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Introduction, by C. G. Crump.--The Christian life, by F. M. Powicke.--Art: Medieval architecture, by W. R. Lethaby. Medieval sculpture, by Paul Vitry. Decorative and industrial arts, by Marcel Aubert.--Literature: Some aspects of medieval Latin literature, by Claude Jenkins. Vernacular literature, by Cesare Foligno. Handwriting, by E. A. Lowe.--Philosophy, by C. R. S. Harris.--Education, by J. W. Adamson.--Law: Customary law, by the late Sir Paul Vinogradoff. Canon law, by Gabriel Le Bras. Roman law, by Edouard Meynial.--The position of women, by Eileen Power.--The economic activity of towns, by N. S. B. Gras.--Royal power and administration, by Charles Johnson.--Political thought, by E. F. Jacob. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Reprinted for private circulation from The Journal of political economy, vol. XXXI, no. 6, December, 1923. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In: Armin Lange, Kerstin Mayerhofer, Dina Porat und Lawrence H. Schiffman (eds.), Comprehending Antisemitism through the Ages: A Historical Perspective (= An End to Antisemitism 3). Berlin-Boston: DeGruyter, 2021, S. 183-215

The topic "Drishti in the Middle Ages", includes a period characterized by significant development in the social, economic, cultural and political sphere, not only in the city but also in Albania in general during the Middle Ages. Drishti as many cities of Albania was founded during the Middle Ages, reaching a high development state which placed the city among the ranks of other medieval cities not only in Albania but even further in the region. As evidence of these developments are the achievements in the field of legislation, the developments in the economic, social, religious and cultural life.Keywords: Drishti, Albania, the Republic of Venice, George II Strazimir, Balsha III, Stefan Lazarevic, George Brankoviq.

Translation of "Die Publicistischen Lehren des Mittelalters" (section of v. 3 of the author's "Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht") ; "List of authorities": p. [lxiii]-lxxvii. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Middle Ages, and ideas about modern culture drawn from or rooted in the medieval period, have found themselves recurring with alarming frequency within recent political discourse. From President Bush's crusade rhetoric surrounding the War on Terror to the Far Right's location of White nationalism within an ongoing framework of medieval nation‐founding, the past has increasingly been used in the service of the present. In their more egregious forms—such as the rise of White supremacist movements in Europe, the USA, and Australia and their amalgamation into mainstream political discourse—the use of medieval national and cultural memories has led to a whitewashing of the medieval past. This article argues that these instances of medievalism are not simply inaccuracies but come about through a recirculation of vague ideas about the Middle Ages through online in‐groups. Consequently, such political uses of the medieval past are often what have been termed "banal" medievalisms in the sense that they are not always intended as deliberate references to history by useful appropriations in the service of the present.

This essay discusses approaches to and strategies for teaching the "Multicultural Middle Ages" at undergraduate level based on a lecture course that we co-taught online in Fall 2020. We outline a few of our lectures (on "Modern Appropriations of the Crusades: Politics, Myths, and Reality"; "Trade, Commerce, and Cultural Exchange"; and "Multicultural Song") before presenting some ideas for teaching comparatively across cultures. By way of conclusion, we showcase a selection of our students' "blog post" responses to the course.

This essay discusses approaches to and strategies for teaching the "Multicultural Middle Ages" at undergraduate level based on a lecture course that we co-taught online in Fall 2020. We outline a few of our lectures (on "Modern Appropriations of the Crusades: Politics, Myths, and Reality"; "Trade, Commerce, and Cultural Exchange"; and "Multicultural Song") before presenting some ideas for teaching comparatively across cultures. By way of conclusion, we showcase a selection of our students' "blog post" responses to the course.

