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Examen des principaux arrêts de la Cour suprême américaine en matière de discours de haine analysés à l'aune de la philosophie du langage, en particulier grâce à la mobilisation des travaux de J. L. Austin et Judith Butler. ; Analysis of landmark US Supreme Court cases on hate speech evaluated in terms of philosophy of language, particularly through the works of J.L. Austin and Judith Butler. ; Analyse van de belangrijkste uitspraken van het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof over hate speech bestudeerd in termen van taalfilosofie, met name door het werk van J.L. Austin en Judith Butler. ; Peer reviewed

The aim of this thesis is to account for the importance of the Web from a philosophical point of view. In a twofold fashion: as an object for research that, in the wake of the Semantic Web and Webarch, in different ways, is obviously consonant with many classical issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. From this perspective, we study some of its main building blocks (URI, resources, tags, etc.). Along with this aspect, we underline its importance as regards what's becoming of philosophy itself. This is all the more important since the task at hand demanded that we did not project philosophical categories a priori and lend ourselves to commit the "inscription error" acutely described by Brian Cantwell Smith, by resorting to a form of philosophia perennis. Conversely, we tried to focus our attention on Web architects themselves in order to bring their empirical metaphysics to the forefront, observing the controversies to which it lent itself. By acknowledging the « ontogonic » scope of such a practice as « philosophical engineering », an expression coined by no other than Tim Berners-Lee himself, understood as the production of new distinctions and entities like resources in a world that unfolds, we were made to ponder broader topics like the nature of objectivation. In the end, this gave rise to politic al concerns in line with the establishment of a shared world, in which the Web is heavily involved. ; Cette thèse entend prendre acte de l'importance du Web d'un point de vue philosophique. Importance double : à la fois comme objet de recherche, qui, dans le sillage du Web Sémantique et de l'architecture du Web, à des titres divers, entre en résonance évidente avec les problématiques classiques de la métaphysique et de la philosophie du langage. Dans cette perspective, nous étudions quelques-uns de ses composants principaux (URI, ressources, tags, etc.). En parallèle, nous soulignons son importance au regard de la question du devenir de la philosophie elle-même. En effet, le travail entrepris ne ...

The aim of this thesis is to account for the importance of the Web from a philosophical point of view. In a twofold fashion: as an object for research that, in the wake of the Semantic Web and Webarch, in different ways, is obviously consonant with many classical issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of language. From this perspective, we study some of its main building blocks (URI, resources, tags, etc.). Along with this aspect, we underline its importance as regards what's becoming of philosophy itself. This is all the more important since the task at hand demanded that we did not project philosophical categories a priori and lend ourselves to commit the "inscription error" acutely described by Brian Cantwell Smith, by resorting to a form of philosophia perennis. Conversely, we tried to focus our attention on Web architects themselves in order to bring their empirical metaphysics to the forefront, observing the controversies to which it lent itself. By acknowledging the « ontogonic » scope of such a practice as « philosophical engineering », an expression coined by no other than Tim Berners-Lee himself, understood as the production of new distinctions and entities like resources in a world that unfolds, we were made to ponder broader topics like the nature of objectivation. In the end, this gave rise to politic al concerns in line with the establishment of a shared world, in which the Web is heavily involved. ; Cette thèse entend prendre acte de l'importance du Web d'un point de vue philosophique. Importance double : à la fois comme objet de recherche, qui, dans le sillage du Web Sémantique et de l'architecture du Web, à des titres divers, entre en résonance évidente avec les problématiques classiques de la métaphysique et de la philosophie du langage. Dans cette perspective, nous étudions quelques-uns de ses composants principaux (URI, ressources, tags, etc.). En parallèle, nous soulignons son importance au regard de la question du devenir de la philosophie elle-même. En effet, le travail entrepris ne s'est nullement contenté de projeter les concepts à priori d'une philosophia perennis. Il a consisté, au contraire, à interroger les architectes du Web eux-mêmes pour faire émerger leur métaphysique empirique, en observant les controverses qu'elle a suscitées. Prendre acte de la portée ontogonique d'une pratique telle que « l'ingénierie philosophique », selon l'expression de Tim Berners-Lee, pensée ici comme la production de nouvelles distinctions dans un monde en train de se faire, nous conduit à mener une réflexion plus vaste sur la nature de l'objectivation. Celle-ci rejoint en fin de compte des préoccupations politiques, dans la perspective de l'établissement d'un monde commun, auquel le Web participe activement.

