Personality and Philosophy Controversy of M. K. Gandhi in 21st century Modern India Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most popular 20th century spiritual and political leaders of India. He is widely known for his nonviolent philosophy. He also believed that through satyagraha philosophy he can transform Indian society and ensure long-lasting peace in it. The main problem is that in the Modern India times Gandhi's image is full of controversy - he is widely criticized in public discourses by famous personalities, like Arundhati Roy, Sujatha Gidla and Dalit Diva. This situation is getting worse, because the main political party in current Republic of India is Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is based on hindutva ideology – hindu nationalism, which includes violence, anti-muslim ideology and seeks to make India exclusively only hindu country. Moreover, M. K. Gandhi was killed by Nathuram Godse, which was a member of Hindu Mahasabha organization, which is close to BJP. Through the period of 2014 – 2018, many statues which represented M. K. Gandhi image were eliminated or damaged around the world – from India, Ghana and even in Canada. Popular personalities, like Indian writers and social activists started to criticize M. K. Gandhi personality, moreover, the critique towards M. K. Gandhi transforms into antiGandhi cult. The main object of this paper to analyze, how M. K. Gandhi nonviolent philosophy became controversial in current India context and why his public image has changed. Using hermeneutical and nationalist discourses analysis leads to the conclusion, that BJP do not accept M. K. Gandhi nonviolent and civic nationalism-based ideology, because M. K. Gandhi wanted to unify hindus and muslims, but BJP declared hindu nationalism do not accept any other religions except hinduism. BJP emphasizes, that M. Gandhi can be anti-national because of this muslim-friendly view.
Personality and Philosophy Controversy of M. K. Gandhi in 21st century Modern India Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most popular 20th century spiritual and political leaders of India. He is widely known for his nonviolent philosophy. He also believed that through satyagraha philosophy he can transform Indian society and ensure long-lasting peace in it. The main problem is that in the Modern India times Gandhi's image is full of controversy - he is widely criticized in public discourses by famous personalities, like Arundhati Roy, Sujatha Gidla and Dalit Diva. This situation is getting worse, because the main political party in current Republic of India is Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is based on hindutva ideology – hindu nationalism, which includes violence, anti-muslim ideology and seeks to make India exclusively only hindu country. Moreover, M. K. Gandhi was killed by Nathuram Godse, which was a member of Hindu Mahasabha organization, which is close to BJP. Through the period of 2014 – 2018, many statues which represented M. K. Gandhi image were eliminated or damaged around the world – from India, Ghana and even in Canada. Popular personalities, like Indian writers and social activists started to criticize M. K. Gandhi personality, moreover, the critique towards M. K. Gandhi transforms into antiGandhi cult. The main object of this paper to analyze, how M. K. Gandhi nonviolent philosophy became controversial in current India context and why his public image has changed. Using hermeneutical and nationalist discourses analysis leads to the conclusion, that BJP do not accept M. K. Gandhi nonviolent and civic nationalism-based ideology, because M. K. Gandhi wanted to unify hindus and muslims, but BJP declared hindu nationalism do not accept any other religions except hinduism. BJP emphasizes, that M. Gandhi can be anti-national because of this muslim-friendly view.
Compulsory basic military training is characterized not only by being challenging but also by being stressful. Assuming a high frequency of perceived stress events as a negative outcome of training, this article provides evidence on how the perceived frequency of stressful situations is affected by three types of factors: (i) biological stress response variables measured by hair steroid hormone levels, (ii) personality traits measured using the Big Five personality test, and (iii) group cohesion measures in military squads. A total of 112 conscripts in 11 squads participated in the research at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2), and at the end (T3) of compulsory basic military training. Hair steroid hormone levels (cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels were measured by liquid mass spectrometry; other data were collected using self-report questionnaires. The results of the Poisson regression analysis indicated that hair steroid hormone cortisol had a statistically significantly impact and could increase the perceived frequency of stressful situations by up to 1.317 (e0.275, T2) times. The concentrations of other hormones (cortisone = 1.157, e0.146, T3 and DHEA = 1.020, e0.020, T3) also had a statistically significant effect. Other factors had a decreasing effect on the frequency. Extraversion was significant with an effect of 0.907 (e−0.098, T2) and 0.847 (e−0.166, T3), while task cohesion had an effect of 0.946 (e−0.056) and norm cohesion of 0.954 (e−0.047). The research indicates that the three groups of factors affect the perceived frequency of stressful situations during compulsory basic military training, but their impacts are considerably different.
