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This paper analyzes the function of historiography in the formation of religious identity in Late Antique Iran. The main focus will be the models of Church-State relation generated by the East-syriac historiography of the Fifth and Sixth Centuries. First we will concentrate in the different ways in which the modern Historians characterized the place of the Church in the Sasanian religious and political Order. Secondly, we will consider some models of kingship produced by the Christian Historians of the Sasanian Empire. These models, far from expressing the actual marginality of the Christian community, revealed the tensions generated by the building of religious barriers (Christina/pagan, Orthodox/Heretic) in a World characterized by ambiguity. To sum up, these models were ways of representing specifically Christian pattern of authority and identity related to the particular conditions of the Iranian Society. ; Para acceder al Dossier utilice el link: http://revistascientificas.filo.uba.ar/index.php/AcHAM/article/view/2655 ; El propósito de este trabajo será analizar el papel del discurso histórico en la constitución de las identidades religiosas en el mundo iranio tardoantiguo. El eje de análisis estará centrado en los modelos de relación entre monarquía e Iglesia generado por la historiografía cristiana en lengua siríaca producida entre los siglos V y VI. El objetivo será doble. En primer lugar, haremos un breve esbozo de las diferentes maneras en que la historiografía moderna ha definido el lugar de la Iglesia en el orden social y político sasánida. En segundo lugar, consideraremos algunos modelos de monarquía generados en la literatura producida por la historiografía cristiana del Imperio sasánida. Dichos modelos, lejos de representar una marginalidad efectiva de la comunidad cristiana, expresaban las tensiones generadas en torno a la constitución de barreras confesionales (cristiano/pagano, ortodoxo/hereje) en un mundo caracterizado por múltiples ambigüedades. En concreto, esos modelos funcionaban como ...

International audience This article questions the key role of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) in the return of the "indigenous" category, again in use in the national public arena of the 21st century. We analyze its influence on the reparations policies and their repercussions on the forms of identification of the Andean populations. The analysis of the content of the final report of the CVR and the activities carried out in the memorial El Ojo que Llora in Lima highlights the process of ethnicizing the category of victim, as innocent and indigenous. The staging of this positive figure of the Indian sought to counteract the stigma associated with the "Indian", considered a terrorist during the war. However, this position does not fail to convey some essentialism about the inner otherness. In their eagerness to visualize and value Andean cultural elements, don't human rights activists run the risk of reproducing the exoticism associated with the populations most affected by the war; stigma they denounce in their fight against racism? Similarly, linking contemporary peasant communities with pre-Hispanic past reduces the possibility of fully recognizing this rural population as dynamic actors with their own political subjectivity. Directing the focus to the replica of the Lima memorial in an Andean peasant community allows us to also glimpse how the relations between center and periphery are redefined, through local construction of the collective memory of the internal armed conflict. ; Cet article interroge le rôle clé de la Commission de la Vérité et Réconciliation (CVR) péruvienne dans le retour de la catégorie « indigène », dont l'usage s'est redéployé dans l'espace public national du XXIe siècle. Nous analysons son influence de la CVR dans les politiques de réparation et leurs répercussions dans les formes d'identification des populations andines. L'analyse du contenu de son Rapport final et des activités réalisées dans le mémorial El Ojo que Llora de Lima met en évidence le processus ...

The rich and diverse global development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been marked by strong engagement and hope for democratisation of access to higher education, education and training. However, the initial work on US platforms showed the specificity of the public using them (Christensen et al., 2013; Ho et al., 2014, 2015). To what extent can we still speak of democratisation with regard to the MOOC phenomenon? This work involves analysing the French case by means of an ad hoc questionnaire survey distributed to users of twelve MOOCs (n = 5709) of the national platform France Université Numérique (FUN). The results show that while the average user profile differs from that of US platforms, the social composition of the public remains strongly favoured and these characteristics (professional and degree level) influence the use of MOOC. While it is possible to refer to a potential 'separative democratisation' (Merle, 2000), in the state of research, it would seem preferable to speak of massification. Despite their openness, whether they are used in a cultural leisure register or as a training resource, the social recruitment of a favoured audience suggests that MOOCs reproduce already existing inequalities in these fields and thus benefit those who are already best equipped. ; International audience ; The rich and diverse global development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has been marked by strong engagement and hope for democratisation of access to higher education, education and training. However, the initial work on US platforms showed the specificity of the public using them (Christensen et al., 2013; Ho et al., 2014, 2015). To what extent can we still speak of democratisation with regard to the MOOC phenomenon? This work involves analysing the French case by means of an ad hoc questionnaire survey distributed to users of twelve MOOCs (n = 5709) of the national platform France Université Numérique (FUN). The results show that while the average user profile differs from that of US ...