The general aim of this thesis is to develop a project of transversal research in the domain of social sciences that we designate as political philosophy of language by appealing to the concepts of the contemporary French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. The accomplishment of this task demands a theoretical and historical contextualization of language policy in France and Soviet Union in the revolutionary period with special attention to the importance attached to this field by the main politic-makers of bath countries. According to the central hypothesis of this project, the essential part of a revolution is the discovery of "molecular tissue" around the new canters of power that makes possible the mobilization of forces that will produce a political, axiological as well as epistemological rupture with an Old Regime. Comparative research of the language policies in France and the Soviet Union permits to reveal their impact on the republican "nation-building" which opens the so-called "political modernity" period and on the construction of the cultures "proletarian in content, national in form" in the Soviet republics. The latter is often used as the base for the contemporary politics of identity, especially concerning the minorities. Such research also opens a debate on the possibility of a "revolution in language", decidedly repudiated, by Saussure, and an analysis that makes possible an elaboration of a new typology of the vehicular functions of language. ; L'objectif général de cette thèse était de développer le projet d'une recherche transversale dans le domaine des sciences sociales, instruite comme une philosophie politique du langage en mobilisant les concepts deleuziens, notamment celui de la micropolitique. Sa réalisation a demandé une contextualisation théorique et historique de la politique de la langue en France et en Russie - et en Union Soviétique -, compte tenu de l'importance exceptionnelle que les acteurs des deux grandes révolutions ont attribué à cette discipline. Selon ...

International audience ; This chapter first looks at the different glottopolitics towards migrant adults at European, national, regional and local levels and the contradictions between them. These are studied in particular from the point of view of the treatment of plurilingualism and the recognition of registers of persons migrating to adulthood. This "in vitro" analysis is then compared with an "in vivo" analysis of observables collected from migrant adults inserted in French courses from which the author has collected language biographies. ; Ce chapitre s'intéresse dans un premier aux différentes glottopolitiques envers les adultes migrants aux niveaux européens, national, régional et local et les contradictions entre elles. Celles-ci sont notamment étudiées du point de vue du traitement du plurilinguisme et de la reconnaissance des répertoires des personnes migrant à l'âge adulte . Cette analyse "in vitro" est ensuite mise en regard d'une analyse "in vivo" d'observables recueillis auprès d'adultes migrants insérés dans des formations en français auprès desquelles l'autrice a recueilli des biographies langagières.

International audience ; This chapter first looks at the different glottopolitics towards migrant adults at European, national, regional and local levels and the contradictions between them. These are studied in particular from the point of view of the treatment of plurilingualism and the recognition of registers of persons migrating to adulthood. This "in vitro" analysis is then compared with an "in vivo" analysis of observables collected from migrant adults inserted in French courses from which the author has collected language biographies. ; Ce chapitre s'intéresse dans un premier aux différentes glottopolitiques envers les adultes migrants aux niveaux européens, national, régional et local et les contradictions entre elles. Celles-ci sont notamment étudiées du point de vue du traitement du plurilinguisme et de la reconnaissance des répertoires des personnes migrant à l'âge adulte . Cette analyse "in vitro" est ensuite mise en regard d'une analyse "in vivo" d'observables recueillis auprès d'adultes migrants insérés dans des formations en français auprès desquelles l'autrice a recueilli des biographies langagières.

Rereading Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus in the light of Vološinov's theory of indirect speech, this article analyzes the process of establishing political order, focusing on its relationship with the expression of juridical law in a way that allows each otherness to be perceived as singular. Our guiding hypothesis is that a conception of the establishment of political order requires a clarification of the judgement operation aimed at securing a temporary articulation of two elements: the non-identity of the becoming self, and the non-identity of the multitude of wills. Vološinov's theory of indirect speech, applied to an analysis of the way in which political order is established, exposes the key issue of work on limiting the repetitive effects of imagining knowledge as identical to itself, by becoming able to act on the discursive gaps in the expression of juridical law and not just interpret them.