Compulsory basic military training is characterized not only by being challenging but also by being stressful. Assuming a high frequency of perceived stress events as a negative outcome of training, this article provides evidence on how the perceived frequency of stressful situations is affected by three types of factors: (i) biological stress response variables measured by hair steroid hormone levels, (ii) personality traits measured using the Big Five personality test, and (iii) group cohesion measures in military squads. A total of 112 conscripts in 11 squads participated in the research at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2), and at the end (T3) of compulsory basic military training. Hair steroid hormone levels (cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) levels were measured by liquid mass spectrometry; other data were collected using self-report questionnaires. The results of the Poisson regression analysis indicated that hair steroid hormone cortisol had a statistically significantly impact and could increase the perceived frequency of stressful situations by up to 1.317 (e0.275, T2) times. The concentrations of other hormones (cortisone = 1.157, e0.146, T3 and DHEA = 1.020, e0.020, T3) also had a statistically significant effect. Other factors had a decreasing effect on the frequency. Extraversion was significant with an effect of 0.907 (e−0.098, T2) and 0.847 (e−0.166, T3), while task cohesion had an effect of 0.946 (e−0.056) and norm cohesion of 0.954 (e−0.047). The research indicates that the three groups of factors affect the perceived frequency of stressful situations during compulsory basic military training, but their impacts are considerably different.
The aim of this paper is to examine personality traits, human capital and socio-demographic variables relationship with young employees' career success. The research included 350 young employees. Participants age was from 18 to 30 years (M = 24.36, SD = 3.07). Investigation included 177 (50.6 %) men and 173 (49.4 %) women. Participants completed five questionnaires: Career Satisfaction Scale (CSS), Work-Life Balance Scale, Career Planning Scale, Political Skill Inventory (PSI) Networking Ability Subscale and Career Locus of Control Scale. The analysis of the results showed that promotions have positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability and age. Men, people who have international experience and full time employees also are promoted more often. Salary has positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative links with changing career goals. Men, people who have international experience and full time employees also earns more. Career satisfaction has positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative links with external factors career locus of control and changing career goals. Men and full time employees also are more satisfied with their career. Work-life balance has positive relationships with education, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative link with changing career goals. Furthermore the results showed that there is a positive link between salary and career satisfaction. These variables also have positive relationships with promotions ant work-life balance.
The aim of this paper is to examine personality traits, human capital and socio-demographic variables relationship with young employees' career success. The research included 350 young employees. Participants age was from 18 to 30 years (M = 24.36, SD = 3.07). Investigation included 177 (50.6 %) men and 173 (49.4 %) women. Participants completed five questionnaires: Career Satisfaction Scale (CSS), Work-Life Balance Scale, Career Planning Scale, Political Skill Inventory (PSI) Networking Ability Subscale and Career Locus of Control Scale. The analysis of the results showed that promotions have positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability and age. Men, people who have international experience and full time employees also are promoted more often. Salary has positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative links with changing career goals. Men, people who have international experience and full time employees also earns more. Career satisfaction has positive relationships with education, seniority, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative links with external factors career locus of control and changing career goals. Men and full time employees also are more satisfied with their career. Work-life balance has positive relationships with education, clear career goals, networking ability, age and negative link with changing career goals. Furthermore the results showed that there is a positive link between salary and career satisfaction. These variables also have positive relationships with promotions ant work-life balance.
