Suchergebnisse

The article presents the linguistic and methodical support of the process of mastering the skills of English-language academic writing by students of the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education "Doctor of Philosophy". The work is focused on the development of linguistic methodological support for the formation and development of skills related to English-language academic writing for medical purposes. Pedagogical resources for the formation of the necessary skills are based on multi-genre written discourses of various formats. The set of educational texts and tasks was developed in accordance with structural-semantic and genre-compositional features using certain language models and structures of a scientific and professional nature. The presentation of linguistic material is carried out with the help of certain language models and structures in various communicative situations in the form of persistent non-phraseological turns. The aim of the work is to investigate the predominant learning strategies used in English-language medical discourse, with the ultimate goal of developing supporting materials that will be useful to graduate students in achieving the necessary functional and discursive competence. Materials and methods. The study is based on a learning model that includes linguistic and methodological support for English-language academic medical writing and strategies for teaching English-language academic writing. This model involves the use of pedagogical resources as the basis of learning and the use of genre and functional approaches as an integrated component of the complex methodical support of the process of forming English-language academic writing skills of postgraduate medical students and developing their discursive competence. The research used the method of formal analysis, structural and comparative methods. Conclusions. The development of educational and methodical materials was carried out in two planes: linguistic and methodical, in particular, speech schemes for the organization of information in various types of educational texts were selected in accordance with the genre varieties of written forms of the scientific English-language style, and appropriate methodological recommendations for their assimilation were developed

Justice is one of the concepts that are most often used in modern Ukrainian political and scientific discourse. The phenomenon of justice is complex and multifaceted and characterizes the entire system of social relations in all the diversity of its specific manifestations in the field of promoting the concept of human development. Since ancient times, justice has been one of the main subjects of scientific research by sociologists, economists, and philosophers of Western and Eastern European countries. Now, there are several interpretations of this notion. One of the most widespread is the definition of justice from the theoretical standpoint of the so-called "transcendental institutionalism", which is the basis of the works of many famous theoreticians. Within this trend, there are competing points of view regarding approaches to the realization of justice. The concept of utilitarianism, which was widespread in the second half of the 20th century, has its adherents, in respect of the fair content of human development, even in our time. The article defends the logical construction of justice, which is at the intersection of economic theory and moral philosophy. Based on the tradition associated with Adam Smith's classic political economy, it is grounded on the procedure of public choice, comparison and ranking of priorities. Continuous improvement and regulation of human development processes are oppo sed to the established rigid institutional approach that underlies the contract theory. The aim of the study is to reveal justice as a concept that contains requirements for adequacy of its theoretical interpretation to the practical role regarding individuals upholding their rights. The novelty is substantiating of the constructive significance of justice as an ethical category and the proximity of its democratic procedures to the real-life problems of people, which gives it priority over other similar scientific currents and concepts of liberal democratic orientation. The method of comparative analysis of definitions of social justice in the course of its evolutionary development is applied. Tools for soft modeling of socially fair consumption of goods and services by different income groups of the population are proposed.

The article considers the semantics of proper names in the context of analytical philosophy. The author classifies and analyzes the existing approaches to the issue of proper names reference (the descriptive theory of reference and the direct reference theory) and also reveals the points of their mutual intersection. After briefly defining the main theses of descriptive theory, the author proposes to distinguish its strong version from the weak one. According to the strong version, presented primarily by the works of G. Frege and B. Russell, the name, in fact, is a disguised description (or conjunction of descriptions), while, according to the weak version, dating back to the works of J. Searle, a name is associated with a complex disjunction of descriptions. In both the first and second cases, it is the descriptions that specify the denotation of the name; in other words, the name indicates the object only indirectly. However, this approach, at least, does not take into account the possibility of naming an object using a 'false' description, that is, a description that specifies the characteristic(s) to which the object does not correspond. The semantics of proper names is interpreted in a fundamentally different way in direct reference theory, according to which names are labels for objects. The reference of the name in this case is determined either with the help of a causal chain of communication (S. Kripke), or with the help of a historical explanation of the relationship between the one who uses the name and the singular object that is designated by that name (K. Donnellan). The name itself is understood as a rigid designator, directly and strictly pointing to the same object in any factual or counterfactual situation. This approach allows us to show how, for example, it is possible to use an incorrect description to refer to a certain subject. The comparative study of these theories made it possible to discover the presence of causal aspects in the descriptive theory of reference and the significance of descriptive characteristics in the direct reference theory, and thereby more accurately describe the semantics of proper names.