Rereading Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus in the light of Vološinov's theory of indirect speech, this article analyzes the process of establishing political order, focusing on its relationship with the expression of juridical law in a way that allows each otherness to be perceived as singular. Our guiding hypothesis is that a conception of the establishment of political order requires a clarification of the judgement operation aimed at securing a temporary articulation of two elements: the non-identity of the becoming self, and the non-identity of the multitude of wills. Vološinov's theory of indirect speech, applied to an analysis of the way in which political order is established, exposes the key issue of work on limiting the repetitive effects of imagining knowledge as identical to itself, by becoming able to act on the discursive gaps in the expression of juridical law and not just interpret them.

The general aim of this thesis is to develop a project of transversal research in the domain of social sciences that we designate as political philosophy of language by appealing to the concepts of the contemporary French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. The accomplishment of this task demands a theoretical and historical contextualization of language policy in France and Soviet Union in the revolutionary period with special attention to the importance attached to this field by the main politic-makers of bath countries. According to the central hypothesis of this project, the essential part of a revolution is the discovery of "molecular tissue" around the new canters of power that makes possible the mobilization of forces that will produce a political, axiological as well as epistemological rupture with an Old Regime. Comparative research of the language policies in France and the Soviet Union permits to reveal their impact on the republican "nation-building" which opens the so-called "political modernity" period and on the construction of the cultures "proletarian in content, national in form" in the Soviet republics. The latter is often used as the base for the contemporary politics of identity, especially concerning the minorities. Such research also opens a debate on the possibility of a "revolution in language", decidedly repudiated, by Saussure, and an analysis that makes possible an elaboration of a new typology of the vehicular functions of language. ; L'objectif général de cette thèse était de développer le projet d'une recherche transversale dans le domaine des sciences sociales, instruite comme une philosophie politique du langage en mobilisant les concepts deleuziens, notamment celui de la micropolitique. Sa réalisation a demandé une contextualisation théorique et historique de la politique de la langue en France et en Russie - et en Union Soviétique -, compte tenu de l'importance exceptionnelle que les acteurs des deux grandes révolutions ont attribué à cette discipline. Selon l'hypothèse centrale de ce projet, la découverte de la micropolitique est le trait distinctif de chaque révolution, et c'est l'examen du "tissu moléculaire" autour de nouveaux centres de pouvoir qui rend possible le discernement des forces opérant la rupture politique, axiologique et épistémologique avec l'ancien régime. La recherche comparée des approches politiques de la langue en France et en Union Soviétique devait permettre d'éclairer leur rôle dans le contexte du nation-building républicain qui ouvre l'époque moderne, et dans la construction culturelle soviétique "nationale en forme, prolétaire en contenu" qui sert de modèle à la politique contemporaine de l'identité, particulièrement vis-à-vis des minorités. Le but de cette recherche fut enfin de présenter une nouvelle typologie des fonctions véhiculaires du langage qui se trouve au cœur du projet politique moderne

The article seeks to highlight the links, incompatibilities and linkages between two theoretical frameworks whose explicit purpose is a sociology of language: Boutet, Fiala, Simonin-Grumbach (1976) or EBEL, Fiala (1983) propose to consider language practices that constitute a language training; Achard (1995) proposes to talk about discursive registers that constitute a discursive formation. Sharing a refusal of the theory of reflection and considering language or discourse as an act in the world rather than as a representation of it, also sharing a reflection on the relationship between language and social functioning, these two frameworks do not have explicit relations with each other. This involves questioning the various concepts proposed — and in particular those of language practice and discursive registers — in the reports they may maintain before proposing unifying elements. The idea of bringing these two frameworks closer together comes from the two pairs of concepts: language practices/language training — discursive practices/discursive training. The question, however, is whether there are two distinct empirical objects, practices and registers, or two different views on the same empirical object, the language envisaged in its relation to social functioning. In both cases, there are two different empirical objects, but if there are two points of view on language and social, questions arise as to the sociology of language that may emerge from a relationship between the two frames and the two conceptual couples. The article presents the various concepts — by means of definitions and examples — and the relationship between them and training (language or discursive). We then put forward some proposals for linking these two frameworks. Finally, we will see that the question of speech, which may appear only in terminology, becomes crucial. ; International audience The article seeks to highlight the links, incompatibilities, and common ground of two theoretical frameworks, both of which explicitly seek a ...