For two decades, Lithuania is on the way a democratic state, in keeping with the global information space, involvement in the processes of globalization. It promises greater economic, political, socio-cultural and even moral norms and rules, unification, the transition to a new, comprehensive system of values. Professor J. Vaitkevicius (1995) claimed that Lithuanian revival is directly linked to the school and the teacher's renaissance. Values change pasulyje play a major role in the cycle of art subjects, including dance. Pupils' willingness to learn dance strongly influenced by the personality of the teacher - learner psychological characteristics, the subject of dance knowledge and ability to creatively use a variety of teaching methods that encourage students to act. Dance dance teacher's role in student motivation for learning is one of the most important. Teacher's responsibility - not only impart knowledge, to develop capacity and skills, but also to create an environment that promotes intellectual and emotional expression of students. This creative environment depends on the creation of dance teacher's personality, dance teacher teaching abilities, professional competence and communication with students. In other words, the same dance teacher's personality can be seen as a dance student learning motivation factor. It is difficult to separate the personality from the profession, particularly in the areas of fuel requires constant interaction with other people. The persipynimas obvious case of a teacher. In order to reveal pinavertės and mature personality traits can be based on psychological literature. Psychology, understanding the structure of a single personality nėra.Todėl to reveal the most important personality characteristics, it is to answer three questions: what the personality and where it is, what it can, what it is (Butkienė A. Kepalaitė 1996). Based on these issues suggests that the psychological structure of personality can be divided into the following: the orientation of the intentions, needs, interests, value attitudes, worldview and beliefs, temperament, character, ability, emotion and will. (Butkienė, Kepalaitė, 1996 ) Educational theory and educational practice is important not only for personal research but nothing is more important, and reason in principle and Diversity awareness and knowledge. However, the reasons are not static: they occur, evolve, and, depending on the situation, may enhance or weaken. Some reasons - short-term, others long-term stimulation of human activity. Grounds of origin and dynamics of matter is very important teachers who care about learning effectiveness and motivation of its determinants. Psychology and Educational Sciences reasons dynamics of recognition is very important paving the way for search performance. Reasons creates a single mindedness to learn, and the target depends on what the specific learning factors. The reasons are varied in its depth, the level of aggregation: one which derives from the needs of other interests, the fear of life of goodwill. The authors stress that the reasons arising from the needs of very effective, because the needs of expressing the necessary, vital body and the spiritual life of the contacts with external conditions, which can overcome the shortcomings. The value of the various motives vary: some considerations to keep learning more, others less, one must be more motivated reasoning powers of the younger school age, the other - the older. Learning is enhanced by all types of reasons for the development of social, moral and personal activity of working. For the same reasons of diversity is recognized, it is impossible to create a single, universal theory of motivation, which could explain both animal and human behavior, the reasoning problems of different approaches and different interpretations of the theory. They can be divided conditionally into certain groups: 1st theory of human behavior in reaction to highlight some of the pressure. 2nd theory, which recognizes that human behavior is determined not only the external or internal pressure. 3rd theory explaining human behavior in the inner disposition It can be argued that all discussed various aspects of the theory helps explain individual's behavior and can help teachers, as well as dance teachers seeking to stimulate students' learning motivation. Adapted for the practice of each of these theories can improve educational reality. Reasoning creates a general disposition to learn, but depends on the objectives, what is the specific learning activities.