The period between the 11th and 12th centuries is usually indicated as an age of transition from the early to late Middle Ages. The paper aims at focusing on the continuities and discontinuities in this time, and specifically on how the search for new models and new procedures for the administration of justice played a 'constitutional' role, just as it would in many other historical eras to follow. From this perspective, the emergence of positiones in the judicial practices and in the ordines iudiciorum provides an interesting point of view in order to investigate, on one hand, whether the parties were more interested to go to trial or to settle their disputes by negotiations, and, on the other hand, to understand the legal policy of the medieval governments between two conflicting interests: to ensure justice ascertaining the truth and to re-establish peace through arbitration procedures and avoid malicious litigation which might slow down the course of justice. ; Il periodo compreso tra 11 e 12 secolo è normalmente indicato come età di transizione tra alto e basso medioevo. Lo scritto intende mettere a fuoco gli elementi di continuità e di discontinuità di questo periodo soprattutto con riguardo al fatto che la ricerca di nuovi modelli e di nuove procedure per l'amministrazione della giustizia giocò un ruolo 'costituzionale', non diversamente da quanto avvenuto in altri periodi successivi. In questa prospettiva, l'emergere delle positiones nelle prassi giudiziarie e negli ordines iudiciorum offre un interessante punto di vista per verificare, da un lato, se le parti fossero più interessate a andare in giudizio o a risolvere le loro controversie in via negoziale; dall'altro per comprendere la politica giudiziaria degli ordinamenti medievali tra due interessi tendenzialmente contrastanti: quello di assicurare giustizia con l'accertamento della verità e quello di ristabilire la pace sociale tramite arbitrati evitando così con l'abuso del processo il rischio di rallentare la giustizia. ; Ciencias Religiosas ; Derecho

The origins of 'our' Europe can be traced back to when the barbarian peoples settled in Romanized Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries . As it is well known, this led to both a clash and an integration of profoundly different identities, cultures and societies. As these fluid communities came to coexist , everyday life came to be defined by respect to diversity and a two way cultural exchange in the name of the peace and order. And this was not just everyday practice - it was also reflected in the work of legislators and justice.

In the first centuries of the barbarian kingdoms the most striking feature is the gens, the tribe, as the principle of unity, even if the ethnic homogeneity often was missing. The myth of the Germanic State of the early Middle Ages was in the first place a myth of the common origin of the gens.These histories of tribal origins have some times been influenced by powerful Ancient literary patterns, especially the Trojan myth of Virgil. But the concern of presenting the origin of the gens in mythical form is no doubt Germanic. And it seems probable that the tribal origins are more ancient than the genealogies of royal families with alleged divine ancestors. The kingship among the Germanic tribes was secondary in relation to the tribe. The king was rex Francorum; the king of a certain country or geographic territory is a later conception. The power comes from below; the king is an exponent of the tribe. All the Germanic words for "king" are derivations from terms for "kin, people, tribe." The limitation of the power of the king is also indicated by institutions like the right to resistence, the possibility to depose the king, the participation by all free men in the judicial and criminal procedure through self-help and blood feud.

The present short essay, drawn from the introductive lecture given by Lucio Villari during the seminar Duc La Nostalgia delle origini. Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 7 May 2014). between the famous French architect's thinking and medieval thought. When speaking about Viollet-le-Duc, in fact, one is required to forget the term "restoration" for a while, seeing him in the light of the wider philosophical framework he applied to his own works, in which the rationality of the past was recalled for both a present and a future rationality of architecture. Viollet chose the Middle Ages as his reference period to develop this approach – which is applicable to any historical period – for two main reasons, cultural and political. From a cultural point of view, both the Middle Ages and Romanticism represented two vast avant-gardes, as they broke with traditional aesthetical languages. Using this commonality, from a political point of view, in the 19th century, it was possible to see the Middle Ages as the 'mother and father' of European history. This perception was strong in Italy, but even more so in France where, after the Napoleonic wars, the Middle Ages were seen as the true defining historical period of the country. Through reference to several intellectuals, such as Victor Hugo, Jules Michelet, Simon de Sismondi and Charles Baudelaire, Villari proves how Viollet-le-Duc was one of the few who glimpsed the continuity between past and present, developing a notion of the Middle Ages as 'the time and the place' where modern freedom germinated. ; ll presente saggio breve, trascrizione della relazione introduttiva tenuta dal professor Lucio Villari in occasione della Giornata di Studi "La nostalgia delle origini. Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento" (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 7 maggio 2014), si confronta con il profondo rapporto tra il pensiero del famoso architetto francese e il pensiero ...

