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Socially Engaged Vietnam Buddhism and Liberation Theology in the Philippines: a Comparative, Postcolonial Perspective The aim of this Master thesis is to reveal the relationship between religion and politics in the postcolonial perspective, highlighting a difficult transformation of colonial Vietnamese and Filipinos societies to the independent nation states, where socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became influential phenomena. Despite the collapse of the colonial systems in Indochina and the Philippines, the representation of colonial interests continued through repressive regimes in Vietnam and Philippines. These regimes have caused public dissatisfaction with authoritarian leaders, especially Ngo Dinh Diem in Vietnam and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Society understood the need of social change, which became impossible during authoritarian rule. Despite the fragmentation in both – Vietnamese and Filipinos – societies, socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology started to be seen as an opportunity, which allow people to achieve the goal of social justice and fulfill the needs of citizens'. Basically, those religious phenomenon enabled subaltern to "speak" in any way by any means. This Master thesis is based on the theories of postcolonial discourse and mainly focuses on Franz Fanon, Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Ch. Spivak, who made a big influence on postcolonial literature. The development and resistance of religious communities and lay people in Vietnam and Philippines were analyzed through vital concepts of postcolonialism. "Hybidity", "ambivalence" and "self-consciousness" explain the changes of national elite and its identity as well as giving a reason why it transformed into a new colonial power. "Mimicry" describes why the imitation of colonialism usually fails and how socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became those powers that precisely fulfilled the needs of the nation. Also postcolonial perspective cannot be explained without "subaltern", which got a chance to "speak" while acting through the discourse of elite.

Socially Engaged Vietnam Buddhism and Liberation Theology in the Philippines: a Comparative, Postcolonial Perspective The aim of this Master thesis is to reveal the relationship between religion and politics in the postcolonial perspective, highlighting a difficult transformation of colonial Vietnamese and Filipinos societies to the independent nation states, where socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became influential phenomena. Despite the collapse of the colonial systems in Indochina and the Philippines, the representation of colonial interests continued through repressive regimes in Vietnam and Philippines. These regimes have caused public dissatisfaction with authoritarian leaders, especially Ngo Dinh Diem in Vietnam and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Society understood the need of social change, which became impossible during authoritarian rule. Despite the fragmentation in both – Vietnamese and Filipinos – societies, socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology started to be seen as an opportunity, which allow people to achieve the goal of social justice and fulfill the needs of citizens'. Basically, those religious phenomenon enabled subaltern to "speak" in any way by any means. This Master thesis is based on the theories of postcolonial discourse and mainly focuses on Franz Fanon, Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Ch. Spivak, who made a big influence on postcolonial literature. The development and resistance of religious communities and lay people in Vietnam and Philippines were analyzed through vital concepts of postcolonialism. "Hybidity", "ambivalence" and "self-consciousness" explain the changes of national elite and its identity as well as giving a reason why it transformed into a new colonial power. "Mimicry" describes why the imitation of colonialism usually fails and how socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became those powers that precisely fulfilled the needs of the nation. Also postcolonial perspective cannot be explained without "subaltern", which got a chance to "speak" while acting through the discourse of elite.

Socially Engaged Vietnam Buddhism and Liberation Theology in the Philippines: a Comparative, Postcolonial Perspective The aim of this Master thesis is to reveal the relationship between religion and politics in the postcolonial perspective, highlighting a difficult transformation of colonial Vietnamese and Filipinos societies to the independent nation states, where socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became influential phenomena. Despite the collapse of the colonial systems in Indochina and the Philippines, the representation of colonial interests continued through repressive regimes in Vietnam and Philippines. These regimes have caused public dissatisfaction with authoritarian leaders, especially Ngo Dinh Diem in Vietnam and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Society understood the need of social change, which became impossible during authoritarian rule. Despite the fragmentation in both – Vietnamese and Filipinos – societies, socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology started to be seen as an opportunity, which allow people to achieve the goal of social justice and fulfill the needs of citizens'. Basically, those religious phenomenon enabled subaltern to "speak" in any way by any means. This Master thesis is based on the theories of postcolonial discourse and mainly focuses on Franz Fanon, Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Ch. Spivak, who made a big influence on postcolonial literature. The development and resistance of religious communities and lay people in Vietnam and Philippines were analyzed through vital concepts of postcolonialism. "Hybidity", "ambivalence" and "self-consciousness" explain the changes of national elite and its identity as well as giving a reason why it transformed into a new colonial power. "Mimicry" describes why the imitation of colonialism usually fails and how socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became those powers that precisely fulfilled the needs of the nation. Also postcolonial perspective cannot be explained without "subaltern", which got a chance to "speak" while acting through the discourse of elite.

