The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.
Javne su politike, kao višedimenzionalan i izrazito kompleksan fenomen, nužno multidisciplinaran predmet istraživanja. Cilj je rada istražiti što je specifično politološko znanje o javnim politikama, odnosno koji je jedinstveni doprinos politologa izučavanju i upravljanju javnim politikama u svrhe profiliranja te mlade politološke discipline u Jugoistočnoj Europi. Rad je nastao kao rezultat pregleda temeljnih udžbenika javnih politika u svijetu i regiji, te literature o metodologiji i pristupima istraživanju u društvenim znanostima i politologiji. Kreće se od određivanja što su javne politike i što je politički aspekt javnih politika. Propituju se pristupi istraživanju javnih politika (policy studije). Zatim se identificiraju vrste profesionalne uporabe tih istraživanja (policy analize). Ključna je pretpostavka kako je politologija prvenstveno kompetentna za analizu aktera stvaranja politika. Osnovni je nalaz da temelj profesionalnog profiliranja politologa u javnim politikama, s obzirom da jedini rabe istraživačku perspektivu usmjerenu na aktere, reprezentativnost i legitimnost stvaranja politika, može biti jedan oblik participatorne policy analize. ; Public policies, as a multi-dimensional and highly complex phenomenon, necessarily make a multidisciplinary research subject. The aim of this paper is to examine what is specific political science knowledge about public policy, and what is the unique contribution of political scientists to policy research and governance to enhance consolidating this young discipline in Southeastern Europe. This paper is a result of a review of policy textbooks in Southeastern Europe and worldwide, and literature on approaches and methodologies in social sciences and political science. It starts with determining public polices and their political aspect. Then it explores approaches of policy studies. Finally, it identifies types of professional policy research or policy analysis. The key assumption is that political science is primarily competent to analyze policy actors. The main finding of the paper is that the basis of political scientist professionalization in policy research, given that they are best in actor-centered research, and issues of representativeness and legitimacy of policy-making, can be a form of participatory policy analysis.
Introduction. The article proposes a method of theoretical research on state policy in the scientific field by highlighting economic, legal and administrative aspects in its structure and using the well-known theoretical models of economics, law and politics to analyze specific documents and identify theoretical problems that require special study. The essence of the proposed changes in the methods of analysis is that, while at present the economic and legal aspects are considered instruments subordinate to the political objective, in the future it will be necessary to optimize these policy elements based on the developed theoretical apparatus in these areas and build state policy as a system of coordinated solutions in various aspects. Methods. An effective state policy is possible only on the condition of harmonious use of the methods inherent in each of the abovementioned areas of science. In the field of science management, the use of the economic theory of externalities (external effects) and institutional theory (optimization conditions) is especially relevant. At present, in Russia, the state policy in the scientific field is formed centrally in subordination to objectives that are also formed by political authorities. For this reason, the advantage of the three components of politics (management, economics and law) is, of course, given to management. The term management is introduced to distinguish between politics as a whole and politics as a complex of administrative measures. Results and Discussion. The study of management methods in terms and concepts of political science reveals the structure of political subjects and their hierarchy. The fulfillment of the goal-setting function and the dependence of its implementation on the prevailing structure of policy subjects were tracked in the greatest detail. It is shown that the insufficient presence of scientific organizations in the system of political subjects leads to the focus of the goals of state programs on the state apparatus as executors and ...
Introduction. The article presents the results of studying the problem of interaction between science and diplomacy, the analysis of scientific diplomacy in domestic and foreign practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific diplomacy as a phenomenon within the framework of he state's foreign policy and as a form of public diplomacy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis and generalization; empirical level methods: observation, comparison, grouping; special research methods. Results and Discussion. The article sets forth the interpretation of the concept of scientific diplomacy by various authors, reviewed its «classical» areas, conducted a retrospective analysis of scientific diplomacy in Russia. The article highlights and describes the features characteristic of the domestic practice of using scientific diplomacy at the present stage of development. In particular, the author gives the examples of joint projects implementation, carries out an analysis of information on the joint publications of Russian and foreign scientists stimulating international cooperation in science and technology, which is one of the goals of science diplomacy. Conclusion. The author has given recommendations for improving the mechanism for implementing and widely introducing into national practice the basics of scientific diplomacy for the purpose of strengthening international cooperation and the national goals of the state.
Process of definition of the category 'public policy' is debatable in political science and is interfaced to a number of methodological and semantic difficulties. Two main tendencies in interpretation of the designated category are allocated: the first tendency is connected with philosophical and axiological representations about 'public', the second reflects subject and practical understanding of public policy. Philosophical basis of considered concept is the spatial concept (public space, a public field, the public sphere). The second tendency in understanding of public policy as activity (subject and practical) category is connected with AngloSaxon tradition within policy sciences paradigm. Scientists on the former Soviet Union adapt conceptual sense of public policy on the basis of that experience of the state and cultural and valuable changes which is available in their national contexts. The main problem, in this case, is that the above categories donot correspond to the contents in the conditions of transitional systems. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философскоаксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметнопрактическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметнопрактической) категории связана с англосаксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурноценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философскоаксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметнопрактическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметнопрактической) категории связана с англосаксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурноценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем.
The paper focuses on the issue of theoretical and methodological justification of monetary policy and its tools. A review of Russian economists' theoretical approaches to this problem allowed the authors to identify theoretical, methodological and applied bases of evaluation of monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The paper presents the authors' view of the scientific discussion on appropriateness of the monetary policy adopted by the Bank of Russia for the current state of the economy. The authors reveal principle distinctions between theoretical arguments of the supporters of the Bank's monetary policy and their opponents. The research theoretically and conceptually validates the changes in basic definitions and ideas contributing to the existing understanding of inflation in the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The analysis of macroeconomic theory and actual monetary policy gives grounds to conclude about their strong correlation. The suggested review of theoretical approaches to the problem studied will allow determining theoretical, methodological and applied rationale for monetary policy more accurately.
This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...
The subject of the study is the policy of the Russian Federation to manage the scientific potential of higher education. The purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the trends in modern public policy in this area. As a basic method of research, a system-dynamic approach to policy research is used that involves the allocation of spatial, temporal and technological components. At the same time, the author focuses on the temporary component of the state policy for managing the scientific potential of higher education, which is revealed through the characterization of various stages of its life cycle. Primary data were obtained as a result of an in-depth expert questionnaire, as well as a focus group interview.The main theoretical result of the study is to substantiate the category "life cycle of public policy", covering such major stages as its formation, implementation and evaluation. It is proved that each stage corresponds to a certain type of assessment of the scientific potential of higher education: factor, performance and final. The article gives an original approach to the research of the life cycle of the state policy on management of the scientific potential of the higher school, the interrelation of its stages and stages of the life cycle of the most scientific potential of the higher school is grounded.The main empirical result of the study is the identification of the main risks in the processes under consideration and an analysis of the specific influences of various public and political organizations on their formation. The practical significance of the results obtained is conditioned by the possibility of their use in the development of the concept of state policy for the development of university science. ; Предметом исследования выступает политика Российской Федерации по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы. Целью настоящей статьи является выявление и характеристика тенденций современной государственной политики в указанной сфере. В качестве базового метода исследования используется системно-динамический подход к изучению политики, предполагающий выделение пространственного, временного и технологического ее компонентов. При этом основное внимание в рамках настоящей статьи автор уделяет временному компоненту государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, раскрываемому через характеристику различных стадий ее жизненного цикла. Первичные данные получены в результате заочного экспертного анкетирования, а также фокус-группового интервью.Основной теоретический результат проведенного исследования заключается в обосновании категории «жизненный цикл государственной политики», охватывающий такие главные стадии, как ее формирование, реализация и оценка. Доказано, что каждой из стадий соответствует определенный тип оценки научного потенциала высшей школы: факторная, результативная и итоговая. В статье приводится оригинальный подход к исследованию жизненного цикла государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, обосновывается взаимосвязь его стадий и стадий жизненного цикла самого научного потенциала высшей школы.Основным эмпирическим результатом исследования является выявление основных рисков в рассматриваемых процессах и анализ особенностей влияния различных общественных и политических организаций на их формирование. Практическая значимость полученных результатов обусловлена возможностью их использования при разработке концепции государственной политики по развитию университетской науки.