In this article, the diagnosis of disability is analysed as a device in the crowd sense, that is to say, 'everything that has, in one way or another, the ability to capture, guide, determine, intercept, model, monitor and ensure the gestures, conduct, opinions and discourse of living beings' (Agamben, 2014) 1. In other words, I am talking about a certain social and political use of the norm which determines disability through the rationality of biological normativity and social normativity of techniques for standardising the body with disabilities, from diagnosis of disability to forms of care. I therefore put forward a hypothesis linked to the introduction of standardisation of educational discourses and practices linked not only to diagnosis, but also to the central, neoliberal Western educational systems, which place the subject of diagnosis in a paradoxical injunction: placed in a diagnosed disability standard, the subject is supposed to 'become normal' by means of an order for autonomy and responsibility, despite the disability norm which excludes the disabled from normal life in the education system for standardisation. It must then be stated that the logic at work is not only that of the mathematisation of life and the mathematisation of the risk of becoming normal, brought about by the neoliberal models of the merchandising of bodies which justify decisions on the protection or exclusion from the normal life of people with disabilities, which thus determine the practices of intervention on body and psychological debiles. ; International audience In this article, the diagnosis of disability is analyzed as a device in the Foucauldian sense, that is to say "all that has, in one way or another, the ability to capture, direct, determine , To intercept, to model, to control and to ensure the gestures, the conduct, the opinions and the discourses of the living beings "(Agamben, 2014). In other words, I am discussing a certain social and political use of the norm that determines disability through the ...

Selective distribution consists of reserving exclusive supply of its products to distributors meeting qualitative, and possibly quantitative, criteria. Once the criteria have been validated, the question arises as to how the selection procedure is to be carried out. The subject requires a two-pronged approach of competition law and contract law, which translates into somewhat reversed principles: whereas under antitrust law, refusal to select a distributor who meets the criteria or the choice of a distributor which does not meet them is a priori punishable, unless it is exempted; in contract law, it is lawful as a matter of principle, unless there are special circumstances. 1.-selective distribution consists, for a network promoter, in reserving exclusive supply of its products to distributors meeting qualitative and possibly quantitative criteria. 2.-A first, classic question, is the validity, under competition law, of the selection criteria used for the organisation of distribution, in so far as those criteria, by virtue of their exclusionary effect, are liable to distort competition Note 1. Once their validity has been established, a second question, which will be of interest only to us, is the procedure for selection, which may arise in connection with a first application or an application for renewal. Whether the promoter is obliged to select all those who meet the criteria, the question arises only if criteria of a purely qualitative nature Note 2 are met; and, symmetrically, the obligation to refuse a person who does not comply with them. In this respect, recent case law reflects for some questionable developments in favour of greater freedom for promoters. 3.-In fact, the assessment of the selection procedures is delicate because it implements a number of principles which must be reconciled. On the one hand, the freedom of trade and industry and the freedom of contract justifying the freedom for the promoter to organise his network and choose his co-contractor; on the other hand, the prohibition of ...

Conflictive paradoxes that emerges from the Eurovision Song Contest since his creation (1956), shaped annually, generating a sort of identity fiction that was recently worked from feminisms or queer theory perspectives in Anglo-Saxon sphere. This way, this essay is granted as a bet into politics — ical-aesthetics of which apparently innocuous, anachronist, even kitsch, Song Contest because in "the act of point country-performance" it creates a key representation dilemma in order to maintain the cultural complexities of our time through television. Hence, the two main lines of this paper: First, pushing light into the risking interest of European margin countries during last years in a Contest at the drinking only "Europeistic", with all Complexities derived from race, language, Diaspora. Second, the presence of drinking body (androgynous, lesbian, gay, transsex- ual, transgender, queer.) repressing and, at the same time, Deconstructing nation idea as a glorious body, and with Butler, waterproof, opting a place for an identity multiplicity that makes unique this TV live show combining music, geopolitics and competition in Pan-Europe but broaded in all over the World. The paradoxical clashes of the Eurovision Song Festival, which have lasted until 1956, have created a sort of identity fiction that has recently been worked out by opticians close to feminisms or the theory of queer in Anglo-Saxon. This test is thus conceived as a commitment to the aesthetic policies of seemingly harmless or anachronistic policies, including kitsch, contest, since, 'by appointing countries to act', it inevitably creates a key representational dilemma in understanding the cultural complexities of our time through television. The two lines of this article will therefore, on the one hand, make visible the growing interest of the 'marginal countries' of 'Europe' in recent years in the Competition at a 'European' start. with its complexities derived from race, language or diaspora, and on the other hand, the presence of the abject body ...