The processes of the development of a market economy, entailing the commercialization in all spheres of social life, raise the question of the correlation between the role of human beings as economic subjects and our role as moral beings. In economics, this this issue is associated with the discussion about the way norms pervade economic theory, expressed in the dichotomy between holistic and individualistic methods. The scope of the influence of governmental bodies and large corporate structures on the socio-economic, cultural and natural environment highlights the philosophical problem of applying moral criteria to collective economic actors, which is reflected in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The author, in this paper, opines that the question of introducing ethical principles into economic practice cannot be entirely resolved within the framework of economic theory and requires an appeal to moral philosophy. The problem of the correlation between the economic and the moral spheres is considered on the basis of V.S. Solovyov's work "The Justification of the Good". The principal economic ideas stated in this work are discussed in the context of assessments by past and present researchers, of economic history, and of philosophical and economic-managerial conceptions. The author presents a comparative analysis of V.S. Solovyov's ideas about the correlation between economics and morality and the principal ideas behind corporate social responsibility. The author reveals axiological and teleological differences between the two conceptions. Whereas V.S. Solovyov deals with moral and religious categories and notions of progress, the concept of corporate social responsibility is based on economic and legal priorities and is focused on sustainable development. At the same time, the similarities identified between the concepts (such as their complex nature, the acknowledgement of the role of moral principles of the economic participants, the importance of environmental issues and legal regulators) lead us to conclude about the possibility of their further convergence and the surmounting of the limitations of corporate social responsibility based on the teachings of V.S. Solovyov.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the theoretical aspect of the concept of musical modernism O. Korchova, to identify debatable aspects important for the creation of the inter-artistic theory of modernism. Methodology: used historical, cultural, and comparative methods, with the involvement of philosophy and psychology. The scientific novelty of the study is that the musicological concept of modernism is compared with the literary, which proves the need to create an inter-artistic theory of modernism, necessary in the practice of stylistic analysis of modernist works. Conclusions. An important achievement of O. Korchova's research is the search for a "stylistic formula" of each composer of the epoch. The artist is looking not just for a consonant style or form, but for himself and his style. Individual style does not arise from simple combinations of borrowed. Styles of modernism conflict with each other, to combine them, to avoid eclecticism, you need to find a way and a reason to combine. The way to find your style is never purely artistic, it is always vital. Modernists, putting art in the first place in aesthetics, discovered the concept of life creation, which distinguishes the modernist from the artists of previous eras. Life-creation is a special way of an artist into art, movement simultaneously in two dimensions, external and internal, their constant coordination and gradual transformation of oneself, with life and works together, into a cultural phenomenon. And if this happened - then something unique was formed, unique, completely individual, and at the same time universal, something original and holistic, something that will become a value for contemporaries and descendants, that is, the author's style. Just as it is not easy for every artist to find his style, so it is not easy for a researcher to find a formula for this style. But without such a goal, the study of creativity will be historiographical, descriptive, and rhetorical. It is important for every scholar who studies specific texts of culture to understand the trends of the era and the psychology of the creative process, all the laws that unite.

The purpose of the article is to prove the existence of essential differences between the elements of the accounting system as a science and practice and determine the elements of accounting theory to state the emergence of new theories and identify the development of accounting as a branch of scientific knowledge. Research methods. In the process of the study, methods inherent in modern philosophy of science were used: a dialectical approach (to reveal the essence of accounting as a branch of knowledge and practical activity) in combination with historiographic (in the study of the system of scientific knowledge in scientific circles on the variability of accounting theories) and comparative analytical methods (to determine the elements of the accounting system in scientific, theoretical and practical aspects, to build an integrated system, as well as to disclose the relationships between individual elements and its subsystems). Research results. The expediency of identifying the elements of the accounting system as scientific knowledge, as well as the elements of the accounting system as a type of practical activity has been substantiated and their essence has been clarified. It has been proved that the accounting theory can be recognized as new if there is an actual, and not an imaginary change in information requests, which will predetermine the emergence of new or new accounting concepts, as a result of which the accounting theory will be transformed. Scientific novelty. The theoretical provisions on the assessment of the general genesis of accounting as a system of scientific knowledge were further developed. The direction and argumentation of the controversy regarding its inevitable transformation gives grounds to assert that accounting science, like other accounting and analytical sciences, can have two or more theories. The fundamental foundations have been laid regarding the addition of an integrated accounting object, provides for further clarification of its purpose, the allocation of new tasks, principles, methods and techniques of accounting. Practical significance. The practical significance lies in determining the development trajectory of accounting as a branch of scientific knowledge and further using the system of new scientific knowledge to solve the problems of accounting practice. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 19.

