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'Funding Urban Services: Options for Physical Infrastructure' by Max Neutze is reviewed.

Testimony issued by the Government Accountability Office with an abstract that begins "Physical infrastructure is critical to the nation's economy and affects the daily life of virtually all Americans--from facilitating the movement of goods and people within and beyond U.S. borders to providing clean drinking water. However, this infrastructure--including aviation, highway, transit, rail, water, and dam infrastructure--is under strain. Estimates to repair, replace, or upgrade aging infrastructure as well as expand capacity to meet increased demand top hundreds of billions of dollars. Calls for increased investment in infrastructure come at a time when traditional funding for infrastructure projects is increasingly strained, and the federal government's fiscal outlook is worse than many may understand. This testimony discusses (1) challenges associated with the nation's surface transportation, aviation, water, and dam infrastructure, and the principles GAO has identified to help guide efforts to address these challenges and (2) existing and proposed options to fund investments in the nation's infrastructure. This statement is primarily based on a body of work GAO has completed for the Congress over the last several years. To supplement this existing work, GAO also interviewed Department of Transportation officials to obtain up-to-date information on the status of the Highway Trust Fund and various funding and financing options and reviewed published literature to obtain information on dam infrastructure issues."

Other written product issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "This is an insert to GAO's publication, Serving the Congress and the Nation, describing the role, functions, and responsibilities of GAO's Physical Infrastructure team."

Against the backdrop of socio-economic crisis and declining role of the state in infrastructure development, this article evaluates the inter-district disparities in social infrastructure (SI) and physical infrastructure (PI), and consequently attempts to examine the impact of SI and PI on economic growth in Punjab at two points in time, that is, 2004–2005 and 2016–2017. For this purpose, a district level social infrastructure index (SII) and a district level physical infrastructure index (PII) encapsulating 12 and 10 indicators, respectively, have been computed employing principal component analysis. The findings of the study revealed that PI acts as a pivotal catalyst to accelerate economic growth, whereas SI does not demonstrate any significant association with economic growth in Punjab. Furthermore, it is observed that pervasive inter-district disparities exist in SI and PI development and the majority of the districts depict a gloomy picture of infrastructure development in Punjab.

This book addresses the key challenges of balancing economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection in the development of major physical infrastructure, ranging from transport to energy.

This paper studies the trends and pattern in the share of the planned outlay in physical infrastructure on North Eastern States in total outlay of India. The sectors which are focused here are Irrigation & Flood Control, Energy and Transport & Communication. The Paper also analyses the association between the plan outlay on selected sectors and resultant change in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) over the period of XI and XII Five Year Plans. The paper concludes that increased plan outlay on physical infrastructure has resulted in increased Gross State Domestic Product in North Eastern States but it may take longer time and more attention towards development of Social infrastructure before it is translated into improved Human Development Index (HDI).

Based on an inter-disciplinary theoretical approach about built form as a social construct which mirrors power relations, this article examines the role of what is broadly understood as 'physical infrastructure' in Crimean political history, with particular emphasis on the late modern period. The analysis reveals that the infrastructural component proved to be crucial in terms of physically 'attaching' the peninsula either to the Russian or Ukrainian parts of the mainland, with the latter naturally seen as a much better option due to the existing terrestrial connection at least as long as all of them remained within a single state. The Soviet disintegration therefore immediately made Crimea's infrastructure both a contested milieu and a medium of this contestation. As a result, the 2014 annexation and subsequent flashpoints cannot really be explained without referring to such issues as transportation gateways, energy security, and even water supply. While long being quintessentially political, physical infrastructure in Crimea is becoming existential.

