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The aim of this paper is to indicate a diverse nature of the issues investigated in public policy sciences, particularly emphasizing the importance of the health policy in explaining social reality. By resolving public problems, numerous needs of society, inter alia, health needs can be met. One of the sciences which explains social problems and public policy has an interest in is the health policy. Both the health policy and public policy have two dimensions, i.e. applicable and theoretical. In terms of 'applicable' one, active participation of all social life entities affecting awareness of developing health resources is vital. And in the theoretical one, as a science, health policy addresses theoretical problems related to satisfying health needs of individual and collective populations. However, in the existing definitions of the health policy, there is no reference to "health needs". One can only assume that this category is used intuitively as it is hard to imagine numerous activities and decisions taken without identifying the needs, so that the health system could meet them. Reverting to health policy in its practical sense it is crucial to teach the public responsibility for their own behavior towards health. Health education deals with the skills needed to care about health in an accountable and independent way. This kind of education plays an important part in the implementation of public policy since its task is not only to transfer knowledge, but also to develop skills to make informed choices and decisions and thus to shape a democratic society with an independent way of thinking. The applicable role of the health policy is to improve the management of the health sector. In this respect, the organization of the treatment process, which is to provide comprehensive medical care for patients and therefore to improve the existing relations of a public nature, is essential.

This paper attempts to present a review of higher education reform processes in Poland in 1990-2015 and 2016-2018 (when a draft of the so‑called Act 2.0 was prepared) and an assessment of the domestic "art of reforms". As the author has adopted the perspective of the public policy science, she focuses on issues of public policy making, i.e. the development and strategic programming policy, drafting legislation, and accompanying public consultations. Furthermore, the paper discusses three past and one current attempt to reform higher education in the context of the political economy of reforms that are globally perceived as a benchmark. The long, nearly 30‑year period covered by the paper's analyses allowed the author to draw conclusions with regard to the evolution of higher education policy, highlighting the problem of its quality (standards) as a public policy.

The article aims to observe the purpose and subject of "public policy sciences" from the perspective of living space. The role of housing policy and settlement in this respect is at the core of the paper reasoning. It requires reflection on the relationships of social, housing and settlement policies, and their location on the background of other elements and disciplines of social sciences in the context of living. Public policy relations of a systemic, political, economic and social character, as well as of natural and ecological one, which complement the concept of sustainable development, are also discussed. This concept focused more than ever on a fair and decent habitation of successive generations, by substantially increasing the role of housing and settlement policy, highlights that the aim and subject of "the public policy sciences" is the living space.

The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.

There are also theoretical issues such as: adequacy of this discipline of knowledge to the analysis of the realities of public action in Poland. This issue arises due to the fact that public policy emerged as a discipline of knowledge in the Anglo-Saxon tradition, on the basis of its specificity. Moreover, the theories evident in public policy science have been developed in the West, mainly in America. The local realities were the basis. Therefore, the question arises whether we should build our theories or adapt those that have been developed elsewhere. Meanwhile, we do not have many or even most elements of the Anglo-Saxon tradition, even in terms of the size of our analytical achievements. We are not even inclined to conduct such an advanced analysis of social and economic phenomena. Hence, it seems important to me to ask about the theoretical potential of this discipline in relation to the analysis of public activities in Poland.

The main goal of the article is to present to Polish readers the most important information about one of the newer theories of the public policy process - Narrative Policy Framework (NPF). The NPF assumes that public policy narratives play a fundamental role in the public policy process. These are strategically constructed stories about the causes and solutions to public policy problems. Actors use narratives to achieve their goals, for example, implementing policies closest to their preferences. On the example of the government's "Good start" ("Dobry start" in Polish) program, the article presents practical applications of the NPF at the micro, meso, and macro levels.

