Suchergebnisse

"Contains the current and proposed programs of work of each state planning board, prepared by the state planning boards as of June 1, 1942, and a record of state legislation for conservation, planning, zoning, and plotting."--Letter of transmittal. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In recent decades, many Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) – federally mandated transportation planning agencies in urban areas with populations of 50,000 or more – have become active sustainability planners, integrating their regional transportation plans with land use strategies, and addressing wider impacts upon the regional economy, social equity, and natural environment. MPOs have taken up this stance to address mandated responsibilities that have widened over time, such as for addressing air quality problems and incorporating public and stakeholder input, and as a re-interpretation of their main traditional responsibility, namely to manage transport mobility within regions. Facing a tightening vise of environmental and fiscal constraints, these MPOs have focused on improving accessibility, rather than mobility, through coordinated transport-land use strategies to improve "location efficiency," for example, through promoting infill, mixed-use development located near transit stations. Because this approach requires closer coordination of land use and transportation planning than traditionally pursued, these MPOs have become more activist agencies in working with local governments and their land use policymaking authority. Their work provides a basis for slow but steady advancement of a new sustainability paradigm for transport policy.MPOs, however, face a severe disjuncture between the forces compelling them to advance sustainability goals, on the one hand, and institutional barriers that severely inhibit their ability to accomplish them, on the other. Long-standing governing arrangements in the US federal system sever authority over the elements of growth management that many MPOs now seek to integrate more fully. Constituted mainly as voluntary associations of local governments, MPOs lack independent authority; they control few resources autonomously, and provide instead a coordinating role for long-range transportation investment planning.In spite of the obstacles, some MPOs are experimenting with institutional innovations to integrate transportation and land use planning more effectively, providing a major contribution to sustainability policymaking, which depends on developing new and effective modes of governance for public goods management across all sectors of the economy, including for transportation and land use. Thus, MPOs are at the center of both opportunities and obstacles for advancing sustainable planning practices in the US. This dissertation evaluates how conflicting dynamics of path dependent institutional arrangements for growth management affect sustainability planning by MPOs. It provides a historical institutionalist account of the evolving role and planning strategies of MPOs since their inception in the 1970s, considering why and how some MPOs have begun to address sustainability concerns, and the opportunities and obstacles they face. It theorizes MPO planning practices in connection to concepts from the sustainability planning literature(s), in order to identify characteristics that distinguish MPO sustainability planning from more traditional practice. Using operational measures developed for the purpose, the incidence of sustainability planning by large MPOs across the US is assessed, and factors capable of predicting which MPOs take up sustainability planning techniques are evaluated. Then, findings from an in-depth case study of MPO planning in California are presented – a state where the largest MPOs have been sustainability leaders for more than a decade, and where the state government has recently adopted policy measures to support their efforts. Ultimately, prospects for MPO sustainability planning in California, and by extension elsewhere, are seen to depend substantially upon policy support from the state level, because state governments control land use authority under the US Constitution, and they shape the laws and programs – from fiscal policies such as redevelopment and taxing authority, to planning requirements, affordable housing programs, transit operating funds, and more – that frame local land use decisions more than any other level of government. However, as the California case study shows, striking the right balance between state-level and regional authority for managing "smart growth" programs can be problematic.The work contributes to urban planning and sustainability literatures, because little in-depth attention has been paid by scholars to MPOs as sustainability planners. This lack of attention is unfortunate because the regional scale is critical in sustainability planning, given the many inter-connections among policies for the built environment that play out at that scale. At the same time, because this dissertation focuses especially on MPO institutional and decision-making dynamics, the research makes a contribution to literatures on federalism, multi-level governance, and policy formation and change. In particular, the research addresses questions raised by scholars in those fields about how collaborative governance in multi-level frameworks can help support sustainability.

The EU contributes to the creation of soft spaces, differing from administrative entities, while at the same time, it acts as a driver of soft planning, focusing– both for strategic and legal reasons – on coordination, cooperation and mutual learning, rather than 'hard', regulatory planning. The article claims further that instead of depicting the connections between the EU and its member states, research should pay increased attention to the encounter of European and domestic planning within a country. The scales, actors and instruments that deal with EU inputs within a country might prove to be crucial factors that ultimately determine the impact of EU policies on spatial planning. To illustrate the encounter of European and domestic planning in the light of soft and hard planning, the article introduces a conceptual framework and thereby provides an outline for further empirical research. ; Peer reviewed

Cover title. ; Shipping list no.: 98-0090-P. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-100). ; Mode of access: Internet.

In this article, we analyse the evolution and transformation of Danish spatial planning from its tentative origins in a context of liberal politics, through its rise as a central feature of the welfare state project, to its more recent entrepreneurial forms in a context of neoliberalization. The article demonstrates how the current neoliberalization of Danish spatial planning discourses and practices must be understood in the context of previous discourses and practices sedimented as layers of meaning and materiality through time. In this way, the evolution and transformation of Danish spatial planning provides illustrative insights into the hybridity of 'actually existing neoliberalism(s)' in a context of state welfarism, and we propose 'palimpsest' as a metaphor that can help to underline that hybridised neoliberalizations are structured by discursive as well as material practices that are historical-geographical in character. ; In this article, we analyse the evolution and transformation of Danish spatial planning from its tentative origins in liberalist politics, through its rise as a central feature of the welfare state project, to its more recent entrepreneurial forms in a context of neoliberalisation. The article demonstrates how transformations of Danish spatial planning discourses and practices must be understood in context of previous discourses and practices sedimented as layers of meaning and materiality through time and over space. These layers do not completely overlay one another, but present a palimpsest saturated with contradictions as well as possibilities. We propose the notion of the 'planning palimpsest' as a helpful metaphor for drawing attention to the historical-geographical characteristics of planning discourses and practices.

