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There are several complex issues to be considered in the formulation of language policy and literacy policy: first, the question of what language planning is and who does it; second, the question embedded in the history of human language and in the evolution of written language as well as in the functions that written language has over time taken over; and third, in the L2 situation, the question ofthe fit between the sub-varieties of each language and the functions allocated to the various sub-varieties. The problem is particularly complex in the domain of literacy, since a generalized literacy in an L2 introduced to a minority population does not in any way suarantee that the minority population will acquire access to the power language -that sub-variety which empowers native speakers of the L2 to manipulate the power structure to accomplish social and political ends, the absence of which in the minority population insures their disempowerment.

In a recent and, for our purposes, quite pertinent paper Martin Landau et. al. have started out by saying: "If a domain of tasks can be mapped to a formal logic, and if that logic orders the behavior of a large complex organization, then that organization becomes a decision machine whose operations are entirely unambiguous and whose output occasions no surprise." shall take it that within this compact sentence is contained the utopian goal of those social engineers who but too willingly have pressed for alterations in governmental decision-making in order to map public affairs with a logic of rationality.

El planeamiento comercial es definido, en este artículo, como el proceso de determinar cuánto comercio, qué tipos y en que lugares debe desarrollarse en un periodo dado. Se realiza a través de la interacción del sector privado (minoristas y promotores) y el público (gobierno nacional y local). El sector privado intenta mantener o incrementar ventas y beneficios, y el público procura cumplir objetivos no comerciales, destinados a servir al interés general. El artículo resume aspectos del planeamiento comercial minorista en el Reino Unido descritos en su libro (GUY, 2006A). Así, la sección 1 plantea el marco administrativo del planeamiento comercial, contrastándolo con el de otros países europeos. La sección 2 resume la política del gobierno central para promover y controlar el desarrollo comercial. Las secciones 3 y 4 sintetizan las actitudes de los urbanistas del gobierno local y los promotores privados respectivamente. La sección 5 argumenta algunos de los resultados principales, en términos de tendencias del desarrollo en localizaciones centrales y no centrales, mientras que la sección 6 esboza algunas conclusiones. ; In questo articolo con "pianificazione commerciale" si intende il processo attraverso il quale si definisce quante attività commerciali, di quale tipo ed in quali luoghi dovrebbero essere sviluppate in un determinato periodo. Il processo si sviluppa attraverso l' interazione tra gli attori privati (commercianti e proprietari immobiliari) e gli attori pubblici (governo locale e nazionale). Il settore privato cerca di mantenere stabili o di incrementare vendite e profitti, mentre il settore pubblico persegue obiettivi di interesse piú generale. L'articolo sintetizza alcuni aspetti della pianificazione commerciale nel Regno Unito, facendo riferimento alla ricerca descritta in un testo dell'autore sull'argomento (GUY, 2006A). La prima parte delinea il quadro normativo della pianificazione commerciale e lo confronta con la situazione di altri paesi europei. La seconda parte sintetizza le recenti politiche governative per il sostegno e la regolamentazione del settore commerciale. La terza e la quarta parte delineano i comportamenti degli amministratori locali e degli operatori privati. La quinta presenta i principali esiti dei trend di sviluppo del commercio urbano ed extraurbano, mentre la sesta parte avanza alcune conclusioni.

There is no doubt about the success of Urban Design in the identification and search for urban quality thanks to the use of specific means and practice. However, its acceptance as an independent part of Planning has meant that it has had to abandon those formal aspects which have been an integral part of it since the beginning of English urban legislation: the Housing and Town Planning Act, 1909. ; Es indudable el éxito que el Urban Design ha supuesto para la identificación y la búsqueda de la calidad urbana, a través de un instrumento y una práctica específica. Sin embargo, su configuración como una disciplina independiente del Planning ha significado la renuncia por parte de éste a los aspectos formales que lo habían caracterizado desde el inicio de la legislación urbanística inglesa: la Housing and Town Planning Act de 1909. Este artículo trata de desvelar cómo las aspiraciones que se plantea el Urban Design fueron ya asumidas por el Physical Planning hasta los años setenta. En este sentido, se identifica la calidad urbana con el concepto de la Amenity propuesto ya por la ley de 1909. La identificación de la Amenity con la belleza urbana propuesta por Patrick Abercrombie y su formulación del Civic Design apoyan esta interpretación.

