Suchergebnisse

The article presents Polish agricultural law as a branch of law in the legal system, as a set of laws (part of legislation), a scientific discipline and a teaching subject. The author states, among other things, that the study of agricultural law is closely related to the (agricultural) policy of the country, sharing its fate. This policy has been and still continues to be the main determinant of the development of agricultural legislation. In Poland, agricultural legislation which developed as a consequence of the implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy led to a stronger legislative position of agricultural law. This is an indication that efforts to strengthen the position of agricultural law in university teaching should also be promoted.

Polonia fue uno de los países golpeados por la pandemia del Covid-19 en 2020, cuyo gobierno impuso restricciones para combatir la propagación del virus. Internet y las redes sociales se convirtieron en un escape para las reacciones de las personas a estos eventos, incluido el confinamiento. Una parte de esta reacción vino en forma de creación y difusión de memes, una expresión de la cultura digital y participativa. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar cómo el Covid-19 fue comunicado y narrado a través de los memes en Internet y cómo fue presentada la pandemia y los responsables de combatirla. Fueron analizados 1.763 memes de seis medios empleando un análisis de contenidos con elementos de enmarque y análisis comparativo narrativo. Los resultados muestran que los memes fueron una forma de expresión sobre la situación vivida por los polacos. La categoría más popular fue la de «prohibiciones y órdenes», aludiendo a las restricciones que frecuentemente fueron criticadas y ridiculizadas como inútiles. El personaje principal de los memes fueron los ciudadanos, frecuentemente retratados de una manera cómica como personas irresponsables en cuanto al virus y violaciones de las restricciones. También fueron presentados como víctimas de la policía y el gobierno. Además, las personas responsables de combatir la pandemia fueron retratadas como incompetentes, al imponer restricciones y sanciones excesivamente estrictas por no obedecerlas. Poland was one of the countries that was hit by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, and its government imposed restrictions to combat the spreading of the virus. The Internet and social media became outlets for people's reactions to the events that unfolded, including the lockdown. A part of this reaction came in the form of creating and sharing memes – an expression of digital participatory culture. This paper aims to analyze how Covid-19 was communicated and narrated through Internet memes and how they presented the pandemic and actors responsible for fighting it. 1,763 memes from six media platforms were analyzed using content analysis with framing elements and a comparative narrative analysis. The results show that the memes provided a form of commentary on the situation experienced by Poles. The most common category of memes was "bans and orders", involving restrictions that were often criticized and ridiculed as pointless. The main characters within the memes were ordinary citizens, often portrayed in a comedic way as careless in regards to the virus and violating the restrictions. They were also presented as victims of the police and the government. Furthermore, the people responsible for fighting the pandemic were portrayed as incompetent and imposing needlessly severe restrictions and penalties for not abiding by them.

Poland was one of the countries that was hit by the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, and its government imposed restrictions to combat the spreading of the virus. The Internet and social media became outlets for people's reactions to the events that unfolded, including the lockdown. A part of this reaction came in the form of creating and sharing memes – an expression of digital participatory culture. This paper aims to analyze how Covid-19 was communicated and narrated through Internet memes and how they presented the pandemic and actors responsible for fighting it. 1,763 memes from six media platforms were analyzed using content analysis with framing elements and a comparative narrative analysis. The results show that the memes provided a form of commentary on the situation experienced by Poles. The most common category of memes was "bans and orders", involving restrictions that were often criticized and ridiculed as pointless. The main characters within the memes were ordinary citizens, often portrayed in a comedic way as careless in regards to the virus and violating the restrictions. They were also presented as victims of the police and the government. Furthermore, the people responsible for fighting the pandemic were portrayed as incompetent and imposing needlessly severe restrictions and penalties for not abiding by them.

The so-called March events 1968 in Poland are not much known abroad, but also in Poland they were perceived first of all as a generational and biographical issue for a long time. They consisted of nationwide student protests and a massive anti-Semitic campaign, instigated by the propaganda of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). As a consequence about 15.000 Poles of Jewish background were forced to leave the country. The commemorations of 2008 showed that the March events are becoming part of the Polish collective memory. ; Los llamados "Hechos de marzo" de 1968 en Polonia no son demasiado conocidos en el extranjero pero también en Polonia fueron percibidos sobre todo como un asunto generacional y biográfico durante largo tiempo. Consistieron en protestas estudiantiles nacionales y una masiva campaña antisemita instigada por la propaganda del Partido Unificado Polaco de los Trabajadores (PZPR, el partido comunista en el poder). Como consecuencia, unos 15.000 polacos de origen judío fueron forzados a dejar el país. Las conmemoraciones del año 2008 muestran que los "Hechos de Marzo" están empezando a formar parte de la memoria colectiva polaca.

En visperas de la transferencia del Canal de Panama a los panamenos, la derecha de los Estados Unidos, en un intento por mantener el control sobre el istmo, invocaba el fantasma de un caos inminente. El Canal y las bases militares son ya de Panama. Con el cambio de dueno, se abre un abanico de desafios grandes, medianos y pequenos. Uno de ellos, dejar o no que regresen a territorio panameno los militares de Estados Unidos. (Envio/DÜI)

Effective counteraction to corruption remains relevant in some countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, given that manifestations of corruption are a real obstacle to the realization of human rights, social justice, economic development and jeopardizes the proper functioning of a market economy. However, if such countries of the region, such as Poland, succeeded in ensuring the implementation of an effective anti-corruption policy, a number of post-Soviet countries, in particular Ukraine, faced significant obstacles to overcoming corruption and effectively implementing national anti-corruption policies. Therefore, within this article, a comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation of these countries has been carried out. The state of implementation of national anti-corruption policies and the formulated conclusions, which provide answers to the questions of improving the implementation of national anti-corruption policy, in particular Ukraine, are considered. Thus, the existence of modern national anti-corruption legislation that best meets the requirements and recommendations on which the state relies on relevant international treaties can be the key to successful anti-corruption efforts.