"Reprint from Tennessee code annotated and with amendments." ; Mode of access: Internet.

The Departments of Land Affairs and Agriculture are currently reviewing the land redistribution programme in order to forge a more co-ordinated and integrated approach to land redistribution and agricultural development. A major objective of this approach is to ensure the sustainability of the land reform programme. This process will most likely result in a new integrated approach to delivery with clear guidance on delivery systems for particular products. The above review process provides an opportunity to integrate local land reform needs with the local planning processes undertaken, inter alia, by District Councils (DC). Planning at a local level should further be rooted in the Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS) being launched by the Office of the Presidency, which aims to involve all three spheres of government along with traditional leaders. This article aims to provide a background to foster debate around possible guidelines to promote the inclusion of land reform needs in the local level planning processes. It also examines the role DCs should play within the constitutional principle of co-operative governance and the supportive role the Department could play through the so-called LDO Grant.

Tax planning is the way to formulate a structure concerning the consequency of tax potential, mainly focusing on the control of every transaction with tax consequence. The objective is to assure that the control over the transaction can make the tax to be transfered to government more efficient. However, the tax planning cannot be formed without a deep survey on the problem to be structured in accordance with the tax law and procedures, after a consideration to other non-tax factors including the strengths and weaknesses of the system. To sum up, an effective tax planning depends mostly on the awareness and involvement of decision makers to the tax impact attached to any activities of the corporate, and not on the expertise of tax profesionnals.

Freeways have profoundly influenced the form and function of U.S. cities, yet urban planners generally played only a peripheral role in their development. This article traces the history of freeway development in California to show how political negotiations between local and state governments over street and highway finance resulted in urban freeways financed, designed, and built by the state highway department. To fund their ambitious transportation plans, local officials and planners in cities like Los Angeles turned over control of the planning and development of urban freeways in the 1940s and 1950s to state departments of transportation. This shift in control led to, among other things, the construction of freeways too large to fit easily into cities and freeway networks too sparse to adequately disperse urban traffic. While federal surface transportation legislation returned significant control over metropolitan freeways to regions and planners in the 1990s, the influence of modern freeways on urban life endures.

In the UK the formal land-use planning system is once more at a crossroads with the unprecedented levels of public comment on the recent Governmental Green Paper on Planning. A recent international report on the planning process in Westernised countries highlighted a dearth of public participation in the UK planning system this is despite an obvious undercurrent of concern on environmental issues and the like. The paper sets out to gauge the extent of public interest in the Planning system, in the light of current proposals to revise it. The paper concentrates on the nature of public participation in Planning and to consider whether the public are more satisfied with process, seeing it as fair and robust, if they are more actively involved in the process of consultation. Other aspects to consider are the need to seek consultation from the wider public, not just individuals and special interest groups. There are several forgotten frontiers of the past effort to promote public participation. Theory dating from the 1970s exposed differences between sociological approaches in Planning and solutions tended to be lost in complexity of Local Development Plans. Subsequent theory (Healey 1997) has argued for the need to reconcile plural interests across localities. What is neglected in the research is the fuller appreciation of the actual public interest by those in the Planning system. A recent international report by Heriott-Watt University, Edinburgh and DePaul University, Chicago called for the notion of 'public participation' to be turned on its head and instead encourage the practice of 'participatory planning'- the use of third parties to pre-mediate conflicts between stakeholders before and during the process of an open consultation as opposed to seeking public opinions after the plans have been drawn. This paper aims to review the modernising agenda and set out the case for shifting public participation to participatory planning within the context of the UK. Particularly pertinent due to recent recommendations to increase sustainability communities. It uses several qualitative case studies drawn from urban planning authorities and rural districts from the UK, which reveal Local Planning Authorities may be as yet unprepared to fully grasp the concepts underpinning the notion of participatory planning.

This paper was a contribution to a two-day seminar on Metropolitan Planning in Australia organised by the Urban Research Unit in February 1988. Regulation of land use and development within metropolitan areas and elsewhere has been the primary basis for and justification of town planning as an activity in Australia, and remains so. Statutory planning is the basic activity of town planners throughout Australia, and is almost the sole basis for contact between most of the community and the town planning profession. Equally, statutory planning processes and the administration of regulations forming the core of those processes are the primary tools available to town planners and the organisations which employ them, to exert any continuing influence on the form, structure and nature of metropolitan development. This paper seeks to address some of these realities, to examine some of the strengths and weaknesses of statutory processes and regulations, and to analyse the administration of them in achieving the policy objectives which underlie the participation of governments in the management of metropolitan development.

Information sheet promoting the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center's work analyzing contraception use in the Navy and Marine Corps.

In this article, we analyse the evolution and transformation of Danish spatial planning from its tentative origins in liberalist politics, through its rise as a central feature of the welfare state project, to its more recent entrepreneurial forms in a context of neoliberalisation. The article demonstrates how transformations of Danish spatial planning discourses and practices must be understood in context of previous discourses and practices sedimented as layers of meaning and materiality through time and over space. These layers do not completely overlay one another, but present a palimpsest saturated with contradictions as well as possibilities. We propose the notion of the 'planning palimpsest' as a helpful metaphor for drawing attention to the historical-geographical characteristics of planning discourses and practices ; The paper is published by the European Journal of Spatial Development (EJSD). The previous version of the journal was host by Nordregio.