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Over the last two decades, manufacturers in Australia have implemented process improvement methodologies to assist in driving down the costs of operations brought on by customers wanting better quality and responsiveness. Closely following in the footsteps of the manufacturers, since the early 2000's, are service organizations, including those in Healthcare, Finance/Banking, IT and Government (Public sector). Lean Six Sigma is one such process improvement methodology. It is seen as the latest philosophy of continuous improvement in many companies world-wide. Following an extensive literature review, it is clear that Lean Six Sigma has been based on earlier continuous improvement philosophies like Total Quality Management as well as the combination of Lean and Six Sigma. There are clearly some similarities and differences between Lean Six Sigma and Total Quality Management. It is not clear in the literature whether companies are deploying Lean Six Sigma because the previous initiatives failed and it will result in better outcomes or it is a natural progression to adopt a new innovation and a new technique. It is not clear if the drivers to deploy Lean Six Sigma are different to previous quality improvement initiatives. Total Quality Management was introduced in the 1980's to create a culture of continuous improvement, improve quality and enhance an organization's competitive advantage and it is interesting to establish if Lean Six Sigma has been deployed to deliver something else or the same since Total Quality Management did not deliver the expected benefits. It is clear in the literature that Lean Six Sigma has been successful but success seems to vary according to the performance or success measure used. For example, if success is defined as higher market share then Lean Six Sigma may not be deemed successful but if success is defined as process cost reduction or savings resulting from an improvement project due to better delivery performance and process capability then it may be deemed successful. The literature covers the concept of a "Mature" deployment of Lean Six Sigma which is another way of measuring success apart from success from improvement projects. An organization which has a high level of maturity and where projects are successful is one that is likely to have a culture of sustainable continuous improvement. Little attention has been directed towards how Lean Six Sigma should be deployed. Some companies have deployed Six Sigma first then Lean and other companies have deployed Lean first to identify low hanging fruit and then implemented Six Sigma and others have implemented the combined program from day one. Also, the literature suggests that deployment of Lean Six Sigma needs to be different in small and medium-sized organizations. In the literature, it is clear that the phases of a Six Sigma methodology (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control) are well-defined but there has been little attention given to the definition of what constitutes a Lean Six Sigma methodology. For example, in many companies Lean Six Sigma deployments use the DMAIC methodology and also use Lean tools at various stages and in others Lean is separately deployed concurrently with DMAIC. Factors critical to success of Lean Six Sigma have been identified in the literature. It is unclear whether these factors are critical to short-term gains or long-term sustainable benefits. This phenomenon also seems to be the case for Total Quality Management (TQM) implemented by many organizations around the world during the 1990's. Included in these critical success factors for Lean Six Sigma is the need for highly-trained Lean Six Sigma experts, known as Master Black Belts and Black Belts (and other levels of "Belts") and the importance of corporate or organizational factors. In the literature the concept of a competency-based perspective of these factors is introduced. In Australia, Lean Six Sigma has been deployed successfully in many companies involved in manufacturing and service, both large and small and medium-sized and in the public sector. However, it has been disbanded in some companies because of an apparent failure of the program, which also appears to be the case for some Total Quality Management deployments. It is unclear as to why this has happened but it is suggested that it is so due to the different measures of success of the program. Also in Australia, some anecdotal evidence suggests that the ongoing deployment of Lean Six Sigma is susceptible to a change of the Chief Executive Officer of the organization. Other evidence suggests that the companies that disbanded the program some years ago are re-deploying it using funding provided by the Australian Federal and State Governments. Further evidence suggests that the Lean Six Sigma programs are now becoming very successful in many other industry sectors like Healthcare and Government in Australia. Thus, in this thesis the researcher considers the following research questions relating to a Lean Six Sigma deployment. 1. What are the key drivers and success measures of a Lean Six Sigma deployment? 2. How has Lean Six Sigma been deployed and is it affected by organizational size? 3. What are the competencies of an organization that result in the successful deployment of Lean Six Sigma? 4. What are the personal competencies of the deployment leader and project leaders for the Lean Six Sigma deployment to be successful? 5. What success factors are common between Lean Six Sigma and previous quality improvement initiatives such as Total Quality Management (TQM)? In developing and examining these questions, a comprehensive literature review and four fieldwork phases involving qualitative and quantitative research was completed. There are two fieldwork phases using qualitative research (fieldwork phases 1 and 3) and two fieldwork phases using quantitative research (fieldwork phases 2 and 4). Fieldwork phase 1 (Chapter 4) involves face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questions with senior managers in organizations in Australia that have deployed Lean Six Sigma. Seven case organizations have been selected – four cases in manufacturing and three in service. This has revealed a number of significant issues relating to key drivers, deployment strategies, critical success factors and challenges and benefits of the deployment. Factors critical to success include organizational competencies and competencies of the experts involved in Lean Six Sigma. Fieldwork phase 2 (Chapter 5) considers an in-depth analysis of Lean Six Sigma in one of the seven organizations. The aim of fieldwork phase 2 was to gain insights into the relationship between critical success factors and performance measures for this case. The case was in Healthcare and was chosen as a result of the interest of the interviewee in fieldwork phase 1 to examine their improvement program more fully using input from all senior managers. Fieldwork phase 3 (Chapter 6) involves the use of an open questionnaire with two Lean Six Sigma experts. The aim of fieldwork phase 3 was to gain further insights into the required competencies of the Master Black Belt and Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma. Using the insights from fieldwork phases 1, 2 and 3, a model for the sustainable deployment of Lean Six Sigma program was developed. Sustainability is defined as the combination of successful projects and a level of maturity of the Lean Six Sigma deployment. Fieldwork phase 4 (chapter 7) involves testing the developed model using a National Survey of Operations Excellence Managers in Australian organizations that have deployed Lean Six Sigma. The aim of fieldwork phase 4 is to obtain objective evidence of what factors are critical for a sustainable Lean Six Sigma deployment. A number of key insights are revealed contributing to the theory and practice of Lean Six Sigma. A discussion of the key insights are presented in chapter 8 followed by conclusions and recommendations being presented in chapter 9.

