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This paper compares different normative and institutional paradigms of journalism with respect to peaceful conflict resolution and democratic communication. It begins with the problematic but still dominant 'regime of objectivity,' and then considers three contemporary challengers: peace journalism, alternative media, and media democratization/communication rights movements. The paradigms are compared in terms of such factors as public philosophy, epistemological assumptions, characteristic practices, institutional entailments, relationship to dominant institutions and power structures, allies and opponents, and antagonisms and synergies between them. I conclude that while peace journalism is a promising initiative, it could gain traction by exploring synergies with the other challenger paradigms.

Nigeria and Malaysia have almost similar historical background; both had sultan as spiritual and government leader in their major areas, colonized by British and got independence in 1960 and 1957 respectively. Presently, Malaysia has recorded human development increments from 1980 to date and aspire to be a developed country in 2020. While Nigeria has recorded poverty increments from 1980 to date and it may likely be among underdeveloped countries in 2020. The purpose of this study was to make judgments about Technical and Vocational Education and training (TVET) systems of Malaysia and Nigeria. The idea was to see what makes Malaysian system successful and how Nigeria addressed its TVET problems. The methodology employed in this paper was analytical method of study that involved evaluation based on critical reading and review of materials which include Nigeria and Malaysia education philosophies, policies, TVET curriculums, employability skills, Malaysian Human Development Index and Nigeria's Poverty Incidence. Findings revealed that education philosophy and education policy of Malaysia is intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced based on firm belief and devotion to God while Nigerian education philosophy and policy are limited to intellectual and physical development. Malaysia TVET curriculum is equipped with employability skills including core skills, generic skills and personal attributes which are likely contributed to Malaysian human development and full employment of TVET graduates. Malaysia has recorded increments in human and economic developments from 1980 to date while Nigeria TVET curriculum has not been integrated with employability skills which are likely contributed to Nigeria's poverty incidence and high Nigerian unemployment rate across all educational levels including TVET graduates at both secondary and tertiary levels. Nigeria has recorded steady increase of poverty incidence from 1980 to date.

Philosophers of different cultural traditions have written extensively on the nature of the human being. In the ancient times, Aristotle contended that human beings are not naturally good but are led to be good in the society through education. He also expounded a doctrine of the golden mean, a kind of middle-way philosophy, as a theory on how human beings learn to be good, achieve happiness and live the good life. In the modern times, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau also provided some political reflections on these topics. Other cultures apart from the West have developed explanations on the nature of human beings. For instance, Confucianism in the East talks about the nature of human beings in their natural conditions and prescribes a middleway doctrine for the ultimate happiness of human beings in the society. This paper takes a comparative approach to understand the areas of convergence and divergence in the thoughts of Aristotle, Confucius and Rousseau on the middle-way philosophy and the natural goodness of man. This is necessary in order to know the points at which various cultures and philosophical traditions or thought systems in the world can connect and overlap or differ on certain philosophical matters.