El presente trabajo está dirigido a presentar cómo el conocimiento geográfico puede coadyuvar a elaborar la arquitectura conceptual y práctica necesaria en los estudios territoriales. Para ello se define con claridad la noción de planificación territorial, entendiéndola como un instrumento de gobernanza, adoptado a nivel internacional. La misma se dirige a garantizar el desarrollo territorial, asegurando la sostenibilidad. El concepto de territorio es tratado en tres dimensiones: la material, la simbólica y la política. Finalmente se precisa la importancia estratégica para América Latina del Ordenamiento Territorial, en la etapa actual en que enfrenta la construcción de un regionalismo más protagónico. Abstract: This paper is aimed at presenting how geographical knowledge can help to develop the conceptual architecture and necessary practice in regional studies. To do so, the notion of territorial planning is clearly defined, understanding it as an instrument of governance adopted internationally. It aims to ensure territorial development, which should ensure sustainability. The concept of territory is treated in three dimensions: material, symbolic and political. Finally the strategic importance of Land Management in Latin Americant is presented at a stage in which the region is having a more prominent role.

The current state of water resource management and planning in Latin American and Caribbean countries is described and discussed. The analysis is based on the most recent studies on this subject, which provide elements such as updated and duly verified information on the legislative, institutional and organizational reality in the countries of the region. Integrated planning and management of water resources has been characterized by a great diversity of legal and institutional approaches, including long debates on water bills and constant proposals to amend the few water laws in force (Dourojeanni & Jouravlev, 2002.) Some countries such as Mexico and Chile have been more successful in achieving important goals. However, Continuity in time and appropriate coverage are still required, as they are both lacking for now.

La planificación tributaria internacional se ha desarrollado fundamentada en la globalización y tiene su principal asidero en los múltiples beneficios que el propio legislador ha incorporado en la legislación, en su afán de atraer a los países inversión extranjera directa. Existe una gama muy variada de definiciones sobre la planificación tributaria, la elusión y la evasión. ; International Tax Planning has been developed based upon globalization and has its main stronghold in the multiple benefits that congressmen has incorporated in their own legislation, with the purpose of attracting direct foreign investment to their countries. There is a wide variety of definitions about tax planning, tax eluding, and tax evasion

International Tax Planning has been developed based upon globalization and has its main stronghold in the multiple benefits that congressmen has incorporated in their own legislation, with the purpose of attracting direct foreign investment to their countries. There is a wide variety of definitions about tax planning, tax eluding, and tax evasion ; La planificación tributaria internacional se ha desarrollado fundamentada en la globalización y tiene su principal asidero en los múltiples beneficios que el propio legislador ha incorporado en la legislación, en su afán de atraer a los países inversión extranjera directa. Existe una gama muy variada de definiciones sobre la planificación tributaria, la elusión y la evasión.

As technology and legislation move forward (JAA & Eurocontrol, 2004) remotely controlled, semi-autonomous or autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) will play a significant role in providing services and enhancing safety and security of the military and civilian community at large (e.g. surveillance and monitoring) (Coifman et al., 2004). The potential market for UAVs is, however, much bigger than just surveillance. UAVs are ideal for risk assessment and neutralization in dangerous areas such as war zones and regions stricken by disaster, including volcanic eruptions, wildfires, floods, and even terrorist acts. As they become more autonomous, UAVs will take on additional roles, such as air-to-air combat and even planetary science exploration (Held et al., 2005). As the operational capabilities of UAVs are developed there is a perceived need for a significant increase in their level of autonomy, performance, reliability and integration with a controlled airspace full of manned vehicles (military and civilian). As a consequence researchers working with advanced UAVs have moved their focus from system modeling and low-level control to mission planning, supervision and collision avoidance, going from vehicle constraints to mission constraints (Barrientos et al., 2006). This mission-based approach is most useful for commercial applications where the vehicle must accomplish tasks with a high level of performance and maneuverability. These tasks require flexible and powerful trajectory-generation and guidance capabilities, features lacking in many of the current commercial UAS. For this reason, the purpose of this work is to extend the capabilities of commercially available autopilots for UAVs. Civil systems typically use basic trajectory-generation algorithms, capable only of linear waypoint navigation (Rysdyk, 2003), with a minimum or non-existent control over the trajectory. These systems are highly constrained when maneuverability is a mission requirement. On the other hand, military researchers have developed ...

