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International audience ; Human Science is required, especially since the nineteenth century to make visible "scientifically" the social. But the mobilization of knowledge is so, the relationship is often so symbiotic between knowledge production and its social, economic, political, cultural, what ultimately give the knowledge to do it is primarily concerns more or less cyclical that generate them. Social sciences, they become in the social sciences, privileged social event in which they are ultimately submerged. Criminology in the nineteenth century it is absolutely exemplary perspective. The work carried out around this discipline and its conditions developed in France in the late nineteenth century is primarily a work on the issues: academic, social, political, philosophical. The issues that this "science of crime" is going to emerge.Cesare Lombroso and Alexandre Lacassagne, we will deal with a mix of biological and social and of a discourse that feeds positivism of Comte, Pasteurian theories of interpsychology Tarde, the contingentisme Boutroux. Illustrative of this combination, we will stop on the speech specifically around the female criminal who naturalizes the look. We will stop the repeat offender, social danger par excellence, to be awarded, in a perspective of prevention, hazardous characteristics. The law of 27 May 1885 on repeat offenders relegation validate this concept by integrating it with the term of incorrigibility, irreducible wickedness. The law on transportation, eugenics law par excellence, whose main purpose is the beggar will be abandoned in 1969 .We will find this conception of the wild nature of the offender and uneducable ; Les sciences de l'homme sont requises, particulièrement depuis le XIXème siècle, pour donner à voir "scientifiquement" le social. Mais la mobilisation des savoirs se fait de telle façon, la relation est souvent si symbiotique entre la production des connaissances et ses contextes sociaux, économiques, politiques, culturels, que ce que ces savoirs donnent finalement ...

International audience ; Human Science is required, especially since the nineteenth century to make visible "scientifically" the social. But the mobilization of knowledge is so, the relationship is often so symbiotic between knowledge production and its social, economic, political, cultural, what ultimately give the knowledge to do it is primarily concerns more or less cyclical that generate them. Social sciences, they become in the social sciences, privileged social event in which they are ultimately submerged. Criminology in the nineteenth century it is absolutely exemplary perspective. The work carried out around this discipline and its conditions developed in France in the late nineteenth century is primarily a work on the issues: academic, social, political, philosophical. The issues that this "science of crime" is going to emerge.Cesare Lombroso and Alexandre Lacassagne, we will deal with a mix of biological and social and of a discourse that feeds positivism of Comte, Pasteurian theories of interpsychology Tarde, the contingentisme Boutroux. Illustrative of this combination, we will stop on the speech specifically around the female criminal who naturalizes the look. We will stop the repeat offender, social danger par excellence, to be awarded, in a perspective of prevention, hazardous characteristics. The law of 27 May 1885 on repeat offenders relegation validate this concept by integrating it with the term of incorrigibility, irreducible wickedness. The law on transportation, eugenics law par excellence, whose main purpose is the beggar will be abandoned in 1969 .We will find this conception of the wild nature of the offender and uneducable ; Les sciences de l'homme sont requises, particulièrement depuis le XIXème siècle, pour donner à voir "scientifiquement" le social. Mais la mobilisation des savoirs se fait de telle façon, la relation est souvent si symbiotique entre la production des connaissances et ses contextes sociaux, économiques, politiques, culturels, que ce que ces savoirs donnent finalement ...

English Canada has a long-standing institutionalist tradition, & an analysis of its history demonstrates that it tends to center on the encouragement of national unity through modifications to the existing Canadian state. The strongest element of English Canadian institutionalism appears to have been its normative & descriptive characteristics, & description is still very significant in contemporary institutionalist literature. However, within the realm of policy studies, a new emphasis on historical institutionalism is becoming apparent. Regret is expressed that English Canadian institutionalism is not adequately influenced by, or influencing, economic politics, but this is considered unsurprising since, in English Canadian political science, value debates have dominated the intellectual & university environments to the detriment of empirical & comparative social science. D. Weibel