The typology of cultures is one of the significant issues in the humanities and social studies, and it is becoming very important in the current era of globalization growth. The purpose of the present research is to analyze existing academic concepts and approaches towards cultures typology. The research is of an interdisciplinary nature and involves categories and concepts from philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, management, etc.There is presented a brief overview of cultures typology scientific concepts. The article reveals that notable researches follow dynamic approach towards cultures typology influenced by current globalization trends rather than static models of sociocultural systems typology. Currently, most of sociocultural systems have to adapt or transform in order to cope with globalization trends. Authors underline the need to change the paradigm of academic understanding of cultures typology and to update approaches for cultures typology model development.The authors presume that following the idea that the globalization core is coming from the Western civilization, the countries that push for technological revolution 4.0 are forced to focus on the centered ideological and semantic patterns where the Westerners could define points of demarcation with representatives of non-Western societies. This explains the tendency of comparative management theorists to measure the degree of cultural distance between countries. In this context, the theory of cultural and orientation values types seems to be one of the most promising methods of cultures typology.Following the structural-system approach, the authors determine a culture as a mega-system consisting of the main macro-systems (macro-cultures) and sub-systems (micro-cultures). The article stresses that globalization challenges push countries all over the world to think of the need to develop a common basis for mutual understanding. The authors suggest that the formation of a global network civilization as a mega-culture, in which the opportunities for communication between different cultures are more developed due to innovative technologies, should become a confident answer to existing global challenges.

The aim of the study is to clarify and shed light on the phenomenon of OTHER postmodernism, the importance and significance of its characteristics as another within man himself, which regulates and purifies what is in human nature, which is reflected in religious and mystical culture and art. Also on the materials of psychology, as a parallel with OTHER postmodern, the phenomenon of compensatory enlightenment, the importance and significance of its characteristics as the spontaneous loss of insignificant, unimportant, shallow thoughts and vanity that exists in human nature. The importance and significance of compensatory enlightenment is demonstrated by the example of the connection with the transcendence of philosophical culture, as well as religious-mystical and aesthetic-artistic cultures. When we speak of the transcendence of philosophical culture, we mean the consideration by this culture of those states of man which cannot be reliably conveyed in words, but which are nevertheless presented in documentary as higher states of consciousness. The methodology of obtaining new knowledge is based on a comparative method of research, collecting the characteristics of another postmodern and inductive reasoning in this regard. Documentary texts are compared, generalizations of these texts are found. At the same time, different human states are compared on the examples of religious and mystical culture. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time such a phenomenon of human nature as the recognition of one's own other within oneself is considered, which can be recorded in such categories as "compensatory enlightenment", "transcendent", "numinous". , "Sacred". The subject of research is considered in connection with the transcendence of philosophical culture, with such areas of culture as religious-mystical and aesthetic-artistic. Conclusions. It has been found that the other post-modern, as the inner recognition of one's own other within oneself, can be understood as a compensatory enlightenment, which is a non-negative phenomenon of human nature. Another postmodern is related to the creative process at the stage of "maturation", in which a person destroys his outdated personality. This is highlighted in the demonstration of the transcendence of philosophy, as well as religious and mystical culture.

