The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.
Introduction. The article proposes a method of theoretical research on state policy in the scientific field by highlighting economic, legal and administrative aspects in its structure and using the well-known theoretical models of economics, law and politics to analyze specific documents and identify theoretical problems that require special study. The essence of the proposed changes in the methods of analysis is that, while at present the economic and legal aspects are considered instruments subordinate to the political objective, in the future it will be necessary to optimize these policy elements based on the developed theoretical apparatus in these areas and build state policy as a system of coordinated solutions in various aspects. Methods. An effective state policy is possible only on the condition of harmonious use of the methods inherent in each of the abovementioned areas of science. In the field of science management, the use of the economic theory of externalities (external effects) and institutional theory (optimization conditions) is especially relevant. At present, in Russia, the state policy in the scientific field is formed centrally in subordination to objectives that are also formed by political authorities. For this reason, the advantage of the three components of politics (management, economics and law) is, of course, given to management. The term management is introduced to distinguish between politics as a whole and politics as a complex of administrative measures. Results and Discussion. The study of management methods in terms and concepts of political science reveals the structure of political subjects and their hierarchy. The fulfillment of the goal-setting function and the dependence of its implementation on the prevailing structure of policy subjects were tracked in the greatest detail. It is shown that the insufficient presence of scientific organizations in the system of political subjects leads to the focus of the goals of state programs on the state apparatus as executors and ...
Introduction. The article presents the results of studying the problem of interaction between science and diplomacy, the analysis of scientific diplomacy in domestic and foreign practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific diplomacy as a phenomenon within the framework of he state's foreign policy and as a form of public diplomacy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis and generalization; empirical level methods: observation, comparison, grouping; special research methods. Results and Discussion. The article sets forth the interpretation of the concept of scientific diplomacy by various authors, reviewed its «classical» areas, conducted a retrospective analysis of scientific diplomacy in Russia. The article highlights and describes the features characteristic of the domestic practice of using scientific diplomacy at the present stage of development. In particular, the author gives the examples of joint projects implementation, carries out an analysis of information on the joint publications of Russian and foreign scientists stimulating international cooperation in science and technology, which is one of the goals of science diplomacy. Conclusion. The author has given recommendations for improving the mechanism for implementing and widely introducing into national practice the basics of scientific diplomacy for the purpose of strengthening international cooperation and the national goals of the state.
Process of definition of the category 'public policy' is debatable in political science and is interfaced to a number of methodological and semantic difficulties. Two main tendencies in interpretation of the designated category are allocated: the first tendency is connected with philosophical and axiological representations about 'public', the second reflects subject and practical understanding of public policy. Philosophical basis of considered concept is the spatial concept (public space, a public field, the public sphere). The second tendency in understanding of public policy as activity (subject and practical) category is connected with AngloSaxon tradition within policy sciences paradigm. Scientists on the former Soviet Union adapt conceptual sense of public policy on the basis of that experience of the state and cultural and valuable changes which is available in their national contexts. The main problem, in this case, is that the above categories donot correspond to the contents in the conditions of transitional systems. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философскоаксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметнопрактическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметнопрактической) категории связана с англосаксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурноценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем. ; Процесс определения категории «публичная политика» является в политической науке дискуссионным и сопряжен с рядом методологических и семантических трудностей. Выделяются две главные тенденции в интерпретировании обозначенной категории: первая тенденция связана с философскоаксиологическими представлениями о «публичном», вторая отражает предметнопрактическое понимание публичной политики. Философской основой рассматриваемого понятия является пространственный концепт (публичное пространство, публичное поле, публичная сфера). Вторая тенденция в понимании публичной политики как деятельностной (предметнопрактической) категории связана с англосаксонской традицией в рамках парадигмы policy sciences. Ученые на постсоветском пространстве адаптируют понятийный смысл публичной политики на основании того опыта государственных и культурноценностных изменений, который имеется в их национальных контекстах. Главная проблема, в данном случае, заключается в том, что вышеуказанные категории не соответствуют своему содержанию в условиях переходных систем.
The paper focuses on the issue of theoretical and methodological justification of monetary policy and its tools. A review of Russian economists' theoretical approaches to this problem allowed the authors to identify theoretical, methodological and applied bases of evaluation of monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The paper presents the authors' view of the scientific discussion on appropriateness of the monetary policy adopted by the Bank of Russia for the current state of the economy. The authors reveal principle distinctions between theoretical arguments of the supporters of the Bank's monetary policy and their opponents. The research theoretically and conceptually validates the changes in basic definitions and ideas contributing to the existing understanding of inflation in the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia. The analysis of macroeconomic theory and actual monetary policy gives grounds to conclude about their strong correlation. The suggested review of theoretical approaches to the problem studied will allow determining theoretical, methodological and applied rationale for monetary policy more accurately.
This article attempts to reveal the contents of a relatively young concept of "scientiic diplomacy", which includes three dimensions (science in diplomacy, diplomacy for science, science for diplomacy), as well as to identify key practices of all three dimensions of science diplomacy. The author identiies key practices that illustrate the three dimensions of science diplomacy: development of recommendations to the international policy objectives (science in diplomacy); simpliication of the process of international scientiic cooperation (diplomacy for science); the use of scientiic alliances in order to improve international relations between countries (science for diplomacy). The author carries out a systematic analysis and gives a generalized description of their efectiveness and eiciency. The article analyzes the experience of the international cooperation of scientists through personal initiative and under the auspices of the National Science Foundation and other associations, such as the AAAS, GIS or LIGO. They have become a platform for studying the practices of the irst and second dimensions of science diplomacy – "science in diplomacy" and "diplomacy for science." Particular attention is paid to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which initiated the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Afairs, and, accordingly, the development of such a dimension as a "science for diplomacy". Date of scientists who are in the movement, make a signiicant contribution to the development of international scientiic cooperation and create conditions to improve the political climate. The author proposes as a landmark example of the third dimension of science diplomacy consider the Union of Concerned Scientists – Union of Concerned Scientists, which was founded in 1969 by faculty and students at MIT. Also, special attention is paid to the periodization of the development of science diplomacy, as the author concludes that it was after World War II, when scientists themselves have become actively involved in the resolution of ...
The subject of the study is the policy of the Russian Federation to manage the scientific potential of higher education. The purpose of this article is to identify and characterize the trends in modern public policy in this area. As a basic method of research, a system-dynamic approach to policy research is used that involves the allocation of spatial, temporal and technological components. At the same time, the author focuses on the temporary component of the state policy for managing the scientific potential of higher education, which is revealed through the characterization of various stages of its life cycle. Primary data were obtained as a result of an in-depth expert questionnaire, as well as a focus group interview.The main theoretical result of the study is to substantiate the category "life cycle of public policy", covering such major stages as its formation, implementation and evaluation. It is proved that each stage corresponds to a certain type of assessment of the scientific potential of higher education: factor, performance and final. The article gives an original approach to the research of the life cycle of the state policy on management of the scientific potential of the higher school, the interrelation of its stages and stages of the life cycle of the most scientific potential of the higher school is grounded.The main empirical result of the study is the identification of the main risks in the processes under consideration and an analysis of the specific influences of various public and political organizations on their formation. The practical significance of the results obtained is conditioned by the possibility of their use in the development of the concept of state policy for the development of university science. ; Предметом исследования выступает политика Российской Федерации по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы. Целью настоящей статьи является выявление и характеристика тенденций современной государственной политики в указанной сфере. В качестве базового метода исследования используется системно-динамический подход к изучению политики, предполагающий выделение пространственного, временного и технологического ее компонентов. При этом основное внимание в рамках настоящей статьи автор уделяет временному компоненту государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, раскрываемому через характеристику различных стадий ее жизненного цикла. Первичные данные получены в результате заочного экспертного анкетирования, а также фокус-группового интервью.Основной теоретический результат проведенного исследования заключается в обосновании категории «жизненный цикл государственной политики», охватывающий такие главные стадии, как ее формирование, реализация и оценка. Доказано, что каждой из стадий соответствует определенный тип оценки научного потенциала высшей школы: факторная, результативная и итоговая. В статье приводится оригинальный подход к исследованию жизненного цикла государственной политики по управлению научным потенциалом высшей школы, обосновывается взаимосвязь его стадий и стадий жизненного цикла самого научного потенциала высшей школы.Основным эмпирическим результатом исследования является выявление основных рисков в рассматриваемых процессах и анализ особенностей влияния различных общественных и политических организаций на их формирование. Практическая значимость полученных результатов обусловлена возможностью их использования при разработке концепции государственной политики по развитию университетской науки.
The paper studies the mobilization of non-military science, suffering of internal crisis. The aims of such a mobilization are: to perform a complex of vital scientiic and technical tasks set within the military-industrial complex, to enable import substitution in the non-military sectors, due to the external economic sanctions, and to develop perspective research directions. It is shown, with some examples of the decision-making low speed within the science infrastructure development and dealing with talented youth, that the current R&D regulators' passiveness is unacceptable under new conditions. The analysis of the President of Russia May decrees and a series of his instructions revealed the soft model of the science mobilization, which, in case of its failure, will be replaced by a hard scenario. The necessary conditions for the non-military science hard mobilization start are deined, including the centralization of inancial resources, a moratorium on the multiplicity of research funding sources and the traditional R&D contest. The formation of an "emergency" state authority is contemplated in purpose of the non-military science mobilization and achieving the goals of the mobilization period. The mobilization format of the state task for universities is proposed, as an instrument of University science mobilization.
The scientiic and technological (S&T) development of the Russian Federation is one of the government top priorities. In the context of globalization, a clear image of the country's global S&T ranking can be helpful for decision making in science policy. The paper analyzes the main international statistical data banks which allow for cross-country comparisons of S&T capabilities and reviews various international rankings, including special innovation indices and rankings based on science and technology indicators, which provide opportunity to locate position of Russia in the global S&T and innovation landscape. The study is based on data from the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), UNESCO, international rankings relecting the countries' readiness for a knowledge-based economy: the Global Innovation Index, the Bloomberg Innovation Index, The IMD World Competitiveness, The Global Talent Competitiveness Index, the Networked Readiness Index. The article focuses on analysis of Russia's positions in international science, technology and innovation rankings. The discussion ends with the conclusion that despite rather high R&D expenditures and quality of human capital, R&D efectiveness and impact of S&T on the Russian economy are estimated as rather low.
A comprehensive review of National research policy papers issued over the past 6 years was carried out. A set of problems concerning the quality of predicted values of some bibliometric indicators reflecting the level of research performance and publication activity that were declared in governmental documents was discussed. Basic metrics of scientific performance that should be required to achieve the goals declared in the recent governmental policy papers including President's Executive Order № 599 of May 7, 2012 (increasing the share of Russian researchers' publications in the total number of publications in international scientific journals indexed in the Web of Science up to 2,44% in 2015). Taking into account the current structure of modern global science in which papers in biomedical subjects make up for approximately one third of the total world scientific output, it becomes obvious how difficult is the governmental task set up to the researchers — to double the number of journal publications indexed in Web of Science in the short-term period of the nearest three years. The priorities and reasonable goal-oriented efforts to meet the targets are proposed in the paper. ; Проведен анализ государственных программных документов по научной политике, в которых использовались индикаторы публикационной активности и прогнозные оценки роста результативности отечественных научных исследований. Рассчитаны основные показатели публикационной активности, которые должны быть достигнуты профессиональным медицинским сообществом, чтобы соответствовать целевым библиометрическим индикаторам, заявленным в Указе Президента № 599 от 7 мая 2012 г. (увеличение доли российских публикаций в Web of Science до 2,44% к 2015 г.), и в «Стратегии развития медицинской науки до 2025 г.» Показано, что глобальная наука, в сложившейся структуре которой на биомедицинские статьи приходится около 1/3 публикационного мирового потока, ставит перед российским медицинским сообществом очень сложную задачу: удвоить за 3 года число публикаций, индексируемых в Web of Science. Рассмотрены первоочередные и необходимые меры для выполнения этой задачи.
Monitoring in question covers the major changes in Russian legislation relevant to the ield of science and innovation that took place between January and December 2016 and are conventionally divided into the following areas: scientiic and technical policy and organization of science, intellectual property and technology transfer, integration of science and education, innovative policy and development of the national innovation system. Among the laws promulgated stands out the Federal Law ''On Biomedical Cell Products'' that regulates development, research, review, state registration, production and medical use of biomedical cellular products. Another noteworthy development authors of the article believe to be the series of amendments to the Federal Law ''On Librarianship'' covering the creation of the federal information system ''National Electronic Library''. To sum up the changes to the legislation enacted in 2016 were mostly technical rather than conceptual by nature. A detailed regulation of the scientiic and technical sphere was mainly carried out at the subordinate level: by the acts of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, ministries and departments. The most important changes include the reorganization of the two largest Russian foundations supporting scientiic activity. The measure was put into efect by the Decree No. 325-r of February 29, 2016 of the Government of the Russian Federation approving merger of the Russian Foundation for Humanity Studies (RFHS) into the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). Thus the sphere of reference of the RFBR has been expanded into the ield of humanities and social sciences previously covered by the activities of RFHS. Another major legal development took form of the Strategy for Scientiic and Technological Development of the Russian Federation put into efect by a Decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The Strategy deines the goal and the key tasks of the scientiic and technological development of the ...
In less than a century of its existence Saudi Arabia has developed from mass illiteracy and lack of education of its population into the current state of complex structure of educational and research institutions and organizations equipped with most modern and advanced technologies and top world specialists in accordance with the highest international standards. It is especially important that the Kingdom has managed to achieve such success in no time. Until lately scientifi c development in Saudi Arabia was mostly concentrated on applied research, especially in the Kingdom's key economic sphere – energy. Despite the country's abundant financial resources, science was considerably underfunded and lacked any development strategy. Meanwhile, in the last 15 years the Saudi Kingdom has made a huge leap in scientifi c development with a clear action plan worked out, a solid structure of scientifi c institutes formed and the world experience effi ciently used. The success came with the Saudi authorities' realization of the importance of scientifi c and technical progress both for the national economy and political positions of the state in the region and in the world. The article aims to analyze the scientifi c policy of Saudi Arabia on the stage of its birth and in the current state by means of studying offi cial documents, statistics and the existing institutes in the scientifi c system of the Kingdom. The author concludes that the key features of the Saudi scientifi c policy are prevailing role of the state, priority of applied over fundamental research and internalization with serious dependency on foreign support in the absence of a national scientifi c tradition. ; За менее, чем сто лет существования государства Саудовская Аравия прошла развитие от повсеместной неграмотности и необразованности населения до современного этапа развитой структуры образовательных и исследовательских заведений, оснащенных новейшими технологиями с привлечением лучших мировых специалистов в соответствии с высочайшими международными стандартами. Принципиально, что таких успехов Королевство смогло добиться за очень короткий срок. До недавнего времени развитие науки в Саудовской Аравии было в значительной степени ориентировано на прикладные исследования в основной для экономики Королевства области – в энергетике. Несмотря на большие финансовые возможности страны, научные исследования испытывали нехватку государственного планирования и финансирования: первая комплексная стратегия научно-технического развития появилась лