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Статья посвящена разработке темы конфликта в творчестве А.С. Панарина. Автор показывает основные направления понимания конфликта российским философом, сравнивая его с такими французскими исследователями конфликта, как Г. Бутуль, основатель полемологии. Панарин предстает в статье в качестве исследователя, отошедшего от советской парадигмы рассмотрения конфликтов, но не принявшего безоговорочно аксиологию западных исследователей. ; In today's world, in the face of escalating all types of conflict, development of social and armed conflict theory is of particular importance. Philosophical and politological approaches to conflict study, especially among civilizational and polemological conceptions, as well as creativity of their authors are no less interesting. The most significant men of great caliber among such philosophers are, on my mind, Alexander Panarin in Russia, and Jean Fourastié and Gaston Bouthoul in France. Comparative study of their approaches to contemporary conflicts is even more interesting that the theme of A. Panarin's Ph.D. dissertation was a critical analysis of J. Fourastié's social concepts. The subject of my study is development of conflict problem in Panarin's works upwards his first writings in comparison with cognate ideas and tendencies intrinsic to French political and sociological thought in the meantime. Among methods used for these purposes in my study, such as bio-bibliographical and analytical-reading approaches, and discursive analysis, the main is comparative method. By means of this I compare A. Panarin's views at various stages of his creativity, and also consider those ones in comparison with Fourastié's and Bouthoul's researches in polemology. In my article, I show although Panarin's ideas formed and strengthened in absentee dialogue with French philosophical, socio-political and economic thought, Russian philosopher's judgments and conclusions are completely original. Thus, French polemologist Gaston Bouthoul has written polemology examines wars, peace, and violent conflicts in all their elements, not only on event-level; but also at the level of conditions; but especially and more deeply at the level of structures (demographic structure, demo-economic, geographical, historical, political, mental etc.) and functions, and almost all of these themes are reflected in Panarin's works. However, all these issues have been reflected by Panarin exclusively within Russian civilizational context and within the context of political analysis of the post-Soviet Russian ruling class' activities and intentions (which Panarin defined as 'liberal dismantling of Russia'). As to Panarin's methodology, I show he uses multi-level analysis to identify the springs of changes occurring in the globalized world and to uncover the motives of the subjects of these changes. He is looking for the causes of constant conflictness not only in the field of international relations, but also in political anthropology, political psychology, geopolitics, etc. I conclude A.S. Panarin's views on relationship between leading global players, as well as his realistic forecasts are correlated with global social and philosophical trends, but not because of his views and forecasts dependence on 'second-hand' ideas; this is because Panarin's philosophy, being Russian by its senses, belongs to the world treasury of philosophical thought.

Цель. Целью представленного исследования является выявление структурированных представлений о возможности управления развитием, в частности государственного управления, на основе сравнительного междисциплинарного анализа концепций и прикладных исследований, представляющих различные социальные науки. Предмет исследования. Концептуализация проблемы управления развитием, в частности государственного управления развитием как специфически организованной деятельности. Методология. Сравнительное качественное исследование текстов научных статей, монографий и официальных документов в рамках структурированной выборки (n = 200), охватывающей публикации, появившиеся или переизданные в 1990-2014 гг., основанной на цитируемости исследований, с равной представленностью основных социальных дисциплин (социальная философия, социология, политология, экономика, государственное управление, менеджмент, психология и педагогика), с пропорциональной цитируемости на русском языке представленностью русскоязычных, англоязычных, франкоязычных и германоязычных исследований, включая переведённые на русский язык. Научная новизна. Выявлены основные парадигмы исследовательского и управленческого дискурса, относящегося к проблеме управленческого воздействия на развитие, ключевые проблемные области, связанные с государственным воздействием на развитие. Осуществлена оценка релевантности бытующих в исследовательской литературе подходов с точки зрения перспектив исследования государственного управления развитием. Результаты и область применения. Результатом исследования является структурирование представлений о развитии и об управлении развитием в современной исследовательской литературе, оценка этих представлений применительно к задачам государственного управления развитием. Финансирование. Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания 2015 г. Российской академии народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации. ; Purpose. The purpose of the given research is to identify the structured perceptions of the possibility of development management, in particular public management, on the basis of a comparative interdisciplinary analysis of concepts and applied research representing different social sciences. Research subject. Conceptualization of development management problem, in particular public development management as a specifically organized activity. Methodology. Comparative qualitative research of texts of scientific articles, monographs and official documents in the frames of a structured sample (n = 200), covering those published or republished in 1990-2014, based on the research citation ratio with equal representation of the principal social sciences (social philosophy, sociology, political science, economics, public administration, management, psychology and pedagogics), with the proportional to citation ratio in Russian representation of the Russian-speaking, English-speaking, French-speaking and German-speaking studies, including the translated into Russian. Scientific novelty. Basic paradigms of research and managerial discourse relating to the problem of administrative impact on development, key problem areas referred to the administrative impact on development are revealed. The relevance of prevailing in the research literature approaches are assessed from the point of view of public development management research perspectives. Results and scope. The result of the research is the structuring of the concepts of development and development management in the modern research literature, the assessment of these perceptions with regard to the problems of public development management. Financing. The study was performed with financial support of 2015 state order assigned to the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