Os romances de Manuel Lopes e Mia Couto foram escritos em momentos históricos e políticos diferentes. Enquanto Chuva braba foi publicado em 1956, antes das guerras de libertação das antigas colónias portuguesas, Terra sonâmbula veio à estampa em 1992, depois da independência de Moçambique. No primeiro caso, os problemas da seca que assolaram Cabo Verde e a consequente pobreza extrema, que levou ao êxodo massivo dos cabo-verdianos para a Europa e a América e, no segundo, a guerra dos 16 anos, que devastou Moçambique e provocou deslocação das pessoas para regiões seguras e para os países vizinhos, fazem com que as duas obras partilhem traços de instabilidade, insegurança e desassossego das personagens, permitindo a liricização das vivências em contextos da guerra e da miséria que concorrem para o aluimento do ser humano. Deste modo, os dois romances configuram espaços férteis para uma análise comparística dos eventos romanescos, intuindo que a cultura, Literatura, Sociologia e Filosofia (re)criam formas críticas sobre a construção de estados e nações, os quais se caracterizam por compreensão da realidade a partir de história e memórias. ; The novels by Manuel Lopes and Mia Couto were written in different historical and political times. Whilst Chuva braba was published in 1956, before the struggles for the liberation of the Portuguese colonies, Terra sonâmbula came to press in 1992, after the independence of Mozambique. The fact that, in the first novel, the drought problems that hit Cape Verde, followed by extreme poverty, urging a massive emigration of Cape Verdeans to Europe and America and that, in the second novel, the 16-year war that devastated Mozambique, flushing people out to find secure places, allowed the two pieces to share traces of unrest, insecurity, and disquiet of their characters, lyricizing life in war and poverty contexts that lead the human being to his ruin. Therefore, both novels offer a fertile soil for a comparative analysis of the fictional events. To that end, it is assumed that culture, Literature, Sociology, and Philosophy re(create) review patterns about the creation of states and nations characterized by the comprehension of reality through history and memory.

APPROVED ; On November 17, 1946, the former Partisan and budding Italian writer, essayist, and intellectual, Italo Calvino, wrote an article for L'Unit? against the atomic bomb testing done in the Bikini Atoll of the Marshall Islands. He did not chastise his fellow man alone for this atrocity. Instead, he asked the reader to consider the perspective of the human and nonhuman animals living in the affected areas and having to not merely survive, but somehow live, in the wake of the aftermath. Throughout history, war has long exposed humanity's most base cruelties for the sake of greed and power, even if they are often carefully wrapped under cover of welcoming ideals like glory, honor, and sacrifice. Beyond textbooks and bids for political gain in times of war, glimmers of humanity's generosity of spirit also thrive. A photograph of a child caught in the brutal workings of the war machine can still touch us. People's stories and their experiences of war speak to every one of us as they call into question equally the depths as much as the heights of our humanity. The male protagonists from three of Calvino's war novels and novellas from the postwar period, from 1947-1957, forge the definition of humanity anew by challenging dichotomies between humans and nonhuman animals. The placement of Calvino's protagonists on the threshold when faced with both fictional and historical wars offers new insight on timeless questions of the body, the soul, and language. The methodological approach undertaken to conduct this research reflects the multiplicity of the subject at hand. A two-fold comparative literary and multidisciplinary perspective with a focus on new and old fields of Philosophy, Psychology, Literary Criticism, (Zoo)Anthropology, and Ecocriticism intends to engage a variety of human and nonhuman branches of knowledge and experience as well as meaningfully juxtapose them on the same page. The hope of this project is, albeit in a small way, to illuminate the many paths towards an inquiry of the soul and reinvigorate the power of literature as a scene of engagement across time, space, and language.

The study is devoted to the complex analysis of the actual problem of philosophical understanding of the economy culture in the context of transformation of the economy culture values into social institutions. The aim of the study is to substantiate the determinism of the process of transformation of values into social institutions (regulators) by objective economic interests of people. Taking into account the discussion of recent decades about the nature of the transformation under consideration, the author offers a comparative analysis of existing points of view on the nature and dynamics of the process. The article reveals the ambiguity of modern interpretations of the principle of rationalism, which is determined by the constant transformation of values in the conditions of instability of the market economy. The author reveals the nature and the main stages (phases) of the process of transformation of values into social institutions — norms of human behavior. The article defines the content of the three main phases of this process (generation, insight, exteriorization). The author formulates the idea of homeostasis of the value system, which is represen­ted by the ability of various complex systems to maintain their dynamic balance through self-regulation and the ability to maintain internal stability. The article compares the conceptual approaches to this idea contained in the works of L.N. Gumilyov, K. Marx, G. Wallas, E. Brooking and other authors. There are highlighted two initial archetypes of the economy culture (secular and religious); their nature, content and basic elements are revealed. The article identifies the positive historical experience of the philosophy of culture in the field of formation of the status rank of various values and their actualization within the secular and religious economy culture. The author indicates the prospects of the axiological approach to the further study of this problem, taking into account the growing instability, uncertainty and risks of the further socio-economic and socio-cultural development of society (the chaotization of social procedurality, the growing social opposition in the form of deviant and delinquent behavior, etc.).

