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The article examines the role of religion in the ethnic formation of the Oirats, especially between the 15th and 17th centuries. The period proved crucial for the social and political development of the Oirats. The sources for the article include both well-known and understudied texts, such as: the Mongolian chronicle The Secret History of the Mongols (Mong. Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo, compiled in 1240), Compendium of Chronicles (Pers. Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh, compiled around 1310) by the Persian historian and statesman Rashid al-Din (1247-1318), History of Rashid (Pers. Tarikh-i Rashidi, 1546) by Mirza Muhammad Haidar (1499-1551), The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama (Tib. Za hor gyi ban de ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho'i 'di snang 'khrul ba'i rol rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du ku la'i gos bzang) by Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617-1682), the Mongolian chronicles Erdeniin Tobchi (1662) by Sagang Sechen (1604-?) and Altan Tobchi of Guush Luvsandanzan (17th c.), texts on the history of the Oirats by the Kalmyk historians Gabang Sharab (written in 1737) and Batur Ubashi Tyumen (written in 1819), as well as some newly discovered Oirat sources. First, the paper considers the correlated issues, i.e. the main tribes (nations) of the early Oirats as they appeared in corresponding sources. According to Rashid-al-Din, the Oirats belonged to the group of peoples, who identified themselves as Mongols, though they had not recognized themselves as such in the earlier times. According to Erdeniyn Tobchi, the main Oirats peoples were the Ogelet, Bagatud, Khoit and Kergud, who composed the early confederation of the Oirats, and according to other chronicles, the first three of them had existed in 15th century. Special attention is paid to the problem of the so-called 'westward exodus' of the Elet Oirats. The article concludes that was a true event which happened in the mid-to-late 15th century. The main reason was the religious ardor of the famous Oirat ruler Esen Tayiji's (an active proponent of Buddhism) two grandsons - Ibrahim and Ilyas - who had been brought up as convinced Muslims. The paper hypothesizes that being leaders of the Elets, the brothers moved along with a significant part of this Oirat people to Moghulistan where probably most of them were put to death by Alachi Khan (Ahmad Khan). This could happen around 1485-1504. The tragic event led to the important transformative changes among the Oirats, namely: a new 'middle' confederation was created by the Oirats with Buddhism as the crucially important faith for the very survival of the nation. Besides, over time the remaining Esen's descendants formed two new peoples - Dorbets and Dzungars. The echo of the sudden exodus of the Elet Oirats was still evident in the mid-17th century, as The Autobiography of the Fifth Dala-lama mentions some significant damage among six main Oirat peoples. The paper concludes that religion traditionally played an outstanding role in the social and political history of the Oirats. ; Статья посвящена малоизученной теме роли религии в этнической истории ойратов. Автор изучает данные различных источников по раннему составу ойратов, а также дальнейшее развитие ойратских объединений в составе трех конфедераций: Ранней (XIV в. - вторая пол. XV в.), Средней (вторая пол. XV в. - 1637 г.), Поздней (с 1637 по 1758 гг.). У ойратов религия (духовные предпочтения) традиционно играла важную роль - например, духовные вожди могли возглавлять народ (Худуха-беки). По нашему мнению, одно из важных проявлений роли религии в этнической истории ойратов имело место во второй половине XV в. - начале XVI вв., когда ввиду религиозных разногласий значительная часть элётов (потомков ранних ойратов-огеледов), ведомая своими лидерами - двумя внуками тайши Эсена, воспитанными в исламской вере, перекочевала в Могулистан, где они (элёты) в большинстве своем были уничтожены Ахмад-ханом (Алачи-ханом). Это событие привело к значительным трансформативным процессам у ойратов: влияние чоросского клана, к которым принадлежал род Эсена, сошло на нет, а оставшиеся элёты образовали новые народы - дербетов и джунгаров. Особенно явно роль религии (буддизма) у ойратов проявится в период правления Эсена-тайши (1407-1455), и в последующем для ойратов поддержка этой религии станет жизненно важной в политике их государств.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of Shi'a Islam in light of the 6th General Meeting of the "Ahl al-Bayt" ("Family of the Holy Prophet") World Assembly. ; Статья посвящена анализу современного состояния шиитского направления ислама в свете положений 6-го заседания Генеральной сессии Всемирной ассамблеи «Ахль аль-Байт» (Семейство пророка).

This article examined the role of freedom for life and belief in the context of postmodern philosophy through the prism of concepts of "simulacrum" and "double (similar)". There is examined the relationship of freedom in classical and postmodern philosophies. There is examined interaction of the two poles of the modern world (post-modern and classical) in the framework of the policy of multiculturalism and tolerance through the prism of concepts of "simulacrum" and "twin". There is make the conclusion about the absence of ontological reason for being and belief as being replaced by chaos, and belief is impossible without free will and thinking, which are replaced by machine of desire, spontaneity, that is associated with decoding the discourses and decrease the role of culture in human life.

This article reviews the problems of critical mind's formation of students, studying "the philosophy's fundamentals" discipline. Integrated description of professional competencies given for young experts. Practical application of technology's basic model of critical mind's developing on philosophy's lessons, which can be used in the teacher's work, is given special emphasis. Author concludes what critical orientation in the work should become the basis for philosophy's teaching methods of young generation.

The text is a part of the project for the historical reconstruction of the Soviet regional sociology of religion in the late Soviet Middle Volga region. The process of the development of the discipline is studied primarily from the point of view of the interaction of the state-party apparatus and various groups of the scientific community. This approach is dominant in the study of the revival of sociology in the USSR. The weak side of the issue is its historiography that remains the problem at the regional level. The research is based mainly on the set of sociological data, on documents discovered by the author in historical archives, on the works of domestic and foreign researchers, and author's expert interview. The author's point of view is that, first of all, the development of the regional sociology of religion was influenced by the state-party order created by the need for scientific support of the Soviet atheistic campaigns. There was also a significant public demand for the services of the sociology of religion. The flip side of the CPSU's enthusiasm for sociology turned out to be ideological diktat over scientific activity. The ideological and corporate interests of various groups engaged in the ideological service of party politics hindered the institutionalization in the region of both sociological science in general and the sociology of religion as its particular discipline. The article describes various barriers to the institutionalization of regional sociological science at the union, regional and intra-university levels. Political fluctuations have negatively affected the development of discipline. Since the early 1970s in most republics and regions of the Middle Volga region, it is going through a stagnation period. ; В статье рассматриваются внешние факторы развития региональной социологии религии на материале позднесоветского Среднего Поволжья. Процесс развития дисциплины изучается в первую очередь под углом зрения взаимодействия власти и различных групп научного сообщества. Данный подход ...

It is the try comparing the Plato's, Plotinus's, Hegel's, Marx-Engels's dialectics systems in the case of the relationship between matter and idea and creation of new thingslead's principle (the circle's move and the opposites' struggle), but both of this systems was had the two principles. There is genetic similarity in the Plato's and Plotinus's, Hegel's and Marx-Engels's dialectics systems. But the Plato's and Hegel's, Plotinus's and Marx-Engels's have matter's similarity: the development in the first system produce by the circles' move, the development in the second system produce by the opposites' struggle. Directly idea goes into matter's and idea's dialectic in Plato's and Hegel's philosophy, but indirectly is it in Plotinus's and Marx-Engels's philosophy (it is thanks to the energy and activity).

The author pay attention on the problem еthic of the sufism in the relative field ethos, when the ethical thought … the man experience the difficultys in the cultural and spiritual attitude, anexample for his the gods, to spend the time in the intence reconnaissance raid of the meaning life and further life program. Trying to save his individuality, the man long the best shape, but no strugle with the realism, for touch the ethical sufism. The different cultures and the different traditions, inherent to the peoples of the Russia, compile the unity carpet of the unitycultur field of the ethoc. Showing influence jn the each concrete man, the ethos how the general ways and manners of the mankind – has the right to give for him the suchas field of the activities, the such as possibility for the interaction with another culturs, which can to fortify in him the belief the hope on the further perspective of the life, in which no was sinking performance and more concrete useful and construction actions, so need the further time. The unity of the culture must to bring to the allworld, global prossec: from integration – to the trancformation of the social structures.

The article examines the nature of time and relationship human and time on the Kantian position and modern physical basic. There are made the conclusion of the moral and aesthetic essence of time, the immanence of the good in time. There are compare the classical and post-modern understanding of time, analyzed different concepts of time. In the article human understand like a moral and free thing, personality and individuality (like understand human by German philosopher Kant).

This article examined deception like a game in the ontological, epistemological, existential, ethical, legal, aesthetic aspects. Emphasis gives to the aesthetic aspect: aesthetics needs saving mystery of beauty essence. Aesthetic shown with an example of the game of the actor on the stage, while the everyday life of the people more and more like a game of the actor on the stage. There is shown that any deception - is always a game, any game - is a deception, because deception and the game alienate and mediate reality, because the reality becomes unauthentic understanding of the world.

The article examined the dispute about the ideas between Aristotle and Plato as one of the cause of start of postmodern philosophy. Aristotle identified the idea (eidos) and form, which is cause of equating of the reality of the discourse and immanentization of being and apology of hedonism and the ambition of pleasure. The absence of a dialectical relationship between form and substance in the philosophy of Aristotle, and, in fact, the equation things and its form, that provides the degeneration of the original ideas in the simulacrum. Plato's opinion differed from the opinion of the opinion about the ideas of Aristotle. The idea determines the form of things, but not identical to it. The idea is transcendent, but not immanent of things. Aristotle's philosophy in its historical and philosophical deployment provided absence of truth, but not its being.