Rethinking infrastructure development / William Ascher and Corinne Krupp -- Distributional implications of alternative financing of physical infrastructure development / William Ascher and Corinne Krupp -- Beyond privatization : rethinking private sector involvement in the provision of civil infrastructure / Richard Little -- Infrastructure development in India and China : a comparative analysis / M. Julie Kim and Rita Nangia -- Physical infrastructure as a challenge for farsighted thinking and action / William Ascher -- Transit transformations : private financing and sustainable urbanism in Hong Kong and Tokyo / Robert Cervero -- Urban reclamation and regeneration in Seoul, South Korea / Robert Cervero -- Electrifying rural areas : extending electricity infrastructure and services in developing countries / Corinne Krupp -- Infrastructure and inclusive development through "free, prior, and informed consent" of indigenous peoples / Rosemary Fernholz

Against the backdrop of socio-economic crisis and declining role of the state in infrastructure development, this article evaluates the inter-district disparities in social infrastructure (SI) and physical infrastructure (PI), and consequently attempts to examine the impact of SI and PI on economic growth in Punjab at two points in time, that is, 2004–2005 and 2016–2017. For this purpose, a district level social infrastructure index (SII) and a district level physical infrastructure index (PII) encapsulating 12 and 10 indicators, respectively, have been computed employing principal component analysis. The findings of the study revealed that PI acts as a pivotal catalyst to accelerate economic growth, whereas SI does not demonstrate any significant association with economic growth in Punjab. Furthermore, it is observed that pervasive inter-district disparities exist in SI and PI development and the majority of the districts depict a gloomy picture of infrastructure development in Punjab.

191 204 17 1 ; S ; [EN] Computer clusters are widely used platforms to execute different computational workloads. Indeed, the advent of virtualization and Cloud computing has paved the way to deploy virtual elastic clusters on top of Cloud infrastructures, which are typically backed by physical computing clusters. In turn, the advances in Green computing have fostered the ability to dynamically power on the nodes of physical clusters as required. Therefore, this paper introduces an open-source framework to deploy elastic virtual clusters running on elastic physical clusters where the computing capabilities of the virtual clusters are dynamically changed to satisfy both the user application's computing requirements and to minimise the amount of energy consumed by the underlying physical cluster that supports an on-premises Cloud. For that, we integrate: i) an elasticity manager both at the infrastructure level (power management) and at the virtual infrastructure level (horizontal elasticity); ii) an automatic Virtual Machine (VM) consolidation agent that reduces the amount of powered on physical nodes using live migration and iii) a vertical elasticity manager to dynamically and transparently change the memory allocated to VMs, thus fostering enhanced consolidation. A case study based on real datasets executed on a production infrastructure is used to validate the proposed solution. The results show that a multi-elastic virtualized datacenter provides users with the ability to deploy customized scalable computing clusters while reducing its energy footprint. The results of this work have been partially supported by ATMOSPHERE (Adaptive, Trustworthy, Manageable, Orchestrated, Secure, Privacy-assuring Hybrid, Ecosystem for Resilient Cloud Computing), funded by the European Commission under the Cooperation Programme, Horizon 2020 grant agreement No 777154. Alfonso Laguna, CD.; Caballer Fernández, M.; Calatrava Arroyo, A.; Moltó, G.; Blanquer Espert, I. (2018). Multi-elastic Datacenters: Auto-scaled Virtual Clusters ...

While the importance of physical infrastructure in the development of secondary sector of the Indian economy is acknowledged, there is little or no empirical study to validate its role at the state-level. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relationship between development of physical infrastructure and the growth of secondary sector at the state level. Six states of the Indian Union, first three states being more developed industrially, and the other three states being industrially the least developed, are studied for this purpose. We discuss the important issue of whether all the states will be able to reap similar benefits from improved infrastructure or will the benefits be different for different states. Applying regression technique using factor scores, we show that while some states have reached the inflexion point in terms of physical infrastructure, others will gain significantly from infrastructure development. For some less-developed states, it is seen that even if infrastructure facilities are increased, the corresponding growth in output from secondary sector may not be encouraging, pointing to institutional and social factors that have a role to play in economic development.