Cette synthèse, qui porte sur un corpus de travaux antérieurs, ne se limite ni à un bilan ni à un arrêt sur image. En tentant de dégager une permanence dans le questionnement, elle répond à des exigences contradictoires : tournée à la fois vers le passé et vers l'avenir, elle présente l'unité des travaux antérieurs tout en la construisant et en la dépassant. Soumettant mes travaux à un éclairage théorique, elle vise à les situer à la fois dans l'histoire de la critique littéraire et dans mon propre parcours épistémologique, jetant ainsi les bases de recherches futures. Les discours critiques ayant constaté l'existence, en littérature anglaise, surtout à partir des années 1980, d'un type de roman qui effectue un retour au monde après les expérimentations formelles de l'avant-garde " postmoderniste " dite " autonome ", j'ai voulu, dans cette synthèse, cerner avec plus de précision les contours de cette nouvelle forme à laquelle je m'intéresse depuis ma thèse. Celle-ci portait sur les douze premiers romans d'Anita Brookner, et a été suivie d'un ouvrage qui ouvre le corpus aux vingt-et-un romans alors publiés (1981-2002), tout en les abordant sous un autre angle. Mes autres travaux portent sur : les romans de Penelope Lively (1977-2003) ; Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) de Jean Rhys, comme reprise de Jane Eyre (1847) de Charlotte Brontë ; Boating for Beginners (1985) de Jeanette Winterson, qui reprend l'épisode biblique de l'Arche et du Déluge; The Wild Girl (1984) de Michèle Roberts, qui se présente comme un " cinquième évangile "; Indigo (1992) de Marina Warner, comme révision de The Tempest (1611-12) de Shakespeare; The Rape of Sita (1993) de Lindsey Collen, conçu comme une réécriture d'un épisode de l'épopée du Ramayana. Ces romans font partie de ce qui a été appelé " l'explosion des métafictions historiographiques des années 1980 ", ou encore le " retour à l'éthique des années 1990 ". En effet, ils représentent un type de roman essentiellement paradoxal par son curieux mélange d'autoréflexivité et d'historicité, conjuguant les jeux formels de l'avant-garde " postmoderniste " (située à partir de 1960) et la fonction morale et sociale du roman réaliste des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. Le terme " postréalisme " a l'avantage de signifier l'époque visée, tout en plaçant cette catégorie de romans dans le droit-fil du réalisme. Pour comprendre l'émergence de ce type de fiction, il m'a fallu remonter le cours du temps et me demander pourquoi les techniques narratives du " réalisme " avaient dû changer pour dire le monde. J'ai été amenée à poser la question des fondements philosophiques du roman, genre qui, à mon avis, ne saurait être étudié indépendamment d'un contexte socio-historique qui le conditionne (sans toutefois le déterminer) et dont il contribue à façonner les valeurs. La synthèse se divise en trois chapitres. Le premier prolonge les travaux que j'ai consacrés à la réflexion philosophique qu'offrent les romans de Brookner. Je les interprète ici comme illustrant l'impasse rencontrée par le " texte réaliste classique ", qui serait né avec la " modernité ", en tant que notion historique (dont les origines remontent à la Renaissance) et nouvelle " attitude " ou " vision du monde ", caractérisée par une sécularisation de la pensée. Le roman résulterait d'un désir de retrouver l'harmonie perdue entre l'individu et le monde -- la mimésis est en fait muthos, tentative pour imposer un sens à une réalité discordante. Mais, lorsque le projet de " modernité " des Lumières, avec ses notions de " sujet kantien autonome " raisonnablement maître de sa vie et d'une réalité universelle extérieure -- fondées sur la primauté du " signifié transcendantal " (la présence pleine) sur le " signifiant " (le langage) -- est remis en question, le roman " réaliste " perd les présupposés philosophiques dont découlent ses caractéristiques formelles. Vouloir remplacer le terme " postmodernisme " par " postréalisme " pour situer tout un pan du roman dans l'histoire de la littérature anglaise m'a conduite à distinguer plus nettement philosophie et esthétique et clarifier des termes dont l'emploi reste parfois flou. Ainsi, le deuxième chapitre présente le " postmodernisme " (ou l'esthétique " postmoderniste ") des années 1960 comme représentant l'exacerbation des jeux formels du " modernisme " (ou esthétique " moderniste ") des années 1910 à 1930, qui prenait le contre-pied du " postréalisme ". " Modernisme " et " postmodernisme " seraient tous deux une réponse à la remise en cause " postmoderne " de l'" attitude moderne ", qui se préparait déjà dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, se manifeste surtout avec le structuralisme des années 1960 et 1970, et aboutit à l'inversion pure et simple du modèle de pensée binaire des Lumières : lorsque le signifiant vient à primer sur le signifié, les notions de sujet et de réalité sont invalidées et le texte " postmoderniste " se retire du monde pour ne se référer qu'à lui-même. Alors que les esthétiques " réaliste ", " moderniste " et " postmoderniste " se situeraient toutes à l'intérieur d'un système de pensée fondé sur des oppositions binaires, l'esthétique " postmoderniste " signalant la fin de l'" attitude moderne ", le " postréalisme " serait la forme privilégiée d'une nouvelle " attitude ", véritablement " postmoderne ", qui tente alors de se libérer d'un mode de pensée binaire, de conjuguer signifié et signifiant, de réconcilier le sujet cartésien (qui se fonde lui-même) et la tradition nietzschéenne (qui le réduit à un simple effet linguistique). Mais, si le roman veut retrouver son rôle politique après la " mort de l'auteur " et la remise en cause de l'existence d'une réalité objective universelle, il doit trouver une nouvelle façon de commenter le monde. Le troisième chapitre pose la question de la forme que prend le " postréalisme " pour dire le monde, alors que le " réalisme " a été invalidé. Les notions d'auteur et de mimésis étant indissociables de celles de sujet et de réalité, philosophes et critiques littéraires se rejoignent dans les années 1980 pour ressusciter l'auteur comme " fonction du texte ", réintroduire la notion d'intention, et redéfinir la réalité comme mise en intrigue idéologique du monde. Les outils théoriques de " décontextualisation ", de " recontextualisation " et de " resignification " se sont avérés cruciaux pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ce type de texte, dont j'essaie de dégager quelques caractéristiques en m'appuyant sur mon corpus de thèse et d'articles. La " métafiction " (fiction sur la fiction) est reconnue comme une constante de la littérature britannique contemporaine. Une intertextualité foisonnante indique la présence de textes antérieurs, la relation transtextuelle privilégiée étant l'hypertextualité comme transformation parodique. La réécriture d'un hypotexte, comme répétition avec différence, représente en fait un dialogue entre muthoi : l'hypertexte reprend les personnages et événements de l'hypotexte et les réorganise selon une nouvelle mise en intrigue du monde. C'est donc la fameuse " autonomie " de l'écrit qui lui rend son rôle politique. Si le monde est mis en intrigue par le langage, il peut être réécrit selon une nouvelle vision du monde. Ces textes sont enracinés non seulement dans un autre texte, mais aussi dans le monde. L'ancrage spatio-temporel est double : des références à des personnages et événements historiques " contextualisent " l'hypotexte dans un passé empirique qui lui est contemporain ; divers procédés " réalistes " situent l'hypertexte dans un autre univers contemporain qui est le sien. Il s'agit, en effet, d'une " décontextualisation ", puis d'une " recontextualisation " de mêmes faits, qui, arrachés en amont à leur contexte d'origine, sont réorganisés selon un nouveau point de vue -- étant ainsi " resignifiés " -- et renvoyés comme " contre-interpellation " au monde en aval, appelant au changement. Ces réécritures " postréalistes " portent toutes sur des textes qui font partie du patrimoine culturel de la culture occidentale " moderne ", traitent des questions fondamentales de prise de possession de soi, des autres, du monde et véhiculent l'idéologie dominante. En posant la question éthique de la " vie bonne ", de ce qui pourrait être, en redistribuant les positions de chacun, les réécritures " postréalistes " sont à la fois répétition et rature, révisant toute l'" attitude " de la " modernité ".