The growth of the managed investment industry brings with it the potential for institutional investors to exert their influence on boards of listed companies to deliver strong and sustainable growth. The concepts of socially responsible investment (SRI), responsible investment (RI) or ethical investment (EI) have become part of mainstream investment practices in many financial markets. While SRI is largely a qualitative concept, its survival and adoption by the mainstream investment community may, in part, be due to the formalising of its concepts into language that investors, asset managers and analysts can more readily understand: the benchmark index. SRI indices may hold the key to attracting attention to ESG issues in listed corporates and to help bring about positive outcomes in sustainable development. Figures show SRI investments in emerging markets are minimal when compared to those in developed markets but emerging markets hold great potential for growth and development of these tools. This research develops a tool for bringing together social construction theory and stakeholder theory in understanding the construction of SRI Indices and in development of new indices. The core of this research is an analysis of SRI indices in three major emerging markets of Hong Kong, India and China, together with an analysis of different perspectives of SRI in Asia. The purpose is to identify opportunities to building SRI indices through a stakeholder engagement approach. The research was conducted over several phases between October 2008 and August 2010 and can be defined by three different studies: 1. a comparative study on SRI indices and their ESG criteria; 2. a comparative study on SRI indices and their stakeholder engagement approach; and 3. an analysis on the feasibility of building SRI indices in Asian markets. The findings from the three studies indicate three main arguments. First, ESG assessment and criteria of SRI indices does have an impact on the creditability and value of the SRI indices. Due to the lack of transparency on the ESG assessment and criteria, SRI investors and other stakeholder groups are deterred from adopting SRI indices as SRI tool. Second, stakeholder engagement is essential for SRI indices. And lastly, SRI indices in emerging markets, especially in the three studied markets, are attractive to both global and local SRI investors; however, these SRI indices need to include local ESG contexts to reflect the actual ESG concerns of the societies and avoid blindly following developed markets' SRI index model, which in the end become unrealistic and unpopular to investors and stakeholder groups. We recommend that stakeholder engagement in index criteria and corporate assessment be widened and deepened; that governments and stock exchanges can play a pivotal role in SRI development and should take the lead. We also recommend that SRI indices strengthen the institution of corporate research to rely less on secondary data when making their corporate assessments. ; published_or_final_version ; Kadoorie Institute ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

The concept of civilization: From abstraction to a new common sense -- Labels, stigmas and ethos -- Occidentalism, conspiracism and jahiliyya: rhetoric of civilizational discourses -- 'Your women are oppressed, but ours are awesome': civilizers and gender-- Drones, jihad and justice -- Conclusion: defining the human.

Die Grundrechte bauen auf einem binären System von Mensch und Staat auf. Der Mensch ist in diesem System grundsätzlich durch die Verfassung geschützt, der Staat muss dessen Rechte achten. Grundrechtsverpflichtung und -berechtigung stellen nach dem Konfusionsargument zwei sich grundsätzlich gegenseitig ausschließende Pole dar. Doch juristische Personen sind weder Mensch noch Staat und stören, seitdem sie existieren, das System des binär aufgebauten Verfassungsrechts. Julia Weitensteiner arbeitet die Antworten heraus, die das Bundesverfassungsgericht und der US Supreme Court in ihrer Rechtsprechung in den letzten 200 Jahren auf die Fragen der Grundrechtsberechtigung von juristischen Personen gefunden haben. Anschließend hinterfragt sie, ob die traditionellen binären Muster des Verfassungsrechts wirklich so zwingend sind, und stellt die jeweiligen Lösungen in den Rechtssystemen Deutschlands und der USA anhand der Methode des Rechtsvergleichs und auch mit Blick auf neue digitale Akteure im Verfassungsrecht auf den Prüfstand