Purpose. The article is devoted to normative constraints of deontological theory with regard to the problem of refugee's political integration. The subject of the analysis is Rawls's theory of justice. Author's purpose is to demonstrate the post-Marxist theory of justice as more productive tool for process of refugee's political integration.Methodology. The research is based on critical, historical and comparative methods.Results. The author explores philosophical premises of Rawls's theory of justice: rights-based character of theory, fundamental status of abstract right to equality, the political character of theory. Further, the paper explores normative constraints of theory of justice of American philosopher with regard to the problem of refugee's political integration: the confusion between human rights and civil rights; formal interpretation of equality; consensual interpretation of politics. The author presents the sketch of the post-Marxist theory of justice. At the end of the article, the potential of this theory for solving the problem of political integration of refugees is demonstrated.Practical implications. Results of research can be applied for the development of courses in Social and Political Philosophy. ; Цель. Статья посвящена ограничениям деонтологической теории в связи с проблемой политической интеграции беженцев. В качестве предмета анализа выступает теория справедливости Дж. Ролза. Целью статьи является демонстрация постмаркситской теории справедливости как более эффективного инструмента в процессе политической интеграции беженцев.Метод или методология проведения исследования. Основу исследования составляют критический, исторический и компаративистский методы.Результаты. Автором были проанализированы философские предпосылки теории справедливости Дж. Ролза. К ним относится: правоцентричный характер теории, помещение в основание договора абстрактного права на равенство, политический характер поздней теории. Далее в статье описываются нормативные ограничения теории справедливости последнего, связанные с процессом политической интеграции: непроясненность отношений между правами человека и гражданскими правами; формальная трактовка равенства; трактовка политики как процесса согласования интересов. Автор представляет очерк постмаркситской теории справедливости. В конце статьи демонстрируется потенциал этой теории в разрешении проблемы политической интеграции беженцев.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при разработке учебных курсов по социальной и политической философии.

Предметом рассмотрения является влияние географических и климатических условий на общественно-исторический процесс в целом и на политические отношения и политику государства в частности. Обращается внимание на возможность абсолютизации роли этого влияния, лежащего в основе принципа геоклиматического детерминизма. Выделяются основные исторические этапы в развитии воззрений на роль геоклиматического фактора в жизнедеятельности людей и развитии общества, анализируются взгляды видных представителей мировой философской и научной мысли прошлого и современности: Аристотеля, Абу Наср аль-Фараби, Ибн Хальдуна, Ж. Бодена, Ш. Л. Мон- тескье, Ж.-Ф. де Сен-Ламбера, Ж. Ж. Руссо; кратко характеризуются взгляды Г. Т. Бокля, а также немецких географов и экономистов – К. Риттера, В. Кристаллера, А. Лёша, Ф. Наумана, Ф. Ратцеля, А. Геттнера. Отмечается разработка данной темы русскими философами и учеными Н. А. Бердяевым, А. А. Богдановым, В. О. Ключевским, П. П. Семёновым-Тян-Шанским, Л. И. Мечниковым, представителями евразийского движения, а также географом В. В. Клименко, который приводит сравнительную хронологию основных событий климатической и социальной истории за последние пять тысяч лет. ; The issue reveals how the geography and climat influence the social history and political relations such as the state politics. Therefore the authors pay attention to the potentiality to overemphasize this influence what is the basis of geoclimatic determinism theory. Main periods in the history of philosophy concerned with the influence of geoclimatic factor on sociodynamics are taken under consideration, philosophical and scientific views of Aristotle, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Ibn Khaldun, J. Bodin, Ch. L. Montesquieu, J.-F. de Saint Lambert, J. J. Rousseau are analyzed such as conceptions of H. T. Bukle, German geographers and economists K. Ritter, W. Christaller, A. Lösch, F. Naumann, F. Ratzel, A. Hettner. Special attention is paid on the ways of this theme investigation by Russian philosophers and scientists N. A. Berdyaev, A. A. Bogdanov, V. O. Kluchevsky, P. P. Semyonov-Tan-Shansky, L. I. Mechnikov, Eurasianists and by geographer V. V. Klimenko, who worked up the comparative chronology of main facts in climatic and social history by last five thousand years.