In alle Europese rechtsstelsels wordt aan overeenkomsten die in strijd zijn met de goede zeden of de openbare orde, de werking onthouden. Deze algemene grondslagen van ongeldigheid zijn slechts van toepassing indien geen meer specifieke bepaling van toepassing is. In dit boek wordt onderzocht in hoeverre de invulling van de openbare orde en de goede zeden in het Engelse en het Nederlandse stelsel gelijkenissen vertonen (of uiteenlopen). De auteur analyseert verschillende categorieën van overeenkomsten. Deze categorieën zijn gebaseerd op bepaalde gezamenlijke kenmerken van deze overeenkomsten. Deze categorieën betreffen (i) beperkingen van fundamentele rechten; (ii) de commercialisatie van het menselijke lichaam en menselijke relaties; (iii) het interne functioneren, de internationale betrekkingen en veiligheid van de Staat; en (iv) andere uitbuitingsverhoudingen. Door een op belangen gebaseerde rechtsvergelijkende methodologie te gebruiken worden deze categorieën van overeenkomsten onderzocht om verschillen en overeenkomsten bij de invulling van begrippen "goede zeden" en "openbare orde" in het Engelse en het Nederlandse recht te identificeren. Op grond van de rechtsvergelijkende analyse benadrukt de auteur verschillende inzichten die van belang kunnen zijn voor de harmonisatie van het Europese overeenkomstenrecht. In het boek worden verder drie op de toekomst gerichte vragen behandeld: (i) of de openbare orde en de goede zeden in het Engelse en het Nederlandse recht als gronden van ongeldigheid zouden moeten worden behouden; (ii) hoe rechters de goede zeden en de openbare orde als grondslagen van ongeldigheid heden zouden moeten toepassen; en (iii) hoe de harmonisatie van de openbare orde en de goede zeden als grondslagen van ongeldigheid op het Europese niveau zou moeten plaatsvinden. ; All European legal systems make provision for the ineffectiveness of contracts contrary to public policy and/or good morals. These general grounds of ineffectiveness are only applied in the absence of more specific grounds of unlawfulness of contracts. This book explores the extent to which English and Dutch legal systems converge (or diverge) in the application of rules of public policy and good morals that result in the ineffectiveness of a contract. The author analyses different types of contracts which are "clustered" together on the basis of certain common substantive characteristics. These clusters concern (i) restrictions on human rights; (ii) the commercialization of human body and relationships; (iii) internal functioning, foreign relations and security of the state and (iv) other potentially exploitative relations. Using an "interest based comparative methodology" the types of contracts that constitute each cluster are examined under English and Dutch law to identify the convergences and divergences. Using the results of the comparative analysis, the author also highlights certain insights that may be derived for the harmonisation of European contract law. The book further addresses three considerations for the future: (i) whether public policy and good morals in English and Dutch contract law should be retained as grounds of contractual ineffectiveness; (ii) how judges should approach public policy and good morals as grounds of contractual ineffectiveness in the present day; and (iii) how the harmonisation of public policy and good morals as grounds of contractual ineffectiveness should take place at the European level.

During last several decades, sociological profession has faced serious challenges, both globally and locally. Within the context of labor market in Serbia these challenges, along with inadequate response of professional community; have resulted in the loss of professional monopoly for some job positions and roles. Once respected experts, sociologists, have lost professional monopoly on jobs recognized and affirmed by: (a) state, governmental and independent institutions; (b) business organizations; (c) civil society organizations; and (d) international organizations, all of which employ sociologists with diplomas received from universities in the Republic of Serbia. Although examples for this are numerous, we will limit the analysis to three case studies regarding professional positions of: (1) sociology teacher; (2) researcher in market research industry; and (3) employees of various international organizations. Analysis will use several different sources of empirical data: (a) various legislation and by-laws, especially rules on employment requirements (in state, public, and individual organizations); (b) job advertisements, where we will analyze required competencies for particular positions; and (c) current curriculums for BA and MA studies of sociology on the Department of Sociology Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, where we will analyze provided professional competencies. Analysis will attempt to answer the question if there is a gap between professional competencies provided by study programs and those required of sociologists in the labor market. If the gap exists, we will provide potential solutions on the way in which it can be bridged and position of sociologists on labor market in Serbia improved.

This thesis examines the regulation of architects in Belgium and the Netherlands and discusses who is allowed to use the title and practice the profession. Also the contractual liability of architects is compared. The free movement of architects is analyzed in an EU context. Finally the book contains an economic analysis of the regulation of architects to determine whether the Dutch of Belgian regulation is necessary and proportional to reach the goals set. In this way the thesis aims to determine whether the Dutch or the Belgian combination of regulations and contract law provisions is most cost-efficient from an economic point of view.

The dissertation presents an analysis of the social representations of nanotechnology in the various local (cultural) contexts of their medialisation and studies the relationship which exists between metaphorical structures and the evolution of nanotechnology controversies. The relationship depends on multiple contexts—social, political, cultural, and epistemic—where both actors (agents) and structures must to be taken into consideration to give an account of particular events and trajectories of mattering. Metaphors affect, in particular, imaginaries of the nanoscale and future expectations of benefits and risks, and they also provide a semantic link to narrative elements and storytelling. They have proved to be both supportive and restrictive to the development of nanotechnology. The data used in this study ranges between the years 1999 and 2015, using approx. two thousand articles from Web of Science, the European Commission (CORDIS), and Czech, French, and British national (print) media. By integrating two analytical approaches, metaphor-in-discourse and the 'actantial' model of narrative, the analysis focuses on matters of concern and related metaphorical patterns and structures. Accordingly, the study is followed by a critical approach to the implications of metaphor use and related transformations linked to the dynamic of discourse and nanotechnology development. The case studies reveal that metaphors have three capacities: activating, generative, and organisational. These are based on metaphorical concepts linked to narrative structures and discursive formations. The relationship between metaphor and nanotechnology is isomorphic and made of paradox. Metaphors create protected spaces for technology development, but they also represent a genuine resource to be exploited by inserting ambiguity into the social processes. In conclusion, the metaphor capacities and biases, sociotechnical convergence, and the plurality of ontological regimes are fundamental challenges for the assessment of nanotechnology. ...

The dissertation presents an analysis of the social representations of nanotechnology in the various local (cultural) contexts of their medialisation and studies the relationship which exists between metaphorical structures and the evolution of nanotechnology controversies. The relationship depends on multiple contexts—social, political, cultural, and epistemic—where both actors (agents) and structures must to be taken into consideration to give an account of particular events and trajectories of mattering. Metaphors affect, in particular, imaginaries of the nanoscale and future expectations of benefits and risks, and they also provide a semantic link to narrative elements and storytelling. They have proved to be both supportive and restrictive to the development of nanotechnology. The data used in this study ranges between the years 1999 and 2015, using approx. two thousand articles from Web of Science, the European Commission (CORDIS), and Czech, French, and British national (print) media. By integrating two analytical approaches, metaphor-in-discourse and the 'actantial' model of narrative, the analysis focuses on matters of concern and related metaphorical patterns and structures. Accordingly, the study is followed by a critical approach to the implications of metaphor use and related transformations linked to the dynamic of discourse and nanotechnology development. The case studies reveal that metaphors have three capacities: activating, generative, and organisational. These are based on metaphorical concepts linked to narrative structures and discursive formations. The relationship between metaphor and nanotechnology is isomorphic and made of paradox. Metaphors create protected spaces for technology development, but they also represent a genuine resource to be exploited by inserting ambiguity into the social processes. In conclusion, the metaphor capacities and biases, sociotechnical convergence, and the plurality of ontological regimes are fundamental challenges for the assessment of nanotechnology. ...

There are two tendencies in comparative literary study. First, in comparative literary study, both of literatures from two countries are compared for certain points (theme, stylistic, setting, characterization, etc). Second, comparative literary study raises literary critical appreciation from other discipline perspectives (psychology, sociology, philosophy, religion, anthropology, politic). In this article, both tendencies are applied at once. The focus of this paper is about the theme in novels Harimau Harimau Muchtar Lubis and Moby Dick Herman Melville. It uses existentialism philosophical approach and criticism literature. The finding of the research, if we compare them, the existentialism theme in Harimau Harimau and Moby Dick has similarities that human being has freedom to determine her/his choice in her/his life for the future. Yet, what choice that she/he takes, it has a risk that she/he must face with responsibility as a human being. The pursuits of the responsibility caused anxiety, frightened, suffering as what the characters face in these novels. Key words: comparative literature, existentialism, theme, choice of life, causality law

