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By freedom, classical liberals meant non-interference, independence from the state, the personal and proprietary liberty of the governed. It is negative freedom as the antithesis both to absolutism and anarchy. In the republican interpretations, the freedom of a free political community is made possible and guaranteed by the institutionalization of the liberty of the political community. Political liberty is the medium, stage and precondition for the freedom of its members. That, in turn, is conditional upon the readiness of its members to protect the liberty of their community and themselves, i.e. upon the virtue of the free citizen. In this article I engage with four different interpretations of both kinds of liberty concepts in different discourses of the 20th-century UK and US and 20th—21st-century Hungary.

By freedom, classical liberals meant non-interference, independence from the state, the personal and proprietary liberty of the governed. It is negative freedom as the antithesis both to absolutism and anarchy. In the republican interpretations, the freedom of a free political community is made possible and guaranteed by the institutionalization of the liberty of the political community. Political liberty is the medium, stage and precondition for the freedom of its members. That, in turn, is conditional upon the readiness of its members to protect the liberty of their community and themselves, i.e. upon the virtue of the free citizen. In this article I engage with four different interpretations of both kinds of liberty concepts in different discourses of the 20th-century UK and US and 20th-21st-century Hungary. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright.]

A ZLRev article on remedies for loss of personal liberties in Zimbabwe. ; In all democratic societies individual people are afforded protection against unlawful interference with their personal liberty and freedom, and in Zimbabwe there are extensive safeguards against unlawful encroachment on personal liberty, as well as various remedies available in the event of unlawful intrusion upon liberty. However, since the attainment of Zimbabwe's hard-won Independence, there have been internal and external elements bent on undermining and subverting the new order. Government has had to take action to try to counteract, for instance, a sustained campaign of sabotage and destabilization orchestrated from Pretoria. The law enforcement agencies have been called on to take all necessary steps to prevent such activities from occurring and, when they have occurred, to detect and apprehend the culprits as expeditiously as possible. Such a security situation tends, inevitably to create an environment where 'individual rights are subordinated to the paramount concern for the protection of national security.

Der Autor beschreibt die Entwicklung der Verfassungsbestimmungen über die individuellen Freiheitsrechte in Nigeria vom Ende der Kolonialzeit bis 1990. Er beginnt mit einer allgemeinen historischen Einführung in die Geschichte der Grundrechte von der frühen europäischen Antike bis in die Neuzeit. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf dem Wandel der nigerianischen Verfassungsgrundsätze, die die persönliche Freiheit des Einzelnen und speziell den Schutz vor willkürlicher Verhaftung sowie die zeitliche Beschränkung der Untersuchungshaft regeln und der entsprechenden juristischen Verfassungsinterpretationen. Der Autor schildert die starke Einschränkung dieser Rechte in der langen Zeit der Militärherrschaft im Land, hebt allerdings hervor, daß die Militärmachthaber weder Grundrechte noch Zivilgerichte je ganz außer Kraft gesetzt haben. Die Regierung verletzte allerdings mit einer Reihe von Dekreten und der Einsetzung von Sondergerichtshöfen ständig verfassungsmäßig verbriefte Rechte. (DÜI-Ply)