The present short essay, drawn from the introductive lecture given by Lucio Villari during the seminar Duc La Nostalgia delle origini. Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 7 May 2014). between the famous French architect's thinking and medieval thought. When speaking about Viollet-le-Duc, in fact, one is required to forget the term "restoration" for a while, seeing him in the light of the wider philosophical framework he applied to his own works, in which the rationality of the past was recalled for both a present and a future rationality of architecture. Viollet chose the Middle Ages as his reference period to develop this approach – which is applicable to any historical period – for two main reasons, cultural and political. From a cultural point of view, both the Middle Ages and Romanticism represented two vast avant-gardes, as they broke with traditional aesthetical languages. Using this commonality, from a political point of view, in the 19th century, it was possible to see the Middle Ages as the 'mother and father' of European history. This perception was strong in Italy, but even more so in France where, after the Napoleonic wars, the Middle Ages were seen as the true defining historical period of the country. Through reference to several intellectuals, such as Victor Hugo, Jules Michelet, Simon de Sismondi and Charles Baudelaire, Villari proves how Viollet-le-Duc was one of the few who glimpsed the continuity between past and present, developing a notion of the Middle Ages as 'the time and the place' where modern freedom germinated. ; ll presente saggio breve, trascrizione della relazione introduttiva tenuta dal professor Lucio Villari in occasione della Giornata di Studi "La nostalgia delle origini. Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento" (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 7 maggio 2014), si confronta con il profondo rapporto tra il pensiero del famoso architetto francese e il pensiero ...

The present short essay, drawn from the introductive lecture given by Lucio Villari during the seminar Duc La Nostalgia delle origini. Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento (University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 7 May 2014). between the famous French architect's thinking and medieval thought. When speaking about Viollet-le-Duc, in fact, one is required to forget the term "restoration" for a while, seeing him in the light of the wider philosophical framework he applied to his own works, in which the rationality of the past was recalled for both a present and a future rationality of architecture. Viollet chose the Middle Ages as his reference period to develop this approach – which is applicable to any historical period – for two main reasons, cultural and political. From a cultural point of view, both the Middle Ages and Romanticism represented two vast avant-gardes, as they broke with traditional aesthetical languages. Using this commonality, from a political point of view, in the 19th century, it was possible to see the Middle Ages as the 'mother and father' of European history. This perception was strong in Italy, but even more so in France where, after the Napoleonic wars, the Middle Ages were seen as the true defining historical period of the country. Through reference to several intellectuals, such as Victor Hugo, Jules Michelet, Simon de Sismondi and Charles Baudelaire, Villari proves how Viollet-le-Duc was one of the few who glimpsed the continuity between past and present, developing a notion of the Middle Ages as 'the time and the place' where modern freedom germinated. ; ll presente saggio breve, trascrizione della relazione introduttiva tenuta dal professor Lucio Villari in occasione della Giornata di Studi "La nostalgia delle origini. Viollet-le-Duc e la percezione del Medioevo nell'Ottocento" (Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 7 maggio 2014), si confronta con il profondo rapporto tra il pensiero del famoso architetto francese e il pensiero medievale. Quando si parla di Viollet-le-Duc, infatti, è necessario dimenticare il termine "restauro" per un istante, guardando all'architetto francese nella più ampia prospettiva della struttura filosofica nella quale inquadrava i suoi lavori, nei quali la razionalità del passato era richiamata sia per la razionalità del presente che del futuro dell'architettura. Viollet scelse il Medioevo come periodo di riferimento per il proprio approccio – applicabile a qualsiasi altro periodo storico – per due ragioni principali, di tipo culturale e politico. Dal punto di vista culturale, sia il Medioevo che il Romanticismo hanno rappresentato, infatti, due grandi avanguardie, poiché in entrambi i casi avvenne una rottura dei linguaggi estetici tradizionali. Dal punto di vista politico, invece, attraverso i Comuni, nel diciannovesimo secolo era possibile guardare al Medioevo come 'la madre e il padre' della storia europea. Questa percezione era fortemente sentita in Italia, ma ancora di più in Francia dove, dopo le guerre napoleoniche, il Medioevo era avvertito come la 'vera' storia del paese. Attraverso il riferimento ad alcuni intellettuali, tra i quali Victor Hugo, Jules Michelet, Simon de Sismondi e Charles Baudelaire, Villari dimostra come Viollet-le-Duc sia stato uno dei pochi a intravedere la continuità tra passato e presente, sviluppando una nozione di Medioevo inteso come "il tempo e il luogo" di origine della libertà moderna.