Die Exekutive befolgt Gerichtsentscheidungen, die gegen sie ergangen sind, freiwillig. Von dieser Prämisse gehen zumindest die Gerichte in Deutschland schon seit über einem Jahrhundert aus und bezeichnen den Staat in diesem Sinne als "Ehrenmann". Spektakuläre Fälle der jüngeren Vergangenheit haben diese Idealvorstellung jedoch tief erschüttert: Die Exekutive missachtete Urteile und widersetzte sich offen dem Entscheidungsvollzug. Eine überzeugende Antwort auf solchen exekutiven Ungehorsam blieben Gerichte und der Rechtsstaat insgesamt schuldig. Ob und wie sich der Rechtsstaat gegenüber dieser Herausforderung als resilient erweisen kann, untersucht Philipp Koepsell, indem er diverse rechtliche Instrumente analysiert, mit Lösungskonzepten ausländischer Rechtsordnungen vergleicht und bewertet. Das hierdurch entstehende Gesamtbild legt Potenziale sowie Synergien offen, aus denen der Autor zehn Regeln ableitet, deren Befolgung zur Lösung des Problems exekutiven Ungehorsams beitragen kann

This Symposium Article argues that the board-controlled corporation can be understood as a legal innovation that historically has functioned as a means of transferring wealth forward and sometimes backward through time, for the benefit of present and future generations. In this fashion the board-controlled corporation promotes both intergenerational equity and intergenerational efficiency. Logic and evidence each suggest, however, that the modern embrace of "shareholder value" as the only corporate objective and "shareholder democracy" as the ideal of corporate governance is damaging the corporate form's ability to serve this economically and ethically important function.

Анализируются дискуссионные вопросы концепции «обучающегося региона». Концепция «обучающегося региона» тема-тизируется в контексте «новой экономической географии» («экономики знаний»), а именно таких эволюционных стратегий регионального развития, как промышленные округа, экономические кластеры, инновационные среды и сети. В статье представлен сравнительный анализ и критика данных программ, выявлены их проблемные моменты. ; Actualization of interest in problems of "learning region" in the contemporary sociohumanitarian discourse is associated with the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial information society. The main source and resource of development is no longer the industry as it used to be in the industrial age, but knowledge and innovation which have a decisive influence on all spheres of human life, which suggests the emergence of a new type of sociality, "knowledge society", and a new type of economy, "knowledge economy". Determining trends in the development of "knowledge societies" are, on the one hand, globalization expressed in the unification of cultural, socio-economic, legal norms and values, market mobility of labor and capital, on the other hand, individualization which, on the contrary, suggests desire to preserve one''s autonomy (economic, political, religious, etc.) and cultural identity, both at the individual and at the regional and national state levels. In this situation, the key theme is the question of regional development strategies that enable the region to effectively fit into the context of the global world and become a real subject of economic, political and cultural activities. This article analyzes the controversial questions of the concept "learning region". The concept of the "learning region" is thematised in the context of the "new economic geography" ("knowledge economy"), namely in the evolution of regional development strategies, such as industrial districts, economic clusters, innovative environment and networks. The article presents a comparative analysis and critique of these programs, their problem areas are identified. The models of innovative regional development allocated under the new economic geography are divided into two groups: models based on the idea of networks as a new form of organization of production, and models based on the idea of knowledge as a source resource of development. A constitutive idea for the model of the first type is the idea of proximity. Social and spatial proximity between actors promotes more intensive exchange of knowledge and appears a necessary condition for innovation processes. Models of the first type include concepts of industrial areas, specialized economic clusters and innovative environments. The central idea for models of the second type is the idea of "learning economy", knowledge-based economy, where economic efficiency is directly linked with the ability to learn, respectively, the emphasis is on building both the infrastructure of knowledge and social and political infrastructure that should support innovation and training at all levels. The second type of models includes the concept of the "learning region". At the same time this concept occurs as a result of evolution and certain synthesis of models of the first group.

