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Special number: What transport for the Ile-de-France? This article provides a brief historical analysis of the financing of urban transport since the 80s. The 80s were marked by some kind of presence in urban transport policies, which could be interpreted as a decade of digestion of the crisis in the financing of public transport. But this crisis itself was not just an episodic manifestation of a deeper phenomenon that might well be a structural urban transport crisis, but it is enough to look back to this question. This will allow us to describe the current situation more precisely and thus to improve our scrutiny of the future, for which we will see that the financial aspects remain problematic, especially in the Paris region. ; Financial conditions of urban transportation policies. – Taking a look at urban transportation policies during these last decades, particularly in the Paris region, we can observe apparent contrasts in the successive phases in these policies, i.e. roadway investment in the 1960s, public transportation investment in the 1970s, managing the public transportation financing crisis in the 1980s. In this way, we might perceive the 1990s running along a narrow path between the traffic congestion and financing crises. Assuming regular economic growth, this narrow path might even lead to more radical measures than those already implemented, for example the establishment of certain forms of urban tolls. --- With the author and the publisher of the copyright agreement. The present version in PDF is under the copyright of EDITECOM (http://www.editecom.com/) - 1990. ; Special number: What transport for the Ile-de-France? This article provides a brief historical analysis of the financing of urban transport since the 80s. The 80s were marked by some kind of presence in urban transport policies, which could be interpreted as a decade of digestion of the crisis in the financing of public transport. But this crisis itself was not just an episodic manifestation of a deeper phenomenon that might well be a ...

Decentralisation and the context of the economic crisis widen the scope of the municipalities' activities while limiting their resources. Municipal planning is therefore becoming a necessity and requires new means of analysis and decision-making assistance. In that context, it is important to know the previous development of municipal investment, since it is true that future choices cannot disregard the consequences of past decisions. Based on a survey of a sample of municipalities with more than 10 000 inhabitants, our study describes the municipalities' investment behaviour over a period of 21 years. Using a graphical representation of the structure of the investment, we need to highlight a typology of municipalities. Methods of multidimensional data analysis then allow us to confirm the existence of such a typology. The six types thus determined are characterised mainly by three criteria: the "centrality" indicator (centre/periphery), the tertiary activity rate and the employment rate in the municipality. ; La décentralisation et le contexte de crise économique élargissent le champ d'intervention des communes tout en limitant leurs ressources. La planification communale devient donc une nécessité et demande de nouveaux moyens d'analyse et d'aide à la décision. Dans ce cadre il importe de connaître l'évolution antérieure de l'investissement communal, tant il est vrai que les choix futurs ne peuvent faire abstraction des conséquences des décisions passées. A partir d'une enquête réalisée sur un échantillon de communes de plus de dix mille habitants, notre étude consiste en une caractérisation des comportements d'investissement des communes sur une période de vingt et un ans. En utilisant une représentation graphique de la structure de l'investissement, nous sommes amenés à mettre en évidence une typologie des communes. Des méthodes d'analyse multidimensionnelle de données nous permettent ensuite de confirmer l'existence d'une telle typologie. Les six types ainsi déterminés sont caractérisés principalement par ...

The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, improvement of the safety of the communication and command network. This is a rolling programming. It is subject to different analyses of its appropriateness. ; International audience The defence of a country does not lend itself to improvisation, but planning also involves making fundamental long-term strategic assumptions. The purpose of planning is to reduce uncertainty about the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the nation. Previous programming has not always been respected, with deviations due to inaccurate economic assumptions, the difficulty of setting up certain programmes and rapid innovations in the sector. The 6th programming law insists on nuclear deterrence, improving the safety of the communication and command network. It is a slippery programme. It is the subject of different analyses on its appropriateness. Programmation militaire, dissuasion nucléaire, dépenses militaires Military programming, nuclear deterrence, military spending ; The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, ...

This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) discussed the June 1992 elections from the point of view of Slovakia, anticipating a major political destabilisation in Slovakia, accompanied by major economic problems and "moral chaos". Mr Patočka (ČSAV) looked at the attitude of local elites to the transition, including retraining issues and different adaptation processes. ; International audience ; This round table of 9 June 1992 aimed to take stock of the economic reforms and political repositions in Czechoslovakia since the beginning of the decade. J. Rupnik (CERI/FNSP) raised the question of adapting a Western democratic model in a post-communist context, analysing the shift to pluralism and then political fragmentation in parallel with the transition to a market economy and the economic culture of privatisation. Mr Novák (Charles University) wondered about the role of economic reform in the emergence of political parties with the example of the Civic Forum. Kabele (Charles University) is interested in political actors and in particular the new form of confrontation between right and left in the form of typical ideals (democratic/non-democratic opposition or left/centre/right hierarchy). Z. Bútorová (Komensky University) ...