This thesis engages in a comparative analysis of two key ethnopolitical case studies drawn from Bolivia and Mexico. The intention is to critically evaluate the politically diverse ways in which Indigenous groups respond to the challenge of coloniality as they seek to restore their ethnic rights. The 2011 TIPNIS conflict between President Evo Morales (2006-2019) and lowland Indigenous communities reveals the difficulties faced by Bolivia's former Indigenous president who struggled to find equilibrium between ethnic rights and national economic development. While Morales himself claimed to represent the interests of all Bolivian ethnic groups, the TIPNIS conflict showed that a policy of neoextractivism in combination with territorial development intersected with the struggle for ethnoterritoriality to reproduce scenes of chaos, conflict and socio-territorial change which sometimes distorted, at other times, enhanced his image as an Andean-decoloniser. Comparatively, in 2003, the Zapatista social justice movement bypassed Mexican state relations in order to satisfy their search for ethnoterritoriality. While the Zapatistas struggled in the midst of this pursuit against a global capitalist framework, which they claim, masquerades as international free-trade alliances and foreign corporatism, the rebels have become an important ethnopolitical model of resistance in the context of a neoliberal Mexico. Conceptually framed around notions of place and space, this interdisciplinary study uses a broad range of theoretical approaches (decolonial theory, discourse theory, utopia studies) which facilitates an innovative reading of key speeches, declarations, government policy documents, communiqués and locally-sourced journalistic material and relies on a range of scholarship drawn from cultural studies, political science, anthropology and philosophy. Through its comparative design, this thesis not only generates fresh and original perspectives on contemporary ethnopolitical activity between Mexico and Bolivia but also reveals the challenges, opportunities, similarities and differences which shape diverse forms of ethnopolitcal resistance across the region today.

The article provides a comparative analysis of the pandemic discourse in such areas of human knowledge as philosophy, theology and academic religious studies.The philosophical discourse associated with the pandemic phenomenon aims to reflect on the relationship between the individual and the social, the personal and the political, freedom and non-freedom. Through the concept of "biopolitics" philosophy considers this concept as a factor of modern power, although at the same time the epidemic becomes the basis for seeing the Other in a special way and helping him in the current crisis situation.It has been established that in a theological context, a pandemic is not only God's punishment for the sins of ignorance, but also one of the potential options for self-improvement. Theological discourse examines not only the causes of pandemics in humanity, but also tries to understand its teleological nature in the life of every person. The situation of the pandemic creates a special direction in theology, which has already been referred to as "quarantine theology", "pandemic theology", "virus theology", or "coronavirus theology" in general.It was revealed that in academic religious studies, the phenomenon of a pandemic is revealed in the threat-challenge binary opposition. Accordingly, within the framework of this discourse, the study of the specifics of the implementation of the activities of religious organizations, the characteristics of state-confessional relations, as well as the possible consequences of epidemics is carried out.Also, religious understanding focuses not so much on the study of the causes of epidemics, diseases, etc., but focuses on highlighting the specifics of the functioning of religious organizations in such a crisis situation, the peculiarities of state-confessional relations during a pandemic, and disclosing potential consequences for the spiritual , and the laity. ; Осуществляется сравнительный анализ пандемического дискурса в таких областях человеческого знания, как философия, богословие и академическое религиоведение.Философский дискурс, связанный с феноменом пандемии, ставит целью размышления о соотношении индивидуального и социального, личностного и политического, свободы и несвободы. Через концепт "биополитики" философия рассматривает данный концепт как фактор современной власти, хотя вместе с тем эпидемия становится основой для того, чтобы по-особенному увидеть Другого и помочь ему в сложившейся кризисной ситуации.Установлено, что в богословском контексте пандемия является не только карой Божьей за грехи неведения, но также один из потенциальных вариантов для самосовершенствования. Богословский дискурс рассматривает не только причины пандемий у человечества, но и пытается понять телеологичнисть ее в жизни каждой личности.Выявлено, что в академическом религиоведении феномен пандемии раскрывается в бинарной оппозиции угроза-вызов. Соответственно, в рамках данного дискурса осуществляется исследование специфики осуществления деятельности религиозных организаций, особенностей государственно-конфессиональных отношений, а также возможных последствий от эпидемий. ; Здійснено порівняльний аналіз пандемічного дискурсу в таких галузях людського знання, як філософія, богослов'я і академічне релігієзнавство.Філософський дискурс, пов'язаний із феноменом пандемії, ставить за мету роздуми про співвідношення індивідуального і соціального, особистісного та політичного, свободи і несвободи. Через концепт "біополітики" філософія розглядає даний концепт як фактор сучасної влади, хоча в той же час епідемія стає основою для того, щоб по-особливому побачити Іншого і допомогти йому в нинішній кризовій ситуації.Встановлено, що в богословському контексті пандемія є не лише карою Божою за людські провини, але також один із потенційних варіантів для самовдосконалення. Богословський дискурс розглядає не лише причини пандемій у людстві, але й намагається осягнути телеологічність її в житті кожної особистості.Виявлено, що в академічному релігієзнавстві феномен пандемії розкривається в бінарній опозиції загроза-виклик. Відповідно, в рамках даного дискурсу здійснюється дослідження специфіки здійснення діяльності релігійних організацій, особливостей державноконфесійних відносин, а також можливих наслідків від неї.