Technical and scientific analysis for territorial diagnosis is the necessary foundation for theformulation of proposals, in the planning practice. Overcoming the epistemological andmethodological crisis that crosses territorial planning, will necessarily restore rationality of theprocess. The peculiarities of urban legislative framework, along with other factors related toplanning practice, highlight the need for change to improve the planning tool. Finally, the authormakes some suggestions that could help drive this change. ; El análisis científico técnico y el correspondiente diagnóstico territorialson el fundamento necesario para la formulación de propuestas en la práctica planificadora.La superación de la crisis epistemológica y metodológica que atraviesa laplanificación territorial pasa necesariamente por recuperar la racionalidad del proceso.Las peculiaridades del marco legislativo urbanístico junto con otros factores vinculadosa la práctica planificadora ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de cambio paramejorar el instrumento planificador. A modo de conclusión se formulan algunas propuestasque podrían contribuir a impulsar este cambio.

Technical and scientific analysis for territorial diagnosis is the necessary foundation for theformulation of proposals, in the planning practice. Overcoming the epistemological andmethodological crisis that crosses territorial planning, will necessarily restore rationality of theprocess. The peculiarities of urban legislative framework, along with other factors related toplanning practice, highlight the need for change to improve the planning tool. Finally, the authormakes some suggestions that could help drive this change. ; El análisis científico técnico y el correspondiente diagnóstico territorialson el fundamento necesario para la formulación de propuestas en la práctica planificadora.La superación de la crisis epistemológica y metodológica que atraviesa laplanificación territorial pasa necesariamente por recuperar la racionalidad del proceso.Las peculiaridades del marco legislativo urbanístico junto con otros factores vinculadosa la práctica planificadora ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de cambio paramejorar el instrumento planificador. A modo de conclusión se formulan algunas propuestasque podrían contribuir a impulsar este cambio.

The orientation and expansive form in which the land use is developed in metropolitan areas, in virtue of the increment in the settlers rate of growth, represents a challenge for the local and statal Latin Americans governments, mainly if it's consider the flexibility of the existing planning controls; for these reason it is of fundamental importance to advance in the knowledge of methodological processes that help in the site planning. ; La orientación y la forma expansiva en que se desarrollan los usos del suelo de las áreas metropolitanas, en virtud del incremento en la tasa de crecimiento de pobladores, representa un reto para los gobiernos locales y estatales latinoamericanos, sobre todo si se considera lo laxo en los controles de planeación existentes; por esta razón es de importancia fundamental avanzar en el conocimiento de los procesos metodológicos que auxilien en la planeación del sitio.

Este artículo comienza con una reflexión introductoria general sobre los factores estructurales y coyunturales que explican la insistencia actual de diversos autores en cuestiones tales como la insuficiencia del planeamiento urbanístico para encauzar la política territorial en España, de donde derivaría en parte el descrédito actual del urbanismo y la ordenación del territorio. Pero, además los factores económicos y sociales conviven con otros de naturaleza jurídico- administrativa y política. Se insiste en el problema que supone el obsoleto papel central que mantiene el planeamiento municipal en un periodo en que se imponen las dinámicas supralocales y la integración territorial. Tras este encuadre preliminar este trabajo expone, con sus luces y sus sombras, la experiencia reciente de Cataluña en materia de ordenación del territorio, desde los antecedentes legislativos y la evolución del planeamiento territorial hasta la creación del Programa de Planeamiento Territorial en enero de 2004. Se examinan también los contenidos y las bases metodológicas de los planes desarrollados. Se examinan también los contenidos y las bases metodológicas de los planes desarrollados. Cierran el trabajo unas reflexiones críticas acerca del proceso y los retos que plantea su evolución futura. ; This article begins with general an introductory reflection on the structural and conjunctural factors that explain the present insistence of diverse authors in questions such as the insufficiency of the city-planning planning to channel the territorial policy in Spain, where it would partly derive the present disrepute of urbanism and the territorial planning. But, in addition the economic and social factors coexist with others of legal-administrative and political nature. It is insisted on the problem that supposes the obsolete central paper that it maintains the municipal planning in a period in which the supralocal ones dynamic and territorial integration prevail. After this preliminary frame this paper exposes, with its lights and their ...