Javne su politike, kao višedimenzionalan i izrazito kompleksan fenomen, nužno multidisciplinaran predmet istraživanja. Cilj je rada istražiti što je specifično politološko znanje o javnim politikama, odnosno koji je jedinstveni doprinos politologa izučavanju i upravljanju javnim politikama u svrhe profiliranja te mlade politološke discipline u Jugoistočnoj Europi. Rad je nastao kao rezultat pregleda temeljnih udžbenika javnih politika u svijetu i regiji, te literature o metodologiji i pristupima istraživanju u društvenim znanostima i politologiji. Kreće se od određivanja što su javne politike i što je politički aspekt javnih politika. Propituju se pristupi istraživanju javnih politika (policy studije). Zatim se identificiraju vrste profesionalne uporabe tih istraživanja (policy analize). Ključna je pretpostavka kako je politologija prvenstveno kompetentna za analizu aktera stvaranja politika. Osnovni je nalaz da temelj profesionalnog profiliranja politologa u javnim politikama, s obzirom da jedini rabe istraživačku perspektivu usmjerenu na aktere, reprezentativnost i legitimnost stvaranja politika, može biti jedan oblik participatorne policy analize. ; Public policies, as a multi-dimensional and highly complex phenomenon, necessarily make a multidisciplinary research subject. The aim of this paper is to examine what is specific political science knowledge about public policy, and what is the unique contribution of political scientists to policy research and governance to enhance consolidating this young discipline in Southeastern Europe. This paper is a result of a review of policy textbooks in Southeastern Europe and worldwide, and literature on approaches and methodologies in social sciences and political science. It starts with determining public polices and their political aspect. Then it explores approaches of policy studies. Finally, it identifies types of professional policy research or policy analysis. The key assumption is that political science is primarily competent to analyze policy actors. The main finding of the paper is that the basis of political scientist professionalization in policy research, given that they are best in actor-centered research, and issues of representativeness and legitimacy of policy-making, can be a form of participatory policy analysis.

International audience ; In Switzerland, forests cover a surface area of 1.3 million hectares, i.e. nearly 30% of the territory. Due to the topography of the country, half the forests play a protective role against natural hazards. Climate change together with international trade and changes in forest management challenge the fragile balance between forests and their associated pathogens and pests. The various invasive forest species that have appeared in recent years such as ash dieback, pinewood nematode, Asian longhorned beetle have compelled many countries to buttress their plant protection systems. This applies to Switzerland too where many new measures have been implemented in recent years both on the policy and legislation side and at the scientific level for detecting invasive species.

In Switzerland, forests cover a surface area of 1.3 million hectares, i.e. nearly 30% of the territory. Due to the topography of the country, half the forests play a protective role against natural hazards. Climate change together with international trade and changes in forest management challenge the fragile balance between forests and their associated pathogens and pests. The various invasive forest species that have appeared in recent years such as ash dieback, pinewood nematode, Asian longhorned beetle have compelled many countries to buttress their plant protection systems. This applies to Switzerland too where many new measures have been implemented in recent years both on the policy and legislation side and at the scientific level for detecting invasive species.