166 179 21 27 ; SWORD ; [EN] The following article is a part of my doctoral thesis entitled: "De la QASABAT al-QADIMA a la ALCAZABA ROJA", which provides a study on the Alhambra ́s Alcazaba, drawn up thanks to the wide and various literature available. In this context, I focused my research on the "Puerta de las Armas", which was a key element in the life of the Alcazaba and the Ciudadela de la Alhambra. In order to know the universal values of the Alcazaba, we analyze one of its elements as a defensive construction model which is used as a reference and example of military building, which adapting itself in the environment and making use of the profits of it, was modifying and fitting with the necessities of that moment. This research provides a detailed description of the element starting from its historical evolution and architectural characteristics, concluding with its new and actualized planimetric surveys and infographics. ; [ES] El presente artículo, es un fragmento de mi futura tesis doctoral: "De la QASABAT al-QADIMA a la ALCAZABA ROJA", en la que se realiza un detallado estudio de la Alcazaba de la Alhambra, elaborado gracias a la compilación de la diversa y amplia información existente sobre la misma. En este contexto se elige la Puerta de las Armas, por ser un elemento clave tanto en el funcionamiento de la Alcazaba como en el de la propia Ciudadela de la Alhambra. Con objeto de conocer los valores universales de la Alcazaba, nos aproximamos a uno de sus elementos, como modelo de construcción defensiva, que siendo referencia y ejemplo de edificación militar, se fue adaptando en el entorno y aprovechando los beneficios de éste; modificando y amoldándose a las necesidades del momento. Se ofrece una descripción detallada del elemento, su evolución histórica y su caracterización arquitectónica, concluyendo con nuevos y actualizados levantamientos planimétricos e infografías Martín Martín, A. (2016). Redibujando la puerta de las armas. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 21(27):166-179. ...

This paper contributes to the literature on current account imbalances. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, significantly improve current accounts through reducing budget deficits. To explain this empirical finding, the paper provides a political economy framework in which the government follows preferences of N-sector workers (majority rule). An increase in public and so, current account deficits by issuing external public debt leads to real appreciation of the currency. As between-sector mobility is constrained by friction in the labor market, wages in N-sector rises. The opposite happens if the government improves the two balances by rising its saving. Thus, N-sector workers relatively support (oppose) more a rise (reform) in the two deficits. Centralization of wage bargaining moderates the benefit and costs from such twin-deficit policies by reducing the responsiveness of sectoral wage with respect to sectoral prices. Thus, the more centralized is the wage determination, the less N-sector workers support (oppose) a rise (reform) in the two deficits. Correspondingly, more centralized wage bargaining reduces the government's political incentive (cost) to deteriorate (reform) the external balance through the fiscal balance.

Gerry de Gus Van Sant and Fuir by Jean-Philippe Toussaint have in common to generate narrative from the representation of a leaking subject. They open up on the image of lost protagonists, who are deprived of any horizon that makes little sense, projected in a context that deprives them of stable spatial and temporal benchmarks. First of all, these characters appear quickly to be condemned to errance, scattered leak, vertiginous because they lack trajectory and, moreover, infinite, since any interruption would inevitably result in a permanent stop, death (real or symbolic). By establishing the end as the driving force of their narrative and diegetic framework, these works take on a fragile and complex critical position which sees the end not as a reason for completion, in accordance with the traditional logic of the narrative, but on the contrary since the revival effect it has been able to exert on fictional dynamics, which allows us to resemble what Lionel Ruffel has called in an eponymous test thinking of 'unwinding'. With the means specific to their respective media, these works both present the spectral space created by this suspension of the end. They operate an exit from the linear time that usually governs the narrative, with the aim of conveying the image of an errance point, absent from itself, acting rather than acting. Starting from this point of convergence, it will be necessary to make a return trip between the two media studied in order to demonstrate what the creation of this 'borderline' or 'borderline' situation, as Ruffel described by Ruffel, must mean that the frame itself is unrealised or defective. First of all, Van Sant will question the possibility of finding a film course at this 'initial terminal posture' of the words identified by Ruffel in literature. in order to determine the implications for the creation of the image and the organisation of the resulting meaning, we will then establish what the writing of All Saints borrows from the cinematographic device to display this 'initial ...

Goods and services have been generally analyzed as two different items in the consumer portfolio supplied by firms in separate industries. In this paper, we challenge this view by providing evidence on interactions within the firm between foreign sales of goods and services. We show empirically and theoretically that demand complementarities between both activities enable firms that export goods and services - we call them bi-exporters - to boost their manufacturing exports by also providing services. The provision of services thus participates to the perceived vertical differentiation of the goods. Under monopolistic competition, adding a service boosts firms' sales only through quantities. Accounting for large oligopolistic firms uncovers instead a different channel: bi-exporting may increase firms' market power that translates into higher prices. Our IV estimates show the price channel to be important. These results imply that ignoring such complementarities will lead to a mis-quantification of the welfare and business consequences of economic integration.