This thesis proposes a comparative reflection between the literatures of the First Nations of Quebec and those of sub-Saharan Africa and Afro-descendants and more specifically the poetry of Natasha Kanapé Fontaine, Rita Mestokosho and Josephine Bacon, as well as some of the novels of Léonora Miano and Sami Tchak. The texts of these Innu, Franco-Cameroonian and Togolese poets and writers are based on the notion of animism. By means of literary referents, anthropological studies and Aboriginal studies, this work therefore questions the presence of animism in the practice of writing and questions its decolonial scope. This reflection is also built from fieldworks, by taking into account the promotion of the experiential knowledge advocated by Aboriginal studies. Building on what the researcher Renate Eigenbrod calls "narrative scholarship", namely the alternation between theory and narration, this thesis aims to think of the animist way of being in the world as an epistemology.Through a two-step thought, this work highlights the different effects of colonization on animism as a way of being in the world, as well as its decolonial dynamics through the prism of their literary representation and incarnation. The first chapter analyzes the objectification strategies of animism carried by the colonial policies. The second chapter focuses on the salient characteristics of the literary representation of animism. The question of the relation to the territory and the its inherent notion of sovereignty are discussed in chapter three. Unlike the mechanics of assignment and oppression, our aim is then to reflect on the dynamics of emancipation carried by animism within the texts of our corpus. Chapter four analyzes issues related to the notion of Subject from a decolonial perspective. Then, this is the resistant potentiality of animism as relational ontology which is questioned in chapter five. Finally, chapter six theorizes its practical dimension and its constitution as a resurgence, against contemporary colonialism. The whole thesis works on the possibility of thinking situated knowledge, this is how it leads to consider animism as a practice and research ethics, a poetic and intellectual tool to use in other fields than the ones carried in this work. ; Cette thèse propose une réflexion comparée entre les littératures des Premières Nations du Québec et celles d'Afrique subsaharienne et afro-descendantes et plus précisément la poésie de Natasha Kanapé Fontaine, Rita Mestokosho et Joséphine Bacon, ainsi que certains des romans de Léonora Miano et de Sami Tchak. Les textes de ces poètes et écrivain.e.s Innu, franco-camerounaise et togolais sont articulés à partir de la notion d'animisme. Au moyen de référents littéraires, anthropologiques et des études autochtones, ce travail questionne donc la présence de l'animisme dans la pratique d'écriture et interroge sa portée décoloniale. Cette réflexion se construit également à partir de séjours de terrains, et ce tenant compte d'une mise en valeur du savoir expérientiel préconisé par les études autochtones. Se construisant selon ce que la chercheuse Renate Eigenbrod nomme « narrative scholarship », à savoir l'alternance entre théorie et narration, cette thèse vise à penser l'être au monde animiste comme une épistémologie.À travers une pensée en deux temps, ce travail met en relief les différents effets de la colonisation sur l'animisme en tant qu'être au monde, ainsi que sa dynamique décoloniale, au prisme de leurs représentation et incarnation littéraires.Le premier chapitre analyse les stratégies d'objectification de l'animisme portées par les politiques coloniales. Le second chapitre s'attarde sur les traits saillants de la représentation littéraire de l'animisme. La question de la relation au territoire et la notion de souveraineté qui lui est inhérente sont examinées dans le chapitre trois. À rebours des mécaniques d'assignation et d'oppression, il s'agit ensuite de réfléchir sur les dynamiques d'émancipation portées par l'animisme au sein des textes du corpus. Le chapitre quatre analyse les enjeux liés à la notion de sujet selon une perspective décoloniale. Puis, c'est la potentialité résistante de l'animisme en tant qu'ontologie relationnelle qui est interrogée dans le chapitre cinq. Enfin, le chapitre six théorise sa dimension pratique et sa constitution en tant que résurgence, à rebours du colonialisme contemporain. L'ensemble de cette thèse travaille la possibilité de penser des savoirs situés, c'est ainsi qu'elle aboutit à considérer l'animisme comme une pratique et une éthique de recherche, un outil poétique et intellectuel à utiliser au sein d'autres champs que les disciplines ici convoquées.