Introduction. The article proposes a method of theoretical research on state policy in the scientific field by highlighting economic, legal and administrative aspects in its structure and using the well-known theoretical models of economics, law and politics to analyze specific documents and identify theoretical problems that require special study. The essence of the proposed changes in the methods of analysis is that, while at present the economic and legal aspects are considered instruments subordinate to the political objective, in the future it will be necessary to optimize these policy elements based on the developed theoretical apparatus in these areas and build state policy as a system of coordinated solutions in various aspects. Methods. An effective state policy is possible only on the condition of harmonious use of the methods inherent in each of the abovementioned areas of science. In the field of science management, the use of the economic theory of externalities (external effects) and institutional theory (optimization conditions) is especially relevant. At present, in Russia, the state policy in the scientific field is formed centrally in subordination to objectives that are also formed by political authorities. For this reason, the advantage of the three components of politics (management, economics and law) is, of course, given to management. The term management is introduced to distinguish between politics as a whole and politics as a complex of administrative measures. Results and Discussion. The study of management methods in terms and concepts of political science reveals the structure of political subjects and their hierarchy. The fulfillment of the goal-setting function and the dependence of its implementation on the prevailing structure of policy subjects were tracked in the greatest detail. It is shown that the insufficient presence of scientific organizations in the system of political subjects leads to the focus of the goals of state programs on the state apparatus as executors and ...

Introduction. The article presents the results of studying the problem of interaction between science and diplomacy, the analysis of scientific diplomacy in domestic and foreign practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific diplomacy as a phenomenon within the framework of he state's foreign policy and as a form of public diplomacy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis and generalization; empirical level methods: observation, comparison, grouping; special research methods. Results and Discussion. The article sets forth the interpretation of the concept of scientific diplomacy by various authors, reviewed its «classical» areas, conducted a retrospective analysis of scientific diplomacy in Russia. The article highlights and describes the features characteristic of the domestic practice of using scientific diplomacy at the present stage of development. In particular, the author gives the examples of joint projects implementation, carries out an analysis of information on the joint publications of Russian and foreign scientists stimulating international cooperation in science and technology, which is one of the goals of science diplomacy. Conclusion. The author has given recommendations for improving the mechanism for implementing and widely introducing into national practice the basics of scientific diplomacy for the purpose of strengthening international cooperation and the national goals of the state.

Process of definition of the category 'public policy' is debatable in political science and is interfaced to a number of methodological and semantic difficulties. Two main tendencies in interpretation of the designated category are allocated: the first tendency is connected with philosophical and axiological representations about 'public', the second reflects subject and practical understanding of public policy. Philosophical basis of considered concept is the spatial concept (public space, a public field, the public sphere). The second tendency in understanding of public policy as activity (subject and practical) category is connected with Anglo­Saxon tradition within policy sciences paradigm. Scientists on the former Soviet Union adapt conceptual sense of public policy on the basis of that experience of the state and cultural and valuable changes which is available in their national contexts. The main problem, in this case, is that the above categories donot correspond to the contents in the conditions of transitional systems. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философско­аксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметно­практическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметно­практической) категории связана с англо­саксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурно­ценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философско­аксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметно­практическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметно­практической) категории связана с англо­саксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурно­ценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем.

The paper focuses on the issue of theoretical and methodological justification of monetary policy and its tools. A review of Russian economists' theoretical approaches to this problem allowed the authors to identify theoretical, methodological and applied bases of evaluation of monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The paper presents the authors' view of the scientific discussion on appropriateness of the monetary policy adopted by the Bank of Russia for the current state of the economy. The authors reveal principle distinctions between theoretical arguments of the supporters of the Bank's monetary policy and their opponents. The research theoretically and conceptually validates the changes in basic definitions and ideas contributing to the existing understanding of inflation in the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The analysis of macroeconomic theory and actual monetary policy gives grounds to conclude about their strong correlation. The suggested review of theoretical approaches to the problem studied will allow determining theoretical, methodological and applied rationale for monetary policy more accurately.

This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...

The article aims to discuss the relationship between social policy and public policy and to identify its most important elements. Social policy is linked historically on the one hand with the economy and on the other - with sociology and political sciences. Theory of public policy exposes the role of public administration in achieving its objectives and allows for wider recognition of the tasks by linking them with other specialties. This makes it possible to achieve in practice synergistic effects of actions taken, and at the theoretical level - a more comprehensive assessment of the analyzed problems. The history of social policy in Poland, especially of the Institute of Social Economy shows that such a broad approach to social policy has been characteristic also in the past.

The subject of the study is the policy of the Russian Federation to manage the scientific potential of higher education. The purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the trends in modern public policy in this area. As a basic method of research, a system-dynamic approach to policy research is used that involves the allocation of spatial, temporal and technological components. At the same time, the author focuses on the temporary component of the state policy for managing the scientific potential of higher education, which is revealed through the characterization of various stages of its life cycle. Primary data were obtained as a result of an in-depth expert questionnaire, as well as a focus group interview.The main theoretical result of the study is to substantiate the category "life cycle of public policy", covering such major stages as its formation, implementation and evaluation. It is proved that each stage corresponds to a certain type of assessment of the scientific potential of higher education: factor, performance and final. The article gives an original approach to the research of the life cycle of the state policy on management of the scientific potential of the higher school, the interrelation of its stages and stages of the life cycle of the most scientific potential of the higher school is grounded.The main empirical result of the study is the identification of the main risks in the processes under consideration and an analysis of the specific influences of various public and political organizations on their formation. The practical significance of the results obtained is conditioned by the possibility of their use in the development of the concept of state policy for the development of university science. ; Предметом исследования выступает политика Российской Федерации по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы. Целью настоящей статьи является выявление и характеристика тенденций современной государственной политики в указанной сфере. В качестве базового метода исследования используется системно-динамический подход к изучению политики, предполагающий выделение пространственного, временного и технологического ее компонентов. При этом основное внимание в рамках настоящей статьи автор уделяет временному компоненту государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, раскрываемому через характеристику различных стадий ее жизненного цикла. Первичные данные получены в результате заочного экспертного анкетирования, а также фокус-группового интервью.Основной теоретический результат проведенного исследования заключается в обосновании категории «жизненный цикл государственной политики», охватывающий такие главные стадии, как ее формирование, реализация и оценка. Доказано, что каждой из стадий соответствует определенный тип оценки научного потенциала высшей школы: факторная, результативная и итоговая. В статье приводится оригинальный подход к исследованию жизненного цикла государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, обосновывается взаимосвязь его стадий и стадий жизненного цикла самого научного потенциала высшей школы.Основным эмпирическим результатом исследования является выявление основных рисков в рассматриваемых процессах и анализ особенностей влияния различных общественных и политических организаций на их формирование. Практическая значимость полученных результатов обусловлена возможностью их использования при разработке концепции государственной политики по развитию университетской науки.

The paper studies the mobilization of non-military science, suffering of internal crisis. The aims of such a mobilization are: to perform a complex of vital scientiic and technical tasks set within the military-industrial complex, to enable import substitution in the non-military sectors, due to the external economic sanctions, and to develop perspective research directions. It is shown, with some examples of the decision-making low speed within the science infrastructure development and dealing with talented youth, that the current R&D regulators' passiveness is unacceptable under new conditions. The analysis of the President of Russia May decrees and a series of his instructions revealed the soft model of the science mobilization, which, in case of its failure, will be replaced by a hard scenario. The necessary conditions for the non-military science hard mobilization start are deined, including the centralization of inancial resources, a moratorium on the multiplicity of research funding sources and the traditional R&D contest. The formation of an "emergency" state authority is contemplated in purpose of the non-military science mobilization and achieving the goals of the mobilization period. The mobilization format of the state task for universities is proposed, as an instrument of University science mobilization.

Report on the 4th Seminar on Public Policy: Polish Historical, Educational and Scientific Policy. Organizer: Collegium of Economics and Social Sciences, Warsaw School of Economics, May 29, 2015.