Since the Law on Accessibility, the Language of the French Signs (LSF) has been registered as the language of teaching and learning. Following this recognition, diplomas in and in the LSF were created, including the optional option for examination of the baccalaureate. However, despite the existence of a certificate of fitness for the LSF Professor of Education (CAPES) and this option, teachers faced a lack of teaching materials for these new courses. As a result, a group of pedagogues met and published two textbooks for LSF teaching to hearing students at levels A1 and A2. The point in our article is to briefly revisit the various movements and actions that have enabled the LSF to be visible and to describe how the sequences of these two manuals have been built, from the point of view of grammar, lexicon and interculturality. ; International audience ; Since the Law on Accessibility, the Language of the French Signs (LSF) has been registered as the language of teaching and learning. Following this recognition, diplomas in and in the LSF were created, including the optional option for examination of the baccalaureate. However, despite the existence of a certificate of fitness for the LSF Professor of Education (CAPES) and this option, teachers faced a lack of teaching materials for these new courses. As a result, a group of pedagogues met and published two textbooks for LSF teaching to hearing students at levels A1 and A2. The point in our article is to briefly revisit the various movements and actions that have enabled the LSF to be visible and to describe how the sequences of these two manuals have been built, from the point of view of grammar, lexicon and interculturality. ; Depuis la loi sur l'accessibilité, la Langue des Signes Française (LSF) est inscrite comme langue d'enseignement et d'apprentissage. À la suite de cette reconnaissance, des diplômes de et en LSF ont été créés dont l'option facultative à l'examen du baccalauréat. Toutefois, malgré l'existence d'un Certificat d'Aptitude au Professorat de ...

Philip Pullman's epic is a 'dark matter' made up of religious and scientific underpinnings which challenge his readers' knowledge of the world, making them 'intellectually adventurous'. Although scientific language seems to sound uncomfortable to his younger readers, he builds on myth and physics a new dimension of «stark realism dealing with matters that might normally be encountered in works of realism, such asadolescence, sexuality, and so on; and they are the main subject matter of the story - the fantasy is there to support and embody them, not for its own sake ». Pullman's heroes (Lyra, Lord Asriel, Mrs Coulter and Mary Malone) are all scientists involved in a new political opinion of the world and in the role to be played in a universe which seems to be 'probabilistic'.

Les travaux réunis dans ce dossier s'inscrivent dans la problématique épistémologique et historique de la didactique des langues et notamment celle du français langue seconde (FLS). Trois grands volets sont à signaler. Le premier, « FLE et didactique des langues : frontières disciplinaires et histoire, s'inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique du français langue étrangère (FLE) et explore les relations qu'elle entretient avec ses disciplines de référence, les partages qui se sont opérés au cours de son élaboration, ainsi que les décloisonnements disciplinaires qui marquent ses évolutions récentes. Cet ensemble de problématiques s'inscrit dans le mouvement d'une réflexion entre conceptualisation et contextualisation. La nécessité d'une perspective historique se trouve renforcée dès lors qu'il s'agit de saisir les enjeux politiques concernant les conceptions des langues et de leur transmission, spécifiquement ceux qui touchent le français.Le deuxième volet, « FLE, colonisation, francophonies : politiques linguistiques et débats méthodologiques » est le corollaire du premier. La « francophonie », au-delà de l'institution labellisée, constitue un terrain riche pour mettre à l'épreuve les hypothèses sur la genèse et la structuration du FLE. Les politiques linguistiques ainsi que les débats méthodologiques sur l'enseignement du français et le statut des langues locales sont au cœur de cette investigation. L'Afrique de l'Ouest et le Bassin méditerranéen constituent les contextes spécifiques de cette approche et les premiers linéaments d'une géographie didactique de la francophonie.Enfin le dernier volet, « Français langue seconde et langues d'enseignement », formule une approche spécifique du français langue seconde (FLS) et de son interprétation en contextes africains où le français constitue, pour l'essentiel, la langue d'entrée et d'élaboration des savoirs scolaires. Dans ces contextes, il importe à la fois d'interroger les répertoires plurilingues et la validité des modèles de constructions curriculaires. En somme, la didactique des langues au crible de la géographie… Le français langue d'enseignement constitue alors un domaine privilégié d'investigation, souvent vécu comme une « rupture » avec la langue maternelle, problème dont il faut discuter les termes en France, où la dénomination FLS s'applique désormais au champ de la scolarisation en français des élèves issus de l'immigration.