The paper studies the mobilization of non-military science, suffering of internal crisis. The aims of such a mobilization are: to perform a complex of vital scientiic and technical tasks set within the military-industrial complex, to enable import substitution in the non-military sectors, due to the external economic sanctions, and to develop perspective research directions. It is shown, with some examples of the decision-making low speed within the science infrastructure development and dealing with talented youth, that the current R&D regulators' passiveness is unacceptable under new conditions. The analysis of the President of Russia May decrees and a series of his instructions revealed the soft model of the science mobilization, which, in case of its failure, will be replaced by a hard scenario. The necessary conditions for the non-military science hard mobilization start are deined, including the centralization of inancial resources, a moratorium on the multiplicity of research funding sources and the traditional R&D contest. The formation of an "emergency" state authority is contemplated in purpose of the non-military science mobilization and achieving the goals of the mobilization period. The mobilization format of the state task for universities is proposed, as an instrument of University science mobilization.
The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.
A comprehensive review of National research policy papers issued over the past 6 years was carried out. A set of problems concerning the quality of predicted values of some bibliometric indicators reflecting the level of research performance and publication activity that were declared in governmental documents was discussed. Basic metrics of scientific performance that should be required to achieve the goals declared in the recent governmental policy papers including President's Executive Order № 599 of May 7, 2012 (increasing the share of Russian researchers' publications in the total number of publications in international scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science up to 2,44% in 2015). Taking into account the current structure of modern global science in which papers in biomedical subjects make up for approximately one third of the total world scientific output, it becomes obvious how difficult is the governmental task set up to the researchers — to double the number of journal publications indexed in Web of Science in the short-term period of the nearest three years. The priorities and reasonable goal-oriented efforts to meet the targets are proposed in the paper. ; Проведен анализ государственных программных документов по научной политике, в которых использовались индикаторы публикационной активности и прогнозные оценки роста результативности отечественных научных исследований. Рассчитаны основные показатели публикационной активности, которые должны быть достигнуты профессиональным медицинским сообществом, чтобы соответствовать целевым библиометрическим индикаторам, заявленным в Указе Президента № 599 от 7 мая 2012 г. (увеличение доли российских публикаций в Web of Science до 2,44% к 2015 г.), и в «Стратегии развития медицинской науки до 2025 г.» Показано, что глобальная наука, в сложившейся структуре которой на биомедицинские статьи приходится около 1/3 публикационного мирового потока, ставит перед российским медицинским сообществом очень сложную задачу: удвоить за 3 года число публикаций, индексируемых в Web of Science. Рассмотрены первоочередные и необходимые меры для выполнения этой задачи.
Monitoring in question covers the major changes in Russian legislation relevant to the ield of science and innovation that took place between January and December 2016 and are conventionally divided into the following areas: scientiic and technical policy and organization of science, intellectual property and technology transfer, integration of science and education, innovative policy and development of the national innovation system. Among the laws promulgated stands out the Federal Law ''On Biomedical Cell Products'' that regulates development, research, review, state registration, production and medical use of biomedical cellular products. Another noteworthy development authors of the article believe to be the series of amendments to the Federal Law ''On Librarianship'' covering the creation of the federal information system ''National Electronic Library''. To sum up the changes to the legislation enacted in 2016 were mostly technical rather than conceptual by nature. A detailed regulation of the scientiic and technical sphere was mainly carried out at the subordinate level: by the acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, ministries and departments. The most important changes include the reorganization of the two largest Russian foundations supporting scientiic activity. The measure was put into efect by the Decree No. 325-r of February 29, 2016 of the Government of the Russian Federation approving merger of the Russian Foundation for Humanity Studies (RFHS) into the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). Thus the sphere of reference of the RFBR has been expanded into the ield of humanities and social sciences previously covered by the activities of RFHS. Another major legal development took form of the Strategy for Scientiic and Technological Development of the Russian Federation put into efect by a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The Strategy deines the goal and the key tasks of the scientiic and technological development of the ...
Editorial introducing a new category of fast-track research notes and the first formulation of open science policy. ; Uvodnik koji predstavlja novu kategoriju prethodnih priopćenja u ubrzanom postupku i formulaciju prve politike otvorene znanosti.
Uvodnik koji predstavlja novu kategoriju prethodnih priopćenja u ubrzanom postupku i formulaciju prve politike otvorene znanosti. ; Editorial introducing a new category of fast-track research notes and the first formulation of open science policy.