Using the documentary research technique, this paper outlines certain aspects of Ukraine-Poland cross-border mediation interaction in the context of contemporary threats. In addition, it points out the main contemporary threats, which affect the cross-border interaction of Ukraine and Poland. It characterizes such threats as nuclear danger, environmental problems, humanitarian crisis, economic threats and food shortages. It points out that there are internal threats to Poland in connection with the war in Ukraine, the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19, due to the large number of refugees, the threat to food security, the threat to Poland's economic stability and poverty. It is shown that Poland interacts with Ukraine on all urgent issues: helps citizens seeking temporary protection, sends humanitarian aid, strengthens and stimulates market relations. It is concluded that all this led to increased cross-border interaction between the countries. The relevance of alternative types of conflict resolution, such as mediation, is highlighted. The scope of cross-border mediation is presented, the current state of mediation is analyzed and conclusions are drawn on the need for further development of this institution.

El presente artículo aborda el proceso de transformación del Estado de Bienestar en Polonia desde 1945 hasta la actualidad. Para ello, y tras exponer de forma breve cuál ha sido la génesis, evolución y desarrollo del Estado de Bienestar en el continente europeo, se analiza a continuación el Estado de Bienestar en Polonia desde la etapa comunista, su evolución durante la transición polaca hacia el sistema de democracia parlamentaria y economía de mercado para concluir en el momento actual teniendo en cuenta el hecho histórico del ingreso de Polonia en la Unión Europea en el año 2004.This article analyses the transformation of the Welfare State in Poland from 1945 to the present day. In order to achieve this objective, after briefly outlining the genesis, evolution and development of the Welfare State in Europe, this article explains the Welfare system in Poland since the communist era, its development during the Polish transition period to the system of democracy today and the consequences of the historical of joining the EE in 2204.

The objective of the research was to structure conceptual approaches for the establishment, development and improvement of the formation and functioning of (civil) public management systems in Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, as well as the identification of ways and methods to improve national mechanisms for the implementation of the state personnel policy, based on the modern positive Polish experience. The positive experience of modelling an effective public (civilian) service management system in Poland that can be used in Ukraine to solve its problems has been systematized. Materials and methods were used from the analysis of documentary sources. The basis was the dialectical method of knowledge of the facts of social reality, on which formal and comparative legal approaches are largely based. Conclusions indicate that ways and directions for further reform of the management system in the field of public service in Ukraine, include the further integration of the national public service model, and management mechanisms in this area to the standards of the single administrative area within the framework of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union.

The autor carries out a characterization of the political mechanisms that shaped the development of the Polish cinema, from the Second World War to 1989. With the help of the concept of strategy, the autor points out the dominant roles in creative work of that era, roles created by the film directors themselves. The author stresses the fact that the strategies of artistic creation in cenema were able to elude the imposed idelogical straight jacket, even being able to become instruments of political struggle against the Comunist ideology, as it happened in the time of the polish school of cinema (1956-1963) and of the cinema of moral disquiet (1975-1981). ; El autor realiza una caracterización de los mecanismos políticos que moldearon el desarrollo del cine político desde la segunda guerra hasta 1989, con la ayuda del concepto de estrategia, señala los roles dominantes en la práctica creadora de dicha época, roles creados por los propios directores de cine. Destaca el hecho de que las estategias de la creación artística en el cine conseguían escapar eficazmente del corsé ideolófico impuesto, e incluso se convirtieron en instrumentos de lucha política contra la ideología comunista, como ocurrió en la época de la "escuela polaca de cine" (1956-1963) y del cine de inquietud moral (1975-1981).

A significant element of activity of Radio Free Europe (RFE) were broadcasts of educational character, reminding, especially young generation behind the "iron curtain", of Polish political history and the development of Polish culture. During the celebration of "Polish Millennium" (1960-1966), the editorial board of RFE played an important role in popularizing a thousand-year-old history of the nation, Christianity and Polish country. Many of the lectures addressed to the society of communist Poland were of up-to-date significance. In that way, the RFE editors opened the "gate to the West", closed by the communist authorities. Many events from Poland's 1000-year history were interpreted in an anti-communist spirit, exposing the significant role of the Catholic Church. ; Ważny element działalności Radia Wolna Europa (RWE) stanowiły audycje o charakterze edukacyjnym, przypominające w szczególności młodemu pokoleniu za "żelazną kurtyną" historię polityczną Polski i rozwój jej kultury. Wokresie obchodów "Polskiego Tysiąclecia" (1960-1966) Redakcja RWE odegrała znaczącą rolę w popularyzacji 1000-letnich dziejów narodu, chrześcijaństwa i państwa polskiego. Wiele prelekcji kierowanych do społeczeństwa komunistycznej Polski, miało aktualną wymowę. Tym samym redakcja RWE otwierała niejako zamkniętą przez władze komunistyczne "furtkę na Zachód". W duchu antykomunistycznym interpretowano wiele wydarzeń z 1000-letniej przeszłości Polski, eksponując w nich znamienną rolę Kościoła.