In recent years, changing individual behaviours has become a key issue for public policy, which has been mobilising new bodies of knowledge, namely behavioural sciences. These are explicitly and increasingly used in Japan's energy policy in order to lower household energy consumption, in the context of both the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the liberalisation of the energy markets. My dissertation investigates the explanatory factors and the implementation of this significant change in a policy domain which was so far marked by a techno-economic approach paying little attention to behavioural issues. Drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from public policy analysis and policy transfer studies, I analyse the genesis and the implementation of two large-scale programs: first, the smart grid social experiments named Smart Communities; second, the Opower's Home Energy Reports pilot study. Building on about eighty semi-structured interviews and on a wide variety of written sources, I emphasise the major role played by transnational circulations in the design and the implementation of these programs, and more broadly in Japan's energy policy.I argue that the mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results from manifolds factors which question the opposition between the endogenous and exogenous nature of policy change, as well as the distinction between domestic and extranational factors. Indeed, the use of this body of knowledge can be explained by the strategies of a few stakeholders who achieved to introduce new policy ideas and tools coming from abroad, in response to issues faced by the Japanese Government. Through a micro-sociological analysis of their strategies, I suggest to endogenize the explanation of policy change while integrating exogenous factors and extranational dynamics. The mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results inseparably from the expansion of this body of knowledge in academia and in public policy in the US and in Europe; from the strategies of transnational, Japanese and American stakeholders; and from the stringency of climate and energy problems in Japan. The US plays a central role in the transnational circulation of behavioural sciences in the energy field, which can be explained by the "practical" and "consensual" dimension of these sciences. ; Le changement des comportements individuels s'est récemment imposé comme un objectif majeur pour l'action publique, qui mobilise dans cette optique de nouveaux savoirs de gouvernement : les sciences comportementales. Ces savoirs sont employés de manière explicite et croissante dans la politique énergétique du Japon pour réduire la consommation d'énergie des ménages, dans un contexte marqué par l'accident nucléaire de Fukushima et la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie. Cette thèse examine les facteurs explicatifs et les modalités concrètes de cette transformation significative dans un domaine jusque-là dominé par une approche techno-économique prêtant peu attention aux comportements. Notre analyse associe des perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques issues de la sociologie de l'action publique et des études sur les transferts de politiques publiques pour retracer la genèse et la mise en œuvre de deux expérimentations : celle des réseaux électriques « intelligents » dans les Smart Communities et celle des nudges et des Home Energy Reports de l'entreprise étasunienne Opower. La conduite d'environ quatre-vingt entretiens semi-directifs et l'examen de nombreuses sources écrites ont mis en évidence la place centrale des circulations transnationales dans l'élaboration et la conduite de ces programmes et plus généralement de la politique énergétique de l'archipel.Nous défendons la thèse que la mobilisation des sciences comportementales dans la politique énergétique japonaise résulte d'une multiplicité de facteurs qui questionne l'opposition entre des changements de nature soit endogène soit exogène, et la distinction entre facteurs domestiques et facteurs extranationaux. Le recours à ces savoirs de gouvernement s'explique en effet par la capacité d'un petit groupe d'acteurs programmatiques japonais à introduire dans la politique énergétique des sciences et des instruments originaires de l'étranger, en réponse à des enjeux spécifiques au Japon. Notre analyse microsociologique des stratégies de ces acteurs invite à une endogénéisation de l'explication du changement intégrant les facteurs exogènes et les dynamiques extranationales. La mobilisation des sciences comportementales dans la politique nippone résulte indissociablement de l'essor de ces savoirs dans la recherche et l'action publique aux États-Unis et en Europe, des stratégies d'acteurs transnationaux, étasuniens et japonais, et de la prégnance des enjeux climatiques et énergétiques sur l'archipel. Nous suggérons par ailleurs que les États-Unis sont au cœur de la circulation des sciences comportementales dans le domaine de l'énergie, et que le recours à ces savoirs dans l'action publique s'explique par, outre leur succès académique, leur dimension « pratique » et « consensuelle ».