Según Dilthey, el análisis formalista llevado adelante por la gnoseología de Kant no logra comprender el mundo humano, por su parte, Hegel si aborda al hombre histórico, pero subsume su mundo al despliegue de la razón o el saber absoluto. El proyecto de una fundamentación de las ciencias del espíritu llevado adelante por Dilthey busca adentrarse en el mundo humano concibiéndolo como el conjunto de manifestaciones objetivadas de la vida. Kant y Hegel se convierten en sus interlocutores, pero también Comte con quien se enfrenta en pos de fundamentar la autonomía metodológica de las ciencias del espíritu. Sostengo que la noción tardía de «espíritu objetivo», que Dilthey toma de Hegel, pero que la concibe como el devenir de la vida política y cultural, permite releer toda la filosofía de Dilthey con otra perspectiva. El presente estudio no busca realizar un análisis comparativo entre Dilthey y Hegel, sino partir de la recepción que el primero hace del segundo a los efectos de comprender su filosofía. En este sentido, para Dilthey el «espíritu objetivo» está constituido por el conjunto de las organizaciones exteriores de la sociedad –la estructura político-jurídica de la sociedad- y por las formas culturales como arte, religión y filosofía. El hombre es quien, según Dilthey, produce estas instituciones las cuales a su vez le anteceden y le sucederán en su existencia. En este sentido Dilthey concibe al hombre como un ser histórico y un «punto de cruce» de las distintas objetivaciones históricas. Este mundo compartido es el mundo histórico –expresado a través de las nociones como Gemeinsamkeit, objektive Geist, verwebt y kreuzungspunkt-, aquel que contiene el conjunto de experiencia de vidas acumuladas y las expectativas de futuro. En síntesis, se sostiene que para Dilthey el mundo es manifestación objetiva de la vida –fenomenología del espíritu-, siendo el espíritu objetivo o la vida objetivada, un producto del devenir de la vida humana. Es decir, en el mundo histórico actúan individuos -dotados de voluntad- en una conexión estructural con su entorno, como «puntos de cruce» de las distintas objetivaciones. Es decir, la preocupación histórico-sistemática diltheyana gira en torno al tema del hombre –sujeto individual, «punto de cruce»- y lo socio-histórico –mundo intersubjetivo y espíritu objetivo, manifestación objetivada de la vida-. Así, el hombre juega, para Dilthey, un papel central en la historia y en el despliegue de la vida. Todos los estudios gnoseológicos, epistemológicos, históricos y toda fundamentación sistemática es producto de las conexiones de vida. La importancia de los individuos, sus propias manifestaciones de vida y el «espíritu objetivo» -centros de análisis de las ciencias del espíritu-, permite comprender a la filosofía diltheyana como una filosofía de la intersubjetividad, en oposición a las interpretaciones clásicas que hacían que ella cayera en un psicologismo-empático. Asimismo, el plano de la exteriorización de las acciones individuales y sociales le permite a Dilthey encontrar un saber objetivo para las ciencias del espíritu. ; Dilthey points out that while the formalist analysis carried out by Kant's gnoseology fails to understand the human world, Hegel does speak about the historical man, but subsumes his world to the manifestation of reason or absolute knowledge. The project of a foundation of the Geisteswissenschaften carried out by Dilthey seeks to penetrate the human world conceiving it as a set of objectified manifestations of life. Kant and Hegel become their interlocutors, but also Comte with whom Dilthey face in order to sustain the methodical autonomy foundation of the Geisteswissenschaften. I assume that the late notion of "objektive Geist", which Dilthey takes from Hegel, but which he sees as the process/activity of the political and cultural life, allows for a rereading of the whole philosophy of Dilthey in a new perspective. This study does not seek to make a comparative analysis between Dilthey and Hegel, but to set a starting point from/of go along the im put that the first author makes over the latter so as to understand his philosophy. In this regard, for Dilthey, the "objektive Geist" is constituted by the external organizations of society (political-legal structure of society) and the cultural forms as art, religion and philosophy. It is man who, according to Dilthey, produces these institutions, which precede and will surpass the existence of the individual man. Dilthey conceives man as a historical being and as a "crossing point" of the various historical objectifications. This shared world is the historical-world (expressed through the notions of Gemeinsamkeit, objektive Geist, verwebt and kreuzungspunkt), that which contains all the accumulated life experience and future expectations. In short, it is argued that for Dilthey the world is objective manifestation of life (phenomenology of Geist) being objektive Geist or objectified life a product of the manifestation of human life. I.e, in the historical world individuals act -gifted with will- in a structural connection with their environment, as "crossing points" of different objectifications. That is, the historical and systematic Diltheyan concern revolves around the theme of man (individual subject, «crossing point») and the socio-historical world (intersubjective world, objektive Geist, objectified manifestation of life). So, the man plays, for Dilthey, a central role in the history and in the manifestation of life. All gnoseological, epistemological, historical studies and any systematic foundation is a product of life connections. The importance of individuals, their own expressions of life and the «objektive Geist» (the centre of analysis of de Geisteswissenschaften), enable a better understanding of Dilthey's philosophy as a philosophy of intersubjectivity, as opposed to classical interpretations that made its fell into a psychologism-empathetic study. Furthermore, the level of externalization of individual and social actions allows Dilthey to find objective knowledge for the Geisteswissenschaften. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

