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This article focuses on the arrangements and interactions between political and social positions of universal standards and those with a conservative character referring to religion. In other words, our concern is to dwell on the manifestation of impact, on the dynamics of gender in Morocco, the confrontation between politico-social institutions referring to religion and those believing in universal principles. Proponents of the secularist view practically conceive of local development far from any discrimination based on social gender. They are thus more open to the public space and to universal values than their Islamist adversaries generally chained by a sometimes radical conservative representation of religious texts. Indeed, social representations, the interpretation of religion, the social imaginary without forgetting the power relations, all this contributed well, within a patriarchal system, to a hierarchy of social relations while determining roles and precise statutes for men and women. A historical approach stopping on some stations of the struggle of the Moroccan feminist movement since independence, especially around the issue of legal status and the family code, will certainly inform us about the new situation of women's rights and the challenges envisioned by the wakes of the patriarchal system. In the same way, the descriptive analytical approach appears indispensable in these conditions.

À l'Opéra de Halle (Allemagne), L'Africaine (1865), Grand opéra de Giacomo Meyerbeer, a été revisité par une équipe euro-africaine de manière radicalement innovante pour la saison 2018/19. L'objectif de leur mise-en-scène interculturelle était de déconstruire la perspective coloniale et exotisante de l'œuvre pour ré-évaluer les relations euro-africaines et proposer une "ré-africanisation" en quatre étapes. À partir d'une analyse des relations et imbrications (post)-coloniales dans l'Opéra et son répertoire depuis le 18e siècle, la contribution analyse la réinterprétation de L'Africaine à Halle à la lumière d'autres mises-en-scène contemporaines. L'œuvre de Meyerbeer s'inscrit ainsi dans le contexte de l'actuelle renaissance africaine et des propositions récentes pour repenser les relations interculturelles entre l'Afrique et l'Europe.

Moving of objects of culture and interpersonal communication in virtual space leads to virtualization lifestyle of the modern man, calling his new feelings, needs and dependency. One of the most essential dependency is Internet gaming disorder IGD, which attracts the attention of many researchers because their status has not been fully determined, and their influence is constantly increasing. The article presents a review of studies of this problem are the definition and the signs of Internet gaming addiction, is characterized by the potential addictors in different age and gender categories. Shown social, existential, economic and cultural factors associated with Internet gambling, defined the prospects of solution.

Focused on the analysis of the Treaty De potestate regia et papali by John of Paris, this study is an attempt to seize the political vision of this French Dominican, who lived from the second half of the 13th century to the beginning of the 14th century, within the theological context shaped by the controversy between Philip IV of France and Boniface VIII. The method adopted in this article supposes, on one hand, the investigation of the political thought of John of Paris, taking as a starting point the relations between the Papacy and the royal power; and, on the other hand, the definition of the role attributed by the former to the popular masses and to the notion of political consent. Whether it is the consent regarding taxation, the popular support accorded to the royal power, or the opinion of the College of Cardinals concerning the deposition of a Pope, we notice that, according to the French Dominican, the actions that trigger the public good must be approved by the community. Since the focal point of our study is the treatise De potestate regia et papali, we have chosen to invoke oftentimes the biblical references used by John of Paris, in order to observe the hermeneutical differences present in the writings of Giles of Rome and Henry of Cremona, authors who, even though they interpret the same texts, would eventually reach the contrary conclusions.

The article examines the way Romanian political thought in the early 19th century connected with the major trends of Western political thought. Romanian political thought was often reluctant to adopt the mainstream liberal ideas, forged in reaction to the French Revolution, as well as to synchronize with the pace of political change it set. Hence, concepts like constitutional regime, rule of law, liberty and order are to be read as indicators of the Romanian definition of political modernity as shown by several texts of that time. Their authors combined several themes and concepts as sovereignty or political legitimacy in a hesitating philosophical context, drawing a thin line between Ancient and Modern.

This article proposes an articulation between the conceptions of information literacy and a cultural and social approach of critical thinking, implemented through an original methodological approach of analysis and cartography of controversies. We begin by discussing some dimensions of the digital environment that affect the definition and consideration of the fields of Information Literacy (IL) and Critical Thinking (CI) and their articulation. We go on to present a state of the literature on critical thinking that reflects divergent visions. We extend this reflection by proposing a synthesis of the convergences between the concepts of information literacy and critical thinking and a form of articulation between the two fields. Subsequently, we present a reflexive analysis of our teachings on controversies at university since 2014, and which constitute an adequate support for teaching our cultural, social and creative approach of critical thinking.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been embraced enthusiastically by Africans as a new resource for African development. AI could improve well-being by enabling innovation in business, education, health, ecology, urban planning, industry, etc. However, the high expectations could be little more than pious wishes. There are still too many open questions regarding the transfer required, and the selection of appropriate technology and its mastery. Given that the 'technology transfer' concept of modernization theories of the 1960s utterly failed because it had not been adapted to local needs, some scholars have called for an endogenous concept of African AI. However, this caused a lot of controversies. Africa became a battlefield of 'digital empires' of global powers due to its virtually non-existent digital infrastructure. Still, African solutions to African problems would be needed. Additionally, the dominant narratives and default settings of AI-related technologies have been denounced as male, gendered, white, heteronormative, powerful, and western. The previous focus on the formal sector is also questionable. Innovators from the informal sector and civil society, embedded in the local sociocultural environment but closely linked to transnational social spaces, often outperform government development efforts. UNESCO also warned that the effective use of AI in Africa requires the appropriate skills, legal framework and infrastructure. As in the past, calls by African politicians for a pooling of resources, a pan-African strategy, were probably in vain. AI may develop fastest in the already established African technology hubs of South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. But promising AI-focused activities have also been identified in Ethiopia and Uganda. Gender equality, cultural and linguistic diversity, and changes in labour markets would also be required for AI to enhance rather than undermine socioeconomic inclusion. In addition, ethical questions related to a specific African identity have been raised. The extent to which African ideas of humanity and humanitarianism should be taken into account when developing an African AI remains an open question. In short, calling for the rapid deployment of AI in Africa could be a double-edged sword.