This work targets the class of spatiotemporal problems with free riding under natural (pollution, epidemics.etc) diffusion and spatial externalities. Such a class brings to study a family of differential games in continuous time and space. In the fundamental pollution free riding problem we develop a strategy to solve completely the associated game contributing to the associated debate on environmental federalism. We depart from the preexisting literature in several respects. First, instead of assuming ad hoc pollution diffusion schemes across space, we consider a realistic spatiotemporal law of motion for pollution (diffusion and advection). Second, we tackle spatiotemporal non-cooperative (and cooperative) differential games instead of static games in the related literature. Precisely, we consider a circle partitioned into several states where a local authority decides autonomously about its investment, production and depollution strategies over time knowing that investment/production generates pollution, and pollution is transboundary. The time horizon is infinite. Third, we allow for a rich set of geographic heterogeneities across states while the literature assumes identical states. We solve analytically the induced non-cooperative differential game under decentralization and fully characterize the resulting long-term spatial distributions. In particular, we prove that there exist a Perfect Markov Equilibrium, unique among the class of the a ne feedbacks. We further provide with full exploration of the free riding problem, reflected in the so-called border effects. Finally, we explore how geographic discrepancies (the most elementary being the asymmetry of players) affect the shape of the border effects. We check in particular that our model is consistent with the set of stylized facts put forward by the related empirical literature.