[eng] The ultimate goal of this work is to contribute to the contemporary debate over the crisis of nowadays Western liberal democracies. We approach the debate from the perspective of political philosophy. We contend that in order to provide a more helpful and insightful contribution to the topic, we must focus on providing a deeper understanding of the present situation. We put forth the idea that the conception of political order changed altogether during modernity, with John Locke as its main theorist. In order to justify this assumption, we first review what we hold to be the theoretical foundation for the typically modern natural rights liberal approach politics, i.e., that of John Locke. Following that, we open a new chapter in our dissertation in which we begin to focus on the United States of America's founding. We labeled this specific way of making politics, this combination of liberal and Lockean theory and practice, as the "liberal-lockean approach politics". First we look at Thomas Jefferson through the Declaration of Independence of 1776 to discover those revolutionary elements that were appealing to the entire humanity and were not restricted only to the American patriots. We try to disclose the essential role that man's rights played in the Jeffersonian political thinking and we then analyze in which exact way were those rights of man different to any other rights prior to that time. Lastly, we examine the Declaration in terms of the Lockean connections we discover within it. We review concepts such as government, property, inalienability… that have a crucial role in the constitution of America and can be traced, from our point of view, directly to the liberal theory of John Locke. Once we believed to have exposed the nature of the political-philosophical development in modernity, i.e., liberal democracies, we turn to observe the political-philosophical understanding of those concepts in the present time. We take the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and inspect those concepts that are most relevant for its understanding as a contemporary liberal democracy. While clarifying the conceptual implications that Spain's core values have for liberal democracy, we also make comparative notes on the side regarding its relation to the modern -American- take on liberal democracies. The product of this analysis constitutes the final chapter of the work. In it, we feel like it is possible to distinguish certain differences between modern democracies and contemporary ones, yet we discover that this distinction is not so much substantive as it is formal. We contend there that there has been a misplacement of where the conflict really lies nowadays in liberal democracies. The tendency is to believe there is a deficiency within the very philosophy supporting liberalism and therefore its democracies, and that leads to questions such as should another kind of democracy better satisfy the of our contemporary culture? Or, is liberalism still an efficient way to justify and arrange political communities? From our point of view, the problem is not necessarily in the philosophy sustaining liberal democracies, but it could be. In other words, liberal democracies are not in and of themselves a philosophical doctrine capable of sustaining the political order on their own; nevertheless, nowadays, they might have become just that. In our final conclusion we use John Rawls' categories to try to express how we can better understand the mix-up between a popular liberal political consensus on one hand and philosophical doctrines (liberal or otherwise) on the other and we suggest that by making this difference clear we can already consider ourselves to be moving forward when it comes to clarifying our political systems. If we wish to keep making steps in the right direction –as we aim at justifying here- we must continue by giving relevance to those philosophical systems that can return to liberalism its substance, and therefore, its reason for being.

Enlargement is now the priority of the European agenda. From a comparative perspective, looking at Portugal and Greece on the one hand, and Poland on the other, this study analyses the original and unique routes of each of the national configurations, on the basis of an examination of administrative and State changes, in particular through the regional dimension, the reorientation of policies and the transformation of modes of government. Given the importance of the Community acquis to be incorporated, the nature of the Commission's intervention and the regulatory nature of European directives, this dimension appears to be one, if not the most important, in the process of Europeanisation: the administration plays as a filter in this dynamic and the national states are paradoxically reinforced by European integration. This comparison highlights the importance of innovation and the singularity of modes of government, suggesting that certain arrangements implemented in cohesion countries can serve as inspiration for new entrants, faced with similar problems of administrative skills, bureaucratic bottlenecks, and political and state inheritance away from the model of public management, bureaucratic organisation and European rules. As a result of the European constraint, there is a threefold dynamic: a process of delegation or privatisation through the creation of agencies, offices or institutes, political (re) centralisation, and political, institutional and social innovation. This means that there are partial and constantly reshaped loans, the formation of hybrid buildings, and thus configurations which are nevertheless European than what is seen in what is referred to as the 'core' of Europe. ; L'élargissement constitue aujourd'hui la priorité de l'agenda européen. Dans une perspective comparative, en considérant le Portugal et la Grèce d'un côté, la Pologne de l'autre, cette Etude analyse les cheminements originaux et singuliers de chacune des configurations nationales, à partir de l'examen des changements ...