Socially Engaged Vietnam Buddhism and Liberation Theology in the Philippines: a Comparative, Postcolonial Perspective The aim of this Master thesis is to reveal the relationship between religion and politics in the postcolonial perspective, highlighting a difficult transformation of colonial Vietnamese and Filipinos societies to the independent nation states, where socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became influential phenomena. Despite the collapse of the colonial systems in Indochina and the Philippines, the representation of colonial interests continued through repressive regimes in Vietnam and Philippines. These regimes have caused public dissatisfaction with authoritarian leaders, especially Ngo Dinh Diem in Vietnam and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. Society understood the need of social change, which became impossible during authoritarian rule. Despite the fragmentation in both – Vietnamese and Filipinos – societies, socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology started to be seen as an opportunity, which allow people to achieve the goal of social justice and fulfill the needs of citizens'. Basically, those religious phenomenon enabled subaltern to "speak" in any way by any means. This Master thesis is based on the theories of postcolonial discourse and mainly focuses on Franz Fanon, Homi K. Bhabha and Gayatri Ch. Spivak, who made a big influence on postcolonial literature. The development and resistance of religious communities and lay people in Vietnam and Philippines were analyzed through vital concepts of postcolonialism. "Hybidity", "ambivalence" and "self-consciousness" explain the changes of national elite and its identity as well as giving a reason why it transformed into a new colonial power. "Mimicry" describes why the imitation of colonialism usually fails and how socially engaged Buddhism and liberation theology became those powers that precisely fulfilled the needs of the nation. Also postcolonial perspective cannot be explained without "subaltern", which got a chance to "speak" while acting through the discourse of elite.

ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case "ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case" thesis focuses on ASEAN states' behaviour and positions vis-a-vis China in the South China Sea conflict. Author raised important question, why despite the recent positive developments in the negotiations on the Code of Conduct, China continues to act aggressively. Two possible explanations were presented – either ASEAN countries are bandwagoning with China in South China Sea conflict or their balancing efforts are unsuccessful. Therefore the purpose of this essay was to examine what strategies ASEAN apply – balancing or bandwagoning and how succesfull it is. Also, another possible strategy was introduced in this thesis – hedging. This concept means that country is occassionaly applying both balancing and bandwagoning strategies and at the same time avoiding negative consequences that are associated with them. The countries in this thesis were divided into three groups. First group comprised from countries that are claimants in South China Sea conflict – Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The hypothesis is that because they are claimants and their territorial integrity is at stake, they will balance China. The second group comprised of countries that are not claimants, however sea is very important for their survival – Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. Author argued that these countries will choose balancing or hedging strategy. The third group comprised from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar – countries that are not claimants and do not have the entrance to the South China Sea or it is small. Hypothesis was that they will hedge China or bandwagon with it. Lastly, other factors like proximity to China, country's military strength, defence relations with China and other countries (especially USA), economic dependence on China and economic relations with other countries were included in this research. The hypotheses that were raised at the beggining of this research were only partially correct because other mentioned factors also play very imporant role in determining countries' positions. Balancing strategy is applied by Vietnam, Indonesia and Singapore, hedging strategy is applied by Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar and bandwagoning strategy is applied by the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia and Laos. The biggest puzzle in the thesis is the Philippines behaviour. Author argued that the main factor behind the sudden change of its position is the election of the new President – Rodrigo Duterte, even though neorealism does not pay attention to the impact of individuals. Another important finding is that ASEAN countries lack unity in the South China Sea conflict. This is reason why China continues to act agressively in the South China Sea. Also, since there is no unity in ASEAN and China sees it, it is highly doubtful if countries will be able to reach legally significant Code of Conduct.

ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case "ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case" thesis focuses on ASEAN states' behaviour and positions vis-a-vis China in the South China Sea conflict. Author raised important question, why despite the recent positive developments in the negotiations on the Code of Conduct, China continues to act aggressively. Two possible explanations were presented – either ASEAN countries are bandwagoning with China in South China Sea conflict or their balancing efforts are unsuccessful. Therefore the purpose of this essay was to examine what strategies ASEAN apply – balancing or bandwagoning and how succesfull it is. Also, another possible strategy was introduced in this thesis – hedging. This concept means that country is occassionaly applying both balancing and bandwagoning strategies and at the same time avoiding negative consequences that are associated with them. The countries in this thesis were divided into three groups. First group comprised from countries that are claimants in South China Sea conflict – Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The hypothesis is that because they are claimants and their territorial integrity is at stake, they will balance China. The second group comprised of countries that are not claimants, however sea is very important for their survival – Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. Author argued that these countries will choose balancing or hedging strategy. The third group comprised from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar – countries that are not claimants and do not have the entrance to the South China Sea or it is small. Hypothesis was that they will hedge China or bandwagon with it. Lastly, other factors like proximity to China, country's military strength, defence relations with China and other countries (especially USA), economic dependence on China and economic relations with other countries were included in this research. The hypotheses that were raised at the beggining of this research were only partially correct because other mentioned factors also play very imporant role in determining countries' positions. Balancing strategy is applied by Vietnam, Indonesia and Singapore, hedging strategy is applied by Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar and bandwagoning strategy is applied by the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia and Laos. The biggest puzzle in the thesis is the Philippines behaviour. Author argued that the main factor behind the sudden change of its position is the election of the new President – Rodrigo Duterte, even though neorealism does not pay attention to the impact of individuals. Another important finding is that ASEAN countries lack unity in the South China Sea conflict. This is reason why China continues to act agressively in the South China Sea. Also, since there is no unity in ASEAN and China sees it, it is highly doubtful if countries will be able to reach legally significant Code of Conduct.

ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case "ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case" thesis focuses on ASEAN states' behaviour and positions vis-a-vis China in the South China Sea conflict. Author raised important question, why despite the recent positive developments in the negotiations on the Code of Conduct, China continues to act aggressively. Two possible explanations were presented – either ASEAN countries are bandwagoning with China in South China Sea conflict or their balancing efforts are unsuccessful. Therefore the purpose of this essay was to examine what strategies ASEAN apply – balancing or bandwagoning and how succesfull it is. Also, another possible strategy was introduced in this thesis – hedging. This concept means that country is occassionaly applying both balancing and bandwagoning strategies and at the same time avoiding negative consequences that are associated with them. The countries in this thesis were divided into three groups. First group comprised from countries that are claimants in South China Sea conflict – Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The hypothesis is that because they are claimants and their territorial integrity is at stake, they will balance China. The second group comprised of countries that are not claimants, however sea is very important for their survival – Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. Author argued that these countries will choose balancing or hedging strategy. The third group comprised from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar – countries that are not claimants and do not have the entrance to the South China Sea or it is small. Hypothesis was that they will hedge China or bandwagon with it. Lastly, other factors like proximity to China, country's military strength, defence relations with China and other countries (especially USA), economic dependence on China and economic relations with other countries were included in this research. The hypotheses that were raised at the beggining of this research were only partially correct because other mentioned factors also play very imporant role in determining countries' positions. Balancing strategy is applied by Vietnam, Indonesia and Singapore, hedging strategy is applied by Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar and bandwagoning strategy is applied by the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia and Laos. The biggest puzzle in the thesis is the Philippines behaviour. Author argued that the main factor behind the sudden change of its position is the election of the new President – Rodrigo Duterte, even though neorealism does not pay attention to the impact of individuals. Another important finding is that ASEAN countries lack unity in the South China Sea conflict. This is reason why China continues to act agressively in the South China Sea. Also, since there is no unity in ASEAN and China sees it, it is highly doubtful if countries will be able to reach legally significant Code of Conduct.

ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case "ASEAN and China – Balancing or Bandwagoning? South China Sea Case" thesis focuses on ASEAN states' behaviour and positions vis-a-vis China in the South China Sea conflict. Author raised important question, why despite the recent positive developments in the negotiations on the Code of Conduct, China continues to act aggressively. Two possible explanations were presented – either ASEAN countries are bandwagoning with China in South China Sea conflict or their balancing efforts are unsuccessful. Therefore the purpose of this essay was to examine what strategies ASEAN apply – balancing or bandwagoning and how succesfull it is. Also, another possible strategy was introduced in this thesis – hedging. This concept means that country is occassionaly applying both balancing and bandwagoning strategies and at the same time avoiding negative consequences that are associated with them. The countries in this thesis were divided into three groups. First group comprised from countries that are claimants in South China Sea conflict – Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. The hypothesis is that because they are claimants and their territorial integrity is at stake, they will balance China. The second group comprised of countries that are not claimants, however sea is very important for their survival – Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. Author argued that these countries will choose balancing or hedging strategy. The third group comprised from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar – countries that are not claimants and do not have the entrance to the South China Sea or it is small. Hypothesis was that they will hedge China or bandwagon with it. Lastly, other factors like proximity to China, country's military strength, defence relations with China and other countries (especially USA), economic dependence on China and economic relations with other countries were included in this research. The hypotheses that were raised at the beggining of this research were only partially correct because other mentioned factors also play very imporant role in determining countries' positions. Balancing strategy is applied by Vietnam, Indonesia and Singapore, hedging strategy is applied by Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar and bandwagoning strategy is applied by the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia and Laos. The biggest puzzle in the thesis is the Philippines behaviour. Author argued that the main factor behind the sudden change of its position is the election of the new President – Rodrigo Duterte, even though neorealism does not pay attention to the impact of individuals. Another important finding is that ASEAN countries lack unity in the South China Sea conflict. This is reason why China continues to act agressively in the South China Sea. Also, since there is no unity in ASEAN and China sees it, it is highly doubtful if countries will be able to reach legally significant Code of Conduct.