как доказывает автор статьи, война в Персидском заливе позволила ФРГ заявить о себе как о значимой политической силе. ФРГ взяла на себя решение важных стратегических задач, предоставила США площадку для военных формирований, внесла существенный вклад в решение гуманитарных проблем в регионе и стала финансовым центром этой военной операции. В статье анализируются концепции и основные стратегии, на базе которых действовало государство, а также основные шаги, предпринятые в рамках описываемых событий. Выявляются особенности формирования новой внешнеполитической доктрины ФРГ в соотнесении с внешним курсом США и ожиданиями СССР

В статье определены место и роль региона Персидского залива во внешней и военной политике Соединенных Штатов. Проблематика отношений США — регион Персидского залива впервые проанализирована через призму концепции «регионального комплекса безопасности». В предложенном ракурсе выявлены основные проблемные поля архитектуры безопасности региона Персидского залива и особенности парадигмы взаимодействия акторов на разных исторических этапах, особенно в период президентства Б. Обамы. Освещены малоизученные аспекты эволюции военного присутствия США в регионе в контексте изменения геополитических реалий Персидского залива, а также внешнеполитических и военно-стратегических приоритетов Соединенных Штатов. = The article defi nes the place and the role of the Gulf region in the United States foreign and military policy framework. The U.S. and the Persian Gulf relations are analysed for the fi rst time through the prism of «regional security complex». The article identifi es the main challenges of the Persian Gulf security architecture and the peculiarities of the interaction paradigm of the relevant actors at different historical stages, with an emphasis on the policy of the Obama administration. The article highlights some understudied aspects of the evolution of the U.S. military presence in the region within the context of both the changing geopolitical realities in the Persian Gulf, and the transformations in the U.S. foreign policy and strategic priorities. ; Раздел "Международные отношения"

The article examines the energy cooperation of the South Korea and Persian Gulf oil exporters in the context of development of the military-political situation in the Middle East. The authors reveal the reasons why Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE and Kuwait are the most important oil suppliers for the Republic of Korea since 2011 till present. ; В статье рассматриваются внешнеполитические факторы, влияющие на сотрудничество в энергетической сфере Республики Корея и ряда арабских стран - экспортеров нефти Персидского залива (Саудовская Аравия, Катар, ОАЭ и Кувейт), которые являются крупнейшими поставщиками нефти в Южную Корею с 2011 г. по настоящее время.

In this article, the foreign policy consequences of events associated with American invasion in Iraq in 2003 are analyzed. Meanwhile two levels of geopolitics - world and regional - are viewed, in connection with which the influence of mentioned facts on the change of situation in the Middle East region is shown, the change of these results related with changing political geography at regional and international levels, which had a considerable influence on the Middle East region, and changing foreign policy priorities of the leading countries in the Persian Gulf (the Islamic Republic of Iran). In the end, we have reached conclusions about negative consequences of the U.S. occupation of Iraq . ; В статье проанализированы внешнеполитические последствия событий, связанные с американским вторжением в Ирак в 2003 г. При этом рассмотрены два уровня геополитики - мировой и региональный, в связи с чем показано влияние этих событий на изменение обстановки в ближневосточном регионе, смену внешнеполитических приоритетов ведущей страны Персидского залива - Исламской республики Иран. В статье сделаны выводы о негативных последствиях действий США.

The article presents the results of an extensive study of the bottom topography of the Ob River Gulf in the Kara Sea, which is a follow-up to the long-term studies of the authors. It refines the existing ideas and aims at solving a fundamental problem of reconstructing the conditions for the formation of bottom topography in the shallow bays of the Kara Sea in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The work aims to create a regional characteristic of the geomorphologic structure of the Ob River Gulf bottom. The initial data on the bottom topography were taken from marine navigational maps and sounding boards at a scale of 1:50 000 - 1:100 000. We processed and interpreted the collected cartographic material to create a detailed DEM of the bottom and a bathymetric map at a scale of 1:200 000 with an isobaths interval of 1 m. In addition to bathymetric data, the compilation of a geomorphologic map engaged a large amount of literature and stock materials on geomorphology, geology, and geocryology of the region. The original morphogenetic legend was elaborated with due account of current ideas regarding the conditions for the formation of periglacial plains relief at the regressive stage of the Kara Sea shelf evolution. It was found that the relict fluvial relief prevails within the gulf and was partly modified by subaqueous processes during post-LGM transgression and the current epoch. We have indicated the most critical features of the structure and pattern of the flooded pravalley of the Ob River, as well as the total ancient erosion network. The selected individual forms and relief elements take into account the scale of objects and the degree of their generalization on the map and give an idea of the development of relief-forming processes both at the subaerial stage and under subaqueous conditions, including specific features of modern dynamics of the coastal and bottom relief.

In this debate, Sada features two authors to discuss the roles that Arab Gulf states have played in shaping the conflict between Israel and Hamas, both in the diplomatic arena and at the level of public discourse.