The article is devoted to the study of the historical experience of Central Asia on issues of public administration, its organizational system, leading employees, their vibrators, selection and appointment. Taking into account information in this area, the author presents the main stages of the evolution of the formation and development of national traditions and values in the system of selection of heads of government and public administration. The article considers the following five stages of estorical evolution in chronological order using the structural and functional method, as well as comparative analysis: the first is the period from ancient history to the VIII century - the time for the practical implementation of leading cadres and officials; the second - IX-XVI centuries. - the period of development, formation and development of the national system of selection of leaders and officials in the public administration system, as well as the emergence of scientific theories and doctrines in this area; the third - from the 17th to the first half of the 20th century - the period of recession and recession in the national system of selection of leaders and officials in public administration; the fourth - the 20th century - 1925–1990 - the period of transition to communist totalitarian methods of selecting leading cadres and total rejection of the national system; Fifth - the end of the 20th century - the period of the revival of national roots and enrichment with world experience of the system for the selection and training of leaders in conditions of national independence.

This open access book presents a new generation multi-criteria, multi-stake holder, decision aide, called an "institutional compass". Based on hard data, the compass tells us what quality-direction we are heading in as an institution, region, system or organisation. The quality is not chosen from the usual scalar qualities of: good, neutral and bad. Instead, it is a quality chosen between: harmony, discipline and excitement. None is good in and of itself. We need some of each. The compass marks a new generation in four respects. 1. The representation of the data is intuitive and simple to understand, and therefore can be used to communicate and justify policy decisions. 2. Any data can be included, i.e., none is excluded. This makes the compass tailored to particular situations, voices and contexts. 3. The data includes different time horizons and different types of value: monetary, use, social, sentimental, religious, intrinsic, existential... 4. The process of compass construction can be made inclusive at several junctions. An institutional compass can be extended to evaluate products, add normativity to a systems analysis, reflect world-views such as that of ecological economists or function as an accounting system to manage scarce resources. There are four parts to the book. The first part introduces the general ideas behind the compass. In the second part, the author presents the method for constructing the compass. This includes data collection, data analysis and a mathematical formula to aggregate the data into a single holistic reading. In the third part, the author extends the methodology: to incorporate it into systems science, adding a normative and quality-direction dimension, to use it as a non-linear accounting method and more thoroughly to reflect the philosophy of ecological economists to give a real measure of sustainability. In the fourth part, we see three case studies: one for the World Health Organisation, a second is the use of the compass to label products in a shop and the third is as a regional compass for Hauts-de-France. The book ends with philosophical conclusions. Throughout the book, we see tight arguments, refreshing ideas and a thorough treatment of objectivity in decision making.

This report is structured in three sections. In the first section, we present a general historical background narrative about the antecedents of radioisotope-related R&D before the Second World War and of the post-war developments leading to the establishment of a radioisotope industry. In this narrative, the focus will be on American developments, as the United States constitutes the most important player in the production of and the research with these materials. Indeed, these have been the developments that have received most attention in the historical literature. The following section focuses on the history of European radioisotope industries. This part is the more innovative part of this report, as the history of European radioisotopes has never been studied comprehensively. We will approach this analysis from a comparative point of view, which will focus on four different countries: the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Spain. The choice of these countries is mainly based on the availability of historical secondary sources. In any case, these countries represent a good combination of major players of the radioisotope market (France and the UK), an important nation in the industrial uses of radioisotopes (Germany), which is at the same time politically interesting because of its Cold-War related political division, and finally a scientifically and politically "peripheral" actor (Spain), that can help to contrast with democratic countries. Unfortunately, we will leave out of our study some countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium, which became major players in the radioisotope market, as well as the Soviet Union/Russia and all East European bloc. In each case, a description of main events in the development of radioisotope production and use is provided, as well as an analysis of the public perception based on the analysis of the press coverage of radioisotopes.This study is supplemented by an account of IAEA efforts in radioisotope research which can help to discuss transnational developments. ...