1 18 4 ; S ; [EN] Air quality has an efect on a population¿s quality of life. As a dimension of sustainable urban development, governments have been concerned about this indicator. This is refected in the references consulted that have demonstrated progress in forecasting pollution events to issue early warnings using conventional tools which, as a result of the new era of big data, are becoming obsolete. There are a limited number of studies with applications of machine learning tools to characterize and forecast behavior of the environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable development as they pertain to air quality. This article presents an analysis of studies that developed machine learning models to forecast sustainable development and air quality. Additionally, this paper sets out to present research that studied the relationship between air quality and urban sustainable development to identify the reliability and possible applications in diferent urban contexts of these machine learning tools. To that end, a systematic review was carried out, revealing that machine learning tools have been primarily used for clustering and classifying variables and indicators according to the problem analyzed, while tools such as artifcial neural networks and support vector machines are the most widely used to predict diferent types of events. The nonlinear nature and synergy of the dimensions of sustainable development are of great interest for the application of machine learning tools. Molina-Gómez, NI.; Díaz-Arévalo, JL.; López Jiménez, PA. (2021). Air quality and urban sustainable development: the application of machine learning tools. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 18(4):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02896-6 Al-Dabbous A, Kumar P, Khan A (2017) Prediction of airborne nanoparticles at roadside location using a feed–forward artificial neural network. Atmos Pollut Res 8:446–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.11.004 Antanasijević D, Pocajt V, Povrenović D, ...

raton G., C. RAIMBERT (2020), 'Delivering in short circuits: farmers' mobility as an indicator of emerging food areas. Case study in Hauts-de-France', Geocarrefour [Online], 93/3-2019, uploaded on 17 January 2020, accessed February 09, 2020. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/13993; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/geocarrefour.13993 in a context of reconnecting between agriculture and food, more and more agricultural producers are becoming players in the food trade. C ' is the case of those who market their production in local short food chains (CCAP), which leads them to carry out new tasks such as delivery. For the geograph, he no longer worked as a business player, but rather the mobility practices of actors linking the productive space to consumption areas. What do these mobility say about the links built/under construction with the various areas neighbouring the farms? This article proposes to examine the mobility of producers and to analyse the areas built by these mobility. On the basis of the study of six producers in the north, the aim is to describe areas of mobility in the light of 'traditional' urban areas, as well as production areas as places of concentration with attractive or repellent potential. Detailed analysis of spatial practices, depending on the frequency of delivery in particular, highlights areas of proximity experienced or chosen. ; RATON G., C. RAIMBERT (2020), « Livrer en circuits courts : les mobilités des agriculteurs comme révélateur des territoires alimentaires émergents. Étude de cas dans les Hauts-de-France », Géocarrefour [En ligne], 93/3 | 2019, mis en ligne le 17 janvier 2020, consulté le 09 février 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/13993 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/geocarrefour.13993 Dans un contexte de reconnexion entre agriculture et alimentation, de plus en plus de producteurs agricoles se muent en acteurs du commerce alimentaire. C'est le cas de ceux qui commercialisent leur production en circuits courts alimentaire de proximité ...

International audience The topic of climate change has aroused increasingly widespread concern around the world. Under the agreement at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), covened in Paris, France (Paris Agreement), which requires all Parties to undertake emission reductions, the developing countries who were once exempted from emission reduction obligations are now becoming more and more important. This study focuses on mitigation actions in China, the largest carbon emitter, as well as the largest developing country in the world. Specifically, we examine Chinese Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) projects. The objective is to compare the reduction efficiency of three types of projects: simple abatement and completely renewable energy alternative projects at the supply side and demand side projects. From market-induced carbon leakage point of view, a dual market equilibrium model was built, with results showing that the key factors affecting the leakage rates are price elasticities of both demand and supply sides and market share parameters. In most cases, renewable energy alternative projects show the least leakage rate while demand side projects show the highest. Sensitivity analysis finds that leakage rates for the three types of projects are more sensitive to price elasticity parameters than market share parameters. Moreover, factors Edec (electricity price elasticity of coal demand from coal-fired generation) and Ede (electricity price elasticity of electricity demand) affect not only the leakage rate of each project but also the comparative results between them. Although our study is based on China, the theoretical analysis is applicable in other regional voluntary emission reduction markets around the world. So, a systematic approach to comprehensively analyze the issue is summarized, based on which, we recommend two mitigation strategies to cope with the issue in offset projects in order to give managerial insights for the ...

The all-sided information provided by greenhouse gas experts is disturbing. Future ocean level and atmosphere temperature raises are assigned to an increase of "greenhouse effect" due to the surplus of carbon dioxide (CO2) of anthropogenic origin. Reducing the fossil sources of CO2 is therefore the recommended solution. However, the related dogma is subject to polemics. As an alternative, the present approach is based on the exploitation of twelve facts and not on assumptions and calculations. It is shown that a minimal estimate of the global thermal energy consumed in 2018 (0.1 Zj) and the estimated heat necessary to melt the ices that disappeared during the year (0.08 Zj) are of the same order of magnitude. This observation suggests that the greenhouse effect of fossil CO2 is not necessary to explain the disappearance of ices. The discussion shows that taking into account the generally neglected anthropogenic heat and the water phase-transfer equilibria may explain the discrepancy observed between the rather small variations in average atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and the considerable ices melt. It is shown that the increases of total energy, of anthropogenic heat and of melted ices exhibited the same trends over the 2000-2018 period of time. A few years should be enough to confirm or invalidate these trends. In case of confirmation, replacing the fossil sources of energy by other sources to limit climate changes may turn to be ineffective if these new sources supply equivalent amounts of heat. It is the controls of population and of its bulimia in energies that will have to be promoted. ; Les informations diffusées par les spécialistes de l'effet de serre sont troublantes. Les perturbations climatiques sont attribuées à tout-va à un accroissement de « l'effet de serre » naturel dû à l'augmentation de la teneur de l'atmosphère en gaz carbonique CO2). Diminuer ces sources de CO2 est donc la solution recommandée. Le domaine est toutefois sujet à polémiques. L'analyse originale proposée est fondée sur 12 ...

This paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which non-renewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt-to-capital ratios (and public expenditures-to-capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also show that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt-to-capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation.

This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling and research carried out, but also hydrogeological circulation likely to cause radionuclides buried to the surface. In addition, this text shows how the excavation of the underground laboratory in Bure (Meuse) affects the rock and transforms the representations of the rock by the geologists of Andra. Thus, this article analyses the political and epistemic reports of Andra geologists at the geological formations where nuclear waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of geologists of the French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). It shows that their geological prospecting is intended to characterize the geology and, at the same time, to familiarize a region with the nuclear industry. This text emphasizes the connections between the deep geology and the soil surface: boreholes, research and also hydraulic flow which could cause radionuclide migration from the storage to the surface. Moreover, this paper explains how the digging of an underground research laboratory (URL) in Bure (Meuse, France) affects the rock and how it transforms the Andra's geologists' representations of the clay. This article analyzes thus political and epistemic relations of the Andra's geologists to the geologic formations in which radioactive waste could be buried. ; This article focuses on the work of the geologists of the National Agency for Nuclear Waste Management (Andra). It shows that the surveys they carry out are intended to characterise the geology of a storage site as much as to familiarise a region with the presence of the nuclear industry. This text emphasises the links that link geological depths to the surface: drilling ...

This article questions the ambiguities of identity constructions, between protecting the environment and defending indigenous peoples through the example of maize seeds in Nahua and Totonac (Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico). Maintaining agro-biodiversity is not the objective pursued by these indigenous peoples, but is the result of their form of socio-environmental reproduction. Comparing this 'de facto' conservation of rural communities with that of 'dicho' by scientists, politicians or citizens shows that the paradigm of conserving biocultural diversity is based on a more or less productive misunderstanding. Although this misunderstanding allows counter-hegemonic politicisation, it may seem counterproductive when maize seeds are reduced to their symbolic dimension (naturality, indianity, mexicanity, etc.), which masks differences in epistemologies and stakeholder interests. ; International audience ; This article questions the ambiguities of identity constructions, between protecting the environment and defending indigenous peoples through the example of maize seeds in Nahua and Totonac (Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico). Maintaining agro-biodiversity is not the objective pursued by these indigenous peoples, but is the result of their form of socio-environmental reproduction. Comparing this 'de facto' conservation of rural communities with that of 'dicho' by scientists, politicians or citizens shows that the paradigm of conserving biocultural diversity is based on a more or less productive misunderstanding. Although this misunderstanding allows counter-hegemonic politicisation, it may seem counterproductive when maize seeds are reduced to their symbolic dimension (naturality, indianity, mexicanity, etc.), which masks differences in epistemologies and stakeholder interests. ; Cet article interroge les ambiguïtés des constructions identitaires, entre défense de l'environnement et défense des populations autochtones à travers l'exemple des semences de maïs chez les Nahua et les Totonaque (Sierra norte de Puebla, ...

The present paper studies how the Belgian mathematician Paul Mansion became interested in probability theory. The Belgian mathematical environment, in which probability was present more than in many other countries at the same time appears to have been favorable but also the fact that Mansion, a declared and militant Catholic, found in probability a source of reflection about determinism and randomness in the context of the "modernist crisis" in the Church. Mansion's activity developed on the background of the scholar wars and the foundation of Catholic institutions such as the Institute for philosophy in Louvain, of the consolidation of mathematical education in Belgium as well as of a new interest for probabilistic results in science. We expose how these aspects intersected at the turn of the 20 th century.

The carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi is the oldest known representation to date of both part of the city of Albi and the Castral City of Puygouzon. The view was drawn in the first quarter of the 14th century in a dispute between the Bishop of Albi and the teacher of Puygouzon concerning the contested boundaries of the two low medieval communities. ; International audience ; The carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi is the oldest known representation to date of both part of the city of Albi and the Castral City of Puygouzon. The view was drawn in the first quarter of the 14th century in a dispute between the Bishop of Albi and the teacher of Puygouzon concerning the contested boundaries of the two low medieval communities. ; La carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi constitue la plus ancienne représentation connue à ce jour tant d'une partie de la ville d'Albi que du bourg castral de Puygouzon. La vue est dressée dans le premier quart du XIVe siècle à l'occasion d'un litige opposant l'évêque d'Albi et le seigneur de Puygouzon au sujet des limites contestées des deux communautés bas médiévales.

National audience. Contrary to routine representation, the civil service is not an island of sustainability and stability preserved by the processes of insecurity and flexibilisation; as in other sectors, there are forms of social insecurity and significant inequalities in forms of employment. The phenomenon is old, massive and has become more pronounced in recent years. There is now a minority of officials and other servants in recruitment: in 2016, half of the staff recruited to the civil service were recruited under public law contracts and almost one in five in assisted employment. This article addresses the different dimensions of the employment relationship between the State and its contract staff, distinguishing three levels of analysis: the legal aspects of the public law contract; the practical implementation of the employment relationship; and the experience of contract staff. It argues that the contract is a form of employment which enables employers to circumvent the statutory framework, but also a tool to test, identify and retain, and thus sometimes also to discipline the workforce. ; National audience Contrairement à une représentation courante, la fonction publique n'est pas un îlot de pérennité et de stabilité préservé des processus de précarisation et de flexibilisation ; on y trouve, comme dans les autres secteurs, des formes d'insécurité sociale et d'importantes inégalités en matière de formes d'emploi. Le phénomène est ancien, massif et s'accentue ces dernières années. La part des fonctionnaires et agents statutaires est désormais minoritaire dans les recrutements : en 2016, la moitié des agents recrutés dans la fonction publique l'était sous contrat de droit public et près d'un sur cinq en emploi aidé. Cet article aborde les différentes dimensions de la relation d'emploi entre l'État et ses agents contractuels, en distinguant trois niveaux d'analyse : les aspects juridiques du contrat de droit public ; la mise en œuvre concrète de la relation d'emploi ; et enfin l'expérience des agents ...

International audience In contemporary conditions, the Great Silk Road remains the subject of modern historical research naturally intertwined with research in the area of sustainable development. Its significance caused not only by providing sales, but also cultural, scientific and diplomatic relations. Way, which arose, as a trade infrastructure, soon became an important factor of technical, scientific and spiritual progress of the population of different countries. The Silk Road segment on the territory of modern Kazakhstan as a historical gate of the Great Silk Road also has its specific international significance. Today the idea is re-emerging of renewing the way in a new historical incarnation and revival of the Great Silk Road in order to preserve and enhance its tremendous influence on the political, economic and cultural systems of the countries through which it passes.