The philosophical and political advantages tied to a break with Marxist thinking have been notable. With such a break with Marxism, economic and scientific determinism have been discounted – and it is in this sort of determinism that a classic critique of Marxism finds a reason for discrediting the Marxist-Leninist project. However, it seems the cost of totally abandoning Marxist thinking has not been sufficiently examined. This article seeks to remedy this with a comparative study of two philosophers' conceptions of conflict: Mouffe's perspective will be examined and compared to Castoriadis' view of radical democracy and its treatment of conflict. The paper seeks to show that a full break with Karl Marx weakens political radicalism. In other words, by opting for a perspective on conflict which fully renounces the Marxist view, Mouffe is doing away with both the idea of direct democracy and/or that of a revolutionary project. Her approach differs from that of Castoriadis who seeks, in some sense, to remain faithful to the emancipatory aspects of Marxian thought. ; Peer reviewed

Dept. of History, Philosophy, and Political Science. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1973 .P36. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 40-07, page: . Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1973.

This paper examines the role of different types of post-compulsory education in determining civic engagement (political interest and election participation) in England and Germany. The educational systems of England and Germany provide ideal comparators for investigating the social benefits of education, in particular those that accrue from vocational education. The paper uses two longitudinal panel surveys, the British Household Panel Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel for empirical purposes. Contrary to our expectations, our findings revealed few differences between the two countries: the level of political interest is the same for youth who had a vocational degree as those without any further qualifications, in both England and Germany. Similarly, greater levels of interest in politics were observed in adulthood for youth who had achieved academic qualifications in both countries. Likewise voting behaviour in particular was associated with the achievement of academic qualifications in Germany and to some extent with the achievement of mixed vocational and academic qualifications in England.

peer-reviewed ; The shift in philosophy in Irish technology education has brought with it new challenges for practitioners, curriculum developers and awarding bodies. With the emphasis on technological capability the technology student must not only demonstrate the acquisition of knowledge, skills and problem solving abilities in context, but must also construct the meaning that defines a technologically capable person. Traditionally in Technology Education, the over emphasis on product outcomes measured by summative criteria creates a dichotomy between the curriculum objectives and the inference drawn by assessment. Valuing the process of learning and the wide range of skills and experiences uniquely developed by the individual poses a significant challenge to the relevance of assessment constructs. This study tracks the experiences and performance of 406 initial teacher education students as they develop a personal construct of technology capability and democratically converge on cluster qualities that support valid assessment. The research integrates assessment with learning by using holistic peer judgement facilitated by an Adaptive Comparative Judgement model of democratic assessment. Independent of mandated assessment criteria, the student defined personal construct of capability determined the nature and quality of their peers work. Across the three years of this research, ACJ is presented as a valid, reliable and effective method of discriminating qualities of capability to generate a valid 'measure' of what to value in design driven education. The study presents an empirical insight into the iterative, dialectical, non-linear nature of design based education and highlights the significance of appraisal skills in facilitating autonomy, diversity and personalised learning.