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"The relationship between Jews and Christians and between Judaism and Christianity during the 13th and 14th century is a matter of concrete and contingent historical circumstances; and its ideological elements are inherent in pre-modern Catholicism and pre-modern Rabbinical Judaism. Indeed, both St. Paul and the Rabbis are typical revolutionary figures of late antiquity who present themselves as the authentic interpreters of old sacred writings. Throughout the ages, the interpretation of the Sacra pagina remained at the very center of Chris-tian and Jewish theology involving hidden or manifest polemics against the rival interpretation.
Still, this fundamental and fixed element did not prevent dramatic changes in the concrete historical manifestations of Judaism and Christianity. Nowhere else, the parallel developments in both religions were as spectacular, often even traumatic, as in Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, where Jewish communities had existed since late antiquity; and where Jews and Christians had developed stable forms of coexistence. These were severely shaken by the dramatic events that marked the ascendancy of European hegemony beginning with the first crusade at the end of the 11thcentury.
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In Germany, migration research is still a relatively young line of research. Several obstacles complicated a critical recovery of research concepts on the history of population and migration that had been shaped as early as in the 1920s. This was the result of the multilayered disavowal of academic demography - because of its role in Nazi Germany, because of the long-lasting primate of history of politics in post-WW ll Germany, and finally because of the late emergence of the history of society. This situation has profoundly changed during the last decades of the twentieth century. Reasons were the increasing historical distance to the 'fall of man' of demography in Nazi Germany, the reorientation of historiography in the context of critical social and cultural sciences; the inclusion of labor-market research into migration research, and the shaping of interdisciplinary and integral research concepts.

This contribution sketches the essential aspects of terrestrial navigation in the late middle ages and early modern times. The emergence of terrestrial navigation is seen in the context of changes taking place in both trade policies and vessel types directly prior to this epoch. Whereas ships had previously remained in the vicinity of the coast for purposes of protection, now every effort was made to keep a safe distance from the coast. This principle was reflected in new navigational methods completely lacking any theoretical basis, particularly in a specific type of icourse-pointö navigation (Wegpunktnavigation). The new methods depended entirely upon the aid of the sounding Iead, the compass and sailing directions passed along in both oral and written form. For territory-related reasons, the log and sea chart did not play a role in navigation until a much later date.

International audience ; La translatio poétique, c'est-à-dire la traduction ou l'adaptation d'un texte-source (en vers ou en prose) dans une forme versifiée, est un mode de composition important dans la première moitié du XVe siècle anglais, dans le cadre plus large du développement de l'anglais écrit. Les auteurs de ces textes, au contenu didactique, encyclopédique ou politique – tels Thomas Hoccleve, John Lydgate et bien d'autres – sont parfaitement conscients de leur contribution à la formation d'une tradition poétique en anglais, et plus précisément d'une « poétisation du savoir ». Cet article tente de montrer que le choix de la versification doit être resitué dans le contexte troublé de la période, marqué notamment par l'usurpation de la dynastie des Lancastre, la présence de la seule hérésie anglaise de la fin du Moyen Âge, l'énergie lollarde, ou encore les remous liés à la guerre de Cent ans. ; Poetic translatio, that is translation or adaptation of a source-text (in verse or in prose) in verse, is an important mode of composition in the first half of the English fifteenth-century, in the larger context of development of English writings. Authors of these texts, with a didactic, encyclopedic or political content – such as Thomas Hoccleve, John Lydgate and many others – are conscious of their contribution to the formation of an English poetic tradition. This paper intends to show that the choice of verse must be situated in the troubled political context of the period, especially because of the Lancaster usurpation, the Lollard heresy or the Hundred Years' War.