In recent years, changing individual behaviours has become a key issue for public policy, which has been mobilising new bodies of knowledge, namely behavioural sciences. These are explicitly and increasingly used in Japan's energy policy in order to lower household energy consumption, in the context of both the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the liberalisation of the energy markets. My dissertation investigates the explanatory factors and the implementation of this significant change in a policy domain which was so far marked by a techno-economic approach paying little attention to behavioural issues. Drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from public policy analysis and policy transfer studies, I analyse the genesis and the implementation of two large-scale programs: first, the smart grid social experiments named Smart Communities; second, the Opower's Home Energy Reports pilot study. Building on about eighty semi-structured interviews and on a wide variety of written sources, I emphasise the major role played by transnational circulations in the design and the implementation of these programs, and more broadly in Japan's energy policy.I argue that the mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results from manifolds factors which question the opposition between the endogenous and exogenous nature of policy change, as well as the distinction between domestic and extranational factors. Indeed, the use of this body of knowledge can be explained by the strategies of a few stakeholders who achieved to introduce new policy ideas and tools coming from abroad, in response to issues faced by the Japanese Government. Through a micro-sociological analysis of their strategies, I suggest to endogenize the explanation of policy change while integrating exogenous factors and extranational dynamics. The mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results inseparably from the expansion of this body of knowledge in academia and in public policy in the US and in Europe; from the strategies of transnational, Japanese and American stakeholders; and from the stringency of climate and energy problems in Japan. The US plays a central role in the transnational circulation of behavioural sciences in the energy field, which can be explained by the "practical" and "consensual" dimension of these sciences. ; Le changement des comportements individuels s'est récemment imposé comme un objectif majeur pour l'action publique, qui mobilise dans cette optique de nouveaux savoirs de gouvernement : les sciences comportementales. Ces savoirs sont employés de manière explicite et croissante dans la politique énergétique du Japon pour réduire la consommation d'énergie des ménages, dans un contexte marqué par l'accident nucléaire de Fukushima et la libéralisation des marchés de l'énergie. Cette thèse examine les facteurs explicatifs et les modalités concrètes de cette transformation significative dans un domaine jusque-là dominé par une approche techno-économique prêtant peu attention aux comportements. Notre analyse associe des perspectives théoriques et méthodologiques issues de la sociologie de l'action publique et des études sur les transferts de politiques publiques pour retracer la genèse et la mise en œuvre de deux expérimentations : celle des réseaux électriques « intelligents » dans les Smart Communities et celle des nudges et des Home Energy Reports de l'entreprise étasunienne Opower. La conduite d'environ quatre-vingt entretiens semi-directifs et l'examen de nombreuses sources écrites ont mis en évidence la place centrale des circulations transnationales dans l'élaboration et la conduite de ces programmes et plus généralement de la politique énergétique de l'archipel.Nous défendons la thèse que la mobilisation des sciences comportementales dans la politique énergétique japonaise résulte d'une multiplicité de facteurs qui questionne l'opposition entre des changements de nature soit endogène soit exogène, et la distinction entre facteurs domestiques et facteurs extranationaux. Le recours à ces savoirs de gouvernement s'explique en effet par la capacité d'un petit groupe d'acteurs programmatiques japonais à introduire dans la politique énergétique des sciences et des instruments originaires de l'étranger, en réponse à des enjeux spécifiques au Japon. Notre analyse microsociologique des stratégies de ces acteurs invite à une endogénéisation de l'explication du changement intégrant les facteurs exogènes et les dynamiques extranationales. La mobilisation des sciences comportementales dans la politique nippone résulte indissociablement de l'essor de ces savoirs dans la recherche et l'action publique aux États-Unis et en Europe, des stratégies d'acteurs transnationaux, étasuniens et japonais, et de la prégnance des enjeux climatiques et énergétiques sur l'archipel. Nous suggérons par ailleurs que les États-Unis sont au cœur de la circulation des sciences comportementales dans le domaine de l'énergie, et que le recours à ces savoirs dans l'action publique s'explique par, outre leur succès académique, leur dimension « pratique » et « consensuelle ».

In recent years, changing individual behaviours has become a key issue for public policy, which has been mobilising new bodies of knowledge, namely behavioural sciences. These are explicitly and increasingly used in Japan's energy policy in order to lower household energy consumption, in the context of both the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the liberalisation of the energy markets. My dissertation investigates the explanatory factors and the implementation of this significant change in a policy domain which was so far marked by a techno-economic approach paying little attention to behavioural issues. Drawing on theoretical and methodological perspectives from public policy analysis and policy transfer studies, I analyse the genesis and the implementation of two large-scale programs: first, the smart grid social experiments named Smart Communities; second, the Opower's Home Energy Reports pilot study. Building on about eighty semi-structured interviews and on a wide variety of written sources, I emphasise the major role played by transnational circulations in the design and the implementation of these programs, and more broadly in Japan's energy policy.I argue that the mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results from manifolds factors which question the opposition between the endogenous and exogenous nature of policy change, as well as the distinction between domestic and extranational factors. Indeed, the use of this body of knowledge can be explained by the strategies of a few stakeholders who achieved to introduce new policy ideas and tools coming from abroad, in response to issues faced by the Japanese Government. Through a micro-sociological analysis of their strategies, I suggest to endogenize the explanation of policy change while integrating exogenous factors and extranational dynamics. The mobilisation of behavioural sciences in Japan's energy policy results inseparably from the expansion of this body of knowledge in academia and in public policy in the US and in Europe; from ...

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Pros and cons of establishing a national institute for research in the social sciences, separate from the National Center for Scientific Research; 8 articles.