Urban design activities, thus designated, fall into three categories: 1) public aspects of architecture and landscape architecture that should normally be a routine part of the practice; (2) analytical and budget preparation aspects of the formulation of metropolitan and regional policies that provide for design without being designed; and 3) the current modeling and design of what is unprecedented, large-scale units that increasingly dominate the urban scene.The third category, the unique aréa of urban design, requires skills and responses to different determinants to omit both the first category (architecture) and the second category (analysis and urban planning).Specialization in each field is required. ; Las actividades de diseño urbano, así designadas, se dividen en tres categorías: 1) aspectos públicos de la arquitectura y de la arquitectura paisajista que normalmente deben ser una parte rutinaria de la práctica; 2) aspectos analíticos y de preparación de presupuesto de la formulación de politicas metropolitanas y regionales que proveen para diseño sin ser diseño; y 3) el modelado y diseño actual de lo que no tiene precedente, unidades a gran escala que crecientemente dominan la escena urbana. La tercera categoría, el aréa singular del diseño urbano, requiere destrezas y respuestas a determinantes diferentes omitir tanto la primera categoría (arquitectura) como la segunda categoría (análisis y planificación urbana). Es necesaria la especialización en cada campo.

This article examines the problems of planning under conditions of uncertainty. Planning is always necessary, but exercise can be done in many differentways. Here the difference between planning based on class probability and planning based on case probability is established, and it is shown so that the latter prevails, it is inadequate and fails. An example of its limitations is the mishandling of the crisis caused by COVID-19. It is proposed, then, to turn our gaze towards class probability, which is necessary and sufficient to raise the planning options adequately. Although this exercise is relevant, planning requires an additional step, that of collective choice, and it is then inescapable to ask about the ethical dimension. The size of the state is resolved in the political arena, and in democratic societies it must be compatible with the exercise of freedom. ; Este artículo examina los problemas de la planeación en condiciones de incertidumbre. Siempre es necesario planear, pero el ejercicio se puede realizar demuy diversas maneras. Aquí se establece la diferencia entre planeación basada en la probabilidad de clase y planeación basada en la probabilidad de caso, y se muestra que así esta última prevalezca, es inadecuada y fracasa. Un ejemplo de sus limitaciones es el mal manejo de la crisis causada por la COVID-19. Se propone, entonces, volver la mirada hacia la probabilidad de clase, que es necesaria y suficiente para plantear las opciones de planeación de manera adecuada. Aunque este ejercicio es pertinente, la planeación requiere un paso adicional, el de la elección colectiva, y es entonces ineludible preguntarse por la dimensión ética. El tamaño del Estado se resuelve en la arena política, y en las sociedades democráticas debe ser compatible con el ejercicio de la libertad. ; Este artigo examina os problemas de planejamento em condições de incerteza. O planejamento é sempre necessário, mas o exercício pode ser feito de muitasmaneiras diferentes. Aqui, a diferença entre o planejamento com base na probabilidade da classe e o planejamento com base na probabilidade do caso é estabelecida e é mostrada para que esta prevaleça, é inadequada e falha. Um exemplo de suas limitações é o manejo incorreto da crise causada pelo COVID-19. Propõe-se, então, voltar nosso olhar para a probabilidade de classe, necessária e suficiente para levantar as opções de planejamento de forma adequada. Embora este exercício seja relevante,o planejamento requer uma etapa adicional, a da escolha coletiva, e então é inevitávelperguntar sobre a dimensão ética. O tamanho do Estado é resolvido na arena políticae nas sociedades democráticas deve ser compatível com o exercício da liberdade.