Quantifying environmental crime and the effectiveness of policy interventions is difficult because perpetrators typically conceal evidence. To prevent illegal uses of natural resources, such as poaching endangered species, governments have advocated granting policy flexibility to local authorities by liberalizing culling or hunting of large carnivores. We present the first quantitative evaluation of the hypothesis that liberalizing culling will reduce poaching and improve population status of an endangered carnivore. We show that allowing wolf ( Canis lupus ) culling was substantially more likely to increase poaching than reduce it. Replicated, quasi-experimental changes in wolf policies in Wisconsin and Michigan, USA, revealed that a repeated policy signal to allow state culling triggered repeated slowdowns in wolf population growth, irrespective of the policy implementation measured as the number of wolves killed. The most likely explanation for these slowdowns was poaching and alternative explanations found no support. When the government kills a protected species, the perceived value of each individual of that species may decline; so liberalizing wolf culling may have sent a negative message about the value of wolves or acceptability of poaching. Our results suggest that granting management flexibility for endangered species to address illegal behaviour may instead promote such behaviour.

438 449 13 4 ; OJS ; [EN] This article deals with the control of discrete event systems subject to synchronization and delay phenomena, described by a plus max linear model. The temporal constraints are imposed on the state space of the system. These constraints are described in the max plus cone defined by the image of the Kleene star of the matrix associated with the temporal constraints. In consequence, the problem of determining a control that force the satisfaction of time constraints, is formulated in terms of the invariance of the cone. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to this problem have been established. Our approach allows the design of a satisfactory control of the form of a static state feedback. We emphasize that our solution takes into account two aspects which are the initialization of the control law, and its causality, important for its implementation. To illustrate the application of this approach, two control problems are presented. Allamigeon, X., Gaubert, S., Goubault, E., 2010. "The tropical double descrip- ' tion method", in Proc. Symp. Theor. Aspects Comp. Sci., Nancy, France, pp. 47-58. Allamigeon, X., Gaubert, S., Goubault, E., 2012. Computing the ' vertices of tropical polyhedra using directed hypergraphs, Discrete Comput. Geom. Amari, S., Demongodin, I., Loiseau, J. J., Martinez, C., 2012. Max-plus control design for temporal constraints meeting in timed event graphs, IEEE Trans. Automatic Control, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 462-467. Atto A., Martinez C., Amari S., 2011. Control of discrete event systems with respect to strict duration: supervision of an industrial manufacturing plant. Comput Inf Syst 61(4):1149-1159. Baccelli, F., Cohen, G., Olsder, G.-J., Quadrat, J.-P., 1992. Synchronization and Linearity. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Cohen, G., Gaubert, S., Quadrat, J. P.,1999. "Max-plus algebra and system theory: where we are and where to go now,"Annu. Rev. Control, vol. 23, pp. 207-219. Gaubert, S., Katz, R., 2007. The Minkowski theorem for max-plus convex ...

for more than 15 years, successive governments have been discussing the issue of copyright without being able to find a satisfactory arbitration, capable of building consensus among the forces involved, both at the French European level. In order to overcome this stagnation, it is first and foremost important to understand that a customary copyright reform will not necessarily lead to a weakening of the position of creators. A new and satisfactory balance between protection and openness can be achieved, provided that misconceptions too often spread on this subject are discarded. In addition, it is necessary to look at the issue of financing the creation of the Internet in order to become aware of the shortcomings of copyright in this area and to explore new solutions. Finally, it is high time to emerge from the punitive spiral in which legislation is fuelled by seeking to combat 'piracy' by means that have only worsened the situation so far, without achieving satisfactory regulation of the digital sphere. ; International audience ; for more than 15 years, successive governments have been discussing the issue of copyright without being able to find a satisfactory arbitration, capable of building consensus among the forces involved, both at the French European level. In order to overcome this stagnation, it is first and foremost important to understand that a customary copyright reform will not necessarily lead to a weakening of the position of creators. A new and satisfactory balance between protection and openness can be achieved, provided that misconceptions too often spread on this subject are discarded. In addition, it is necessary to look at the issue of financing the creation of the Internet in order to become aware of the shortcomings of copyright in this area and to explore new solutions. Finally, it is high time to emerge from the punitive spiral in which legislation is fuelled by seeking to combat 'piracy' by means that have only worsened the situation so far, without achieving satisfactory regulation ...