This dissertation traces ekphrastic and image-textual references to European, African and Caribbean visual memory in the work of the three Anglophone poets Seamus Heaney (Northern Ireland), Derek Walcott (St. Lucia) and Wopko Jensma (South Africa). Visual poetic memory, which affords a comparative lens through which to explore political and aesthetic aspects of poetry, refers here to mentions, evocations and prolonged ekphrastic and image-textual interpellations of visual art and artists. The introduction details the main conceptual framework and argument of the dissertation, namely that ekphrasis and image-text can be understood as intermedial, politically-oriented, material and art-historical tools for analysing visual memory in the work of the three poets. The first chapter explores historical consciousness and responsibility in relation to paintings by Goya in Seamus Heaney's North (1975) with the help of Walter Benjamin's concept of "constellation" in the first half, while in the second part, I delve into Heaney's more process-oriented and personal view of memory and responsibility in Station Island (1984). The second chapter is concerned with following notions of problematic visual memory inheritance in Walcott's illustrated poetry volume Tiepolo's Hound (2000). I elaborate on issues of marginalisation encoded in the memory regimes of museums using Spivak's concept of the postcolonial "double bind", and chart Walcott's reparative readings that highlight race and the Caribbean within art history. The third chapter is concerned with the multiple visual and verbal ways in which Wopko Jensma eschews hierarchical comparisons by bringing together European and South African artists in his illustrated poetic work in i must show you my clippings (1977) and Sing for Our Execution (1973). Jensma's engagement with expressionism is the main theme analysed in the chapter's first half. It plays a part in his critique of apartheid racial commodification in a comparison with George Grosz's artistic philosophy, and is used to commemorate the plight of black South African expressionists in the late 1960s. In the second part of the chapter, Jensma interpellates the figure of Vincent van Gogh in two poems and a photographic installation to chart the embattled positions of visual artists critical of apartheid and marginalised by society.

Fengshui forests, also known as fengshui woods or fengshui woodlands, are culturally preserved remnant groves of natural forest or small plantations that are common in southern China. Similar forests known by other names are prevalent in many parts of East Asia, including Korea and Japan, where they have long helped sustain rural livelihoods and ecosystems. However, as is the case with research on the origins of fengshui philosophy, research on the origin, diffusion, present-day distribution, and conservation status of fengshui forests remains relatively sparse. Much of the research into fengshui forests has been published in Chinese, and is not accessible to a global scientific audience because the manuscripts are not easily discoverable or because of language barriers. This paper provides a quantitative review of 57 original papers on fengshui woods written in Chinese since the 1990s. Content analysis of Chinese-language papers on fengshui forests demonstrates a geographic bias towards case studies from southern China, and a predominance of methodologies representing vegetation surveys conducted by forestry specialists. Published field results and previously published research on fengshui forests report very high floristic diversity. Our own field research in 57 villages in five provinces shows that these locally protected woodlands are components of common property regimes (CPRs) that have been better preserved than the other forests in southern China and usually represent the only forest remnants adjacent to villages and other settle- ments. However, fengshui forests face threats from industrial pollution, urbanization, and other forms of eco- nomic development. We briefly report on our own preliminary field results and suggest that more research is required to develop interdisciplinary and comparative perspectives on the historical and cultural factors that support the persistence of fengshui forests across China and East Asia as a whole, and to integrate these wood- lands within sustainable rural development strategies. These remnants of southern China's subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests are especially important in light of current efforts by the national government to promote urban forestry, ecosystem conservation, cultural heritage protection, and ecotourism, and to increase the ca- pacity of natural carbon sinks within the country's borders.