For two decades, Lithuania is on the way a democratic state, in keeping with the global information space, involvement in the processes of globalization. It promises greater economic, political, socio-cultural and even moral norms and rules, unification, the transition to a new, comprehensive system of values. Professor J. Vaitkevicius (1995) claimed that Lithuanian revival is directly linked to the school and the teacher's renaissance. Values change pasulyje play a major role in the cycle of art subjects, including dance. Pupils' willingness to learn dance strongly influenced by the personality of the teacher - learner psychological characteristics, the subject of dance knowledge and ability to creatively use a variety of teaching methods that encourage students to act. Dance dance teacher's role in student motivation for learning is one of the most important. Teacher's responsibility - not only impart knowledge, to develop capacity and skills, but also to create an environment that promotes intellectual and emotional expression of students. This creative environment depends on the creation of dance teacher's personality, dance teacher teaching abilities, professional competence and communication with students. In other words, the same dance teacher's personality can be seen as a dance student learning motivation factor. It is difficult to separate the personality from the profession, particularly in the areas of fuel requires constant interaction with other people. The persipynimas obvious case of a teacher. In order to reveal pinavertės and mature personality traits can be based on psychological literature. Psychology, understanding the structure of a single personality nėra.Todėl to reveal the most important personality characteristics, it is to answer three questions: what the personality and where it is, what it can, what it is (Butkienė A. Kepalaitė 1996). Based on these issues suggests that the psychological structure of personality can be divided into the following: the orientation of the intentions, needs, interests, value attitudes, worldview and beliefs, temperament, character, ability, emotion and will. (Butkienė, Kepalaitė, 1996 ) Educational theory and educational practice is important not only for personal research but nothing is more important, and reason in principle and Diversity awareness and knowledge. However, the reasons are not static: they occur, evolve, and, depending on the situation, may enhance or weaken. Some reasons - short-term, others long-term stimulation of human activity. Grounds of origin and dynamics of matter is very important teachers who care about learning effectiveness and motivation of its determinants. Psychology and Educational Sciences reasons dynamics of recognition is very important paving the way for search performance. Reasons creates a single mindedness to learn, and the target depends on what the specific learning factors. The reasons are varied in its depth, the level of aggregation: one which derives from the needs of other interests, the fear of life of goodwill. The authors stress that the reasons arising from the needs of very effective, because the needs of expressing the necessary, vital body and the spiritual life of the contacts with external conditions, which can overcome the shortcomings. The value of the various motives vary: some considerations to keep learning more, others less, one must be more motivated reasoning powers of the younger school age, the other - the older. Learning is enhanced by all types of reasons for the development of social, moral and personal activity of working. For the same reasons of diversity is recognized, it is impossible to create a single, universal theory of motivation, which could explain both animal and human behavior, the reasoning problems of different approaches and different interpretations of the theory. They can be divided conditionally into certain groups: 1st theory of human behavior in reaction to highlight some of the pressure. 2nd theory, which recognizes that human behavior is determined not only the external or internal pressure. 3rd theory explaining human behavior in the inner disposition It can be argued that all discussed various aspects of the theory helps explain individual's behavior and can help teachers, as well as dance teachers seeking to stimulate students' learning motivation. Adapted for the practice of each of these theories can improve educational reality. Reasoning creates a general disposition to learn, but depends on the objectives, what is the specific learning activities.
The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.
The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.
Lietuvos viesojoje erdveje gajus isitikinimas, kad Lietuvos rinkejo santykis su politiniais atstovais yra suasmenintas, neretai besiremiantis subjektyviomis ir iracionaliomis simpatijomis ar antipatijomis konkretiems politiniams lyderiams. Kiek pagristas toks pesimizmas? Straipsnio tikslas - issiaiskinti, kokio rysio esama tarp politiniu lyderiu asmenybes portretu suvokimo salies visuomeneje ir rinkeju vertybiniu orientaciju, kurios traktuojamos kaip vienas personalizacijos sklaida Lietuvos politikoje ribojanciu veiksniu. Pasitelkus 2012 m. rudens Lietuvos gyventoju viesosios nuomones apklausu duomenis, nagrinejama, kaip politiniu lyderiu paveikslai varijuoja priklausomai nuo rinkejo ideologinio identifikavimosi, (anti)sovietiskumo, tautinio konservatizmo ir postmaterializmo nuostatu. Nors daugelis asmenybes bruozu yra objektyvus ir ilgalaikiai asmens psichologines sandaros elementai, Lietuvos visuomeneje rimtai nesutariama, koks 'is tiesu' yra gerai zinomas salies politikas, ir nuomoniu issiskyrimui reiksminga itaka daro politiniu paziuru bei vertybiniu nuostatu skirtumai. Rinkejo identifikavimasis kaires-desines skaleje ir (anti)sovietiskumo nuostatos svarbios vertinant tris is penkiu tirtu Lietuvos politiniu lyderiu asmenybes dimensiju - sutaikomuma, samoninguma ir atviruma patirciai. Tautinio konservatizmo nuostatos padeda paaiskinti pirmu dvieju dimensiju suvokima visuomeneje. Gauti rezultatai taip pat skatina tolesniuose tyrimuose aiskintis rinkejo vertybiniu nuostatu poveikio politiniu lyderiu 'moraliniu bruozu' ir temperamento suvokimui skirtumus Lithuanian public debates share a strong conviction that the relationship between a Lithuanian voter and his/her political representatives rests on personalisation, often nurtured by voter's subjective and irrational feelings of love or hate in regard to particular political leaders. Is such kind of pessimism well-grounded? The article aims to explore the relationship between perceptions of well-known political leaders' personality portraits among Lithuanian population and voter's normative orientations on the individual level, holding voter's normative orientations an important factor, limiting the proliferation of personalisation of politics. Based on the empirical data of public surveys, conducted in autumn 2012, the study explores how perceptions of political leaders' personalities vary according to voter's ideological self-identification, the level of adherence to soviet values, national conservatism and post-materialism. Even though personality traits are objective and stable elements of individual's psychological constitution, a serious disagreement regarding the personality portraits of analysed political leaders is revealed in the Lithuanian society, and the perceptions diverge according to individual's political views and normative attitudes. Voter's left-right self-identification and (anti)soviet attitudes predict the perception of three personality dimensions of Big Five - Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Openness to experience - for analysed leaders, and national conservatism - perceptions of the abovementioned first two dimensions. The results of the study ask for further analysis of a different level of impact that voter's normative attitudes may bear on popular perception of political leaders' 'moral traits' and temperamental features. Adapted from the source document.
As today's political market change leads to the personification of politics, research conducted in various countries supports the idea that ideological differences have less influence on the electoral decisions than in the past (Caprara & Zimbardo, 2004; King, 2002; McGraw, 2008; Wattenberg, 1991). On the other hand, the significance of personal characteristics is increasing, since perceived political leaders' personality traits are transmitted by voters to the parties through the process of personification (Hayes, 2005). Scientists in today's source literature haven't developed a uniform instrument for political party image assessment that considers the specificity of the subject, whereas a new proposition of such an instrument has been evolved on the base of lexical research (Gorbaniuk, Kusak, Kogut, & Kustos, 2015). The aim of the current study was to adapt the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire into the Lithuanian language and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Moreover, this study was conducted to answer the question if political preferences have explanatory power. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 300 Lithuanian students (50.5% female), who had to describe 6 well-known political parties using 25 adjectives. A confirmatory factor analysis was arranged with the complete data set. Because only the five-factor model was acceptable, the entire sample was randomly split into approximate 50% halves. The exploratory factor analysis was arranged with the training group data set, and the confirmatory factor analysis was used in the validation set. Both analyses showed that the six-factor solution ((1) strength, (2) integrity, (3) disagreeableness, (4) religious conservatism, (5) left-wing vs. right-wing, (6) backwardness vs. modernity) was regarded as an optimal model to explain the specificity of Lithuanian political party perception. Also, the measurement invariance of this instrument was tested across 6 parties. Configural, metric and factor covariance invariance were established for all parties. Explanatory power of political party image dimensions was confirmed by a multiple regression analysis. Moreover, the test-retest with 14–20 days interval between the first and the second measurements showed a satisfying stability of scores. The current study was conducted to present the Lithuanian version of the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire, whose psychometric properties resulted in satisfying values.
As today's political market change leads to the personification of politics, research conducted in various countries supports the idea that ideological differences have less influence on the electoral decisions than in the past (Caprara & Zimbardo, 2004; King, 2002; McGraw, 2008; Wattenberg, 1991). On the other hand, the significance of personal characteristics is increasing, since perceived political leaders' personality traits are transmitted by voters to the parties through the process of personification (Hayes, 2005). Scientists in today's source literature haven't developed a uniform instrument for political party image assessment that considers the specificity of the subject, whereas a new proposition of such an instrument has been evolved on the base of lexical research (Gorbaniuk, Kusak, Kogut, & Kustos, 2015). The aim of the current study was to adapt the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire into the Lithuanian language and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Moreover, this study was conducted to answer the question if political preferences have explanatory power. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 300 Lithuanian students (50.5% female), who had to describe 6 well-known political parties using 25 adjectives. A confirmatory factor analysis was arranged with the complete data set. Because only the five-factor model was acceptable, the entire sample was randomly split into approximate 50% halves. The exploratory factor analysis was arranged with the training group data set, and the confirmatory factor analysis was used in the validation set. Both analyses showed that the six-factor solution ((1) strength, (2) integrity, (3) disagreeableness, (4) religious conservatism, (5) left-wing vs. right-wing, (6) backwardness vs. modernity) was regarded as an optimal model to explain the specificity of Lithuanian political party perception. Also, the measurement invariance of this instrument was tested across 6 parties. Configural, metric and factor covariance invariance were established for all parties. Explanatory power of political party image dimensions was confirmed by a multiple regression analysis. Moreover, the test-retest with 14–20 days interval between the first and the second measurements showed a satisfying stability of scores. The current study was conducted to present the Lithuanian version of the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire, whose psychometric properties resulted in satisfying values.
As today's political market change leads to the personification of politics, research conducted in various countries supports the idea that ideological differences have less influence on the electoral decisions than in the past (Caprara & Zimbardo, 2004; King, 2002; McGraw, 2008; Wattenberg, 1991). On the other hand, the significance of personal characteristics is increasing, since perceived political leaders' personality traits are transmitted by voters to the parties through the process of personification (Hayes, 2005). Scientists in today's source literature haven't developed a uniform instrument for political party image assessment that considers the specificity of the subject, whereas a new proposition of such an instrument has been evolved on the base of lexical research (Gorbaniuk, Kusak, Kogut, & Kustos, 2015). The aim of the current study was to adapt the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire into the Lithuanian language and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Moreover, this study was conducted to answer the question if political preferences have explanatory power. Quantitative research was conducted on the sample of 300 Lithuanian students (50.5% female), who had to describe 6 well-known political parties using 25 adjectives. A confirmatory factor analysis was arranged with the complete data set. Because only the five-factor model was acceptable, the entire sample was randomly split into approximate 50% halves. The exploratory factor analysis was arranged with the training group data set, and the confirmatory factor analysis was used in the validation set. Both analyses showed that the six-factor solution ((1) strength, (2) integrity, (3) disagreeableness, (4) religious conservatism, (5) left-wing vs. right-wing, (6) backwardness vs. modernity) was regarded as an optimal model to explain the specificity of Lithuanian political party perception. Also, the measurement invariance of this instrument was tested across 6 parties. Configural, metric and factor covariance invariance were established for all parties. Explanatory power of political party image dimensions was confirmed by a multiple regression analysis. Moreover, the test-retest with 14–20 days interval between the first and the second measurements showed a satisfying stability of scores. The current study was conducted to present the Lithuanian version of the Political Party Image Assessment Questionnaire, whose psychometric properties resulted in satisfying values.