Les travaux réunis dans ce dossier s'inscrivent dans la problématique épistémologique et historique de la didactique des langues et notamment celle du français langue seconde (FLS). Trois grands volets sont à signaler. Le premier, « FLE et didactique des langues : frontières disciplinaires et histoire, s'inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique du français langue étrangère (FLE) et explore les relations qu'elle entretient avec ses disciplines de référence, les partages qui se sont opérés au cours de son élaboration, ainsi que les décloisonnements disciplinaires qui marquent ses évolutions récentes. Cet ensemble de problématiques s'inscrit dans le mouvement d'une réflexion entre conceptualisation et contextualisation. La nécessité d'une perspective historique se trouve renforcée dès lors qu'il s'agit de saisir les enjeux politiques concernant les conceptions des langues et de leur transmission, spécifiquement ceux qui touchent le français.Le deuxième volet, « FLE, colonisation, francophonies : politiques linguistiques et débats méthodologiques » est le corollaire du premier. La « francophonie », au-delà de l'institution labellisée, constitue un terrain riche pour mettre à l'épreuve les hypothèses sur la genèse et la structuration du FLE. Les politiques linguistiques ainsi que les débats méthodologiques sur l'enseignement du français et le statut des langues locales sont au cœur de cette investigation. L'Afrique de l'Ouest et le Bassin méditerranéen constituent les contextes spécifiques de cette approche et les premiers linéaments d'une géographie didactique de la francophonie.Enfin le dernier volet, « Français langue seconde et langues d'enseignement », formule une approche spécifique du français langue seconde (FLS) et de son interprétation en contextes africains où le français constitue, pour l'essentiel, la langue d'entrée et d'élaboration des savoirs scolaires. Dans ces contextes, il importe à la fois d'interroger les répertoires plurilingues et la validité des modèles de constructions curriculaires. En ...

The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is a strong thought of the 20th century. In recent decades, she has passionate researchers in communication. She rightly passionates them. Jürgen Habermas is in line with Adorno and the Frankfurt School. The School failed to call the Institute for Marxism before the Second World War. Mr Habermas therefore had to deal with this legacy in a world where the Soviet bloc collapsed. He built his thoughts at the crossroads of political philosophy, but also of the philosophy of language, including linguistic pragmatism. He also borrowed from the psychology of knowledge, in particular that of Jean Piaget. It is therefore at the crossroads of the major movements of ideas at the end of the 20th century. In terms of research topics, he looked at how to create a "public space" for debate. This space has many dimensions. Habermas is concerned with intersubjective relationships between people. And generally in all our ways of consulting us to take decisions: starting from debates in small groups to political confrontations in the media. This led to ethics: what does it mean to leave room for the other in a discussion? How is a fair decision taken? It took into account the religious dimension of beliefs: a religion, is it always an unthought-out tradition against which reason must fight? ; The Philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is one of the most famous in the 20th century. The researchers in communication studies are obviously very interested in his work. Habermas had to define his position in front of marxism in the same time of the USSR collapsed. He build an original thought between political philosophy, philosophy of language, knowledge psychology. His concept of "public space" is especially usefull in communication : how can we take a common and right decision, justified by our common values ? ; The philosophy of Jürgen Habermas is a strong thought of the 20th century. In recent decades, she has passionate researchers in communication. She rightly passionates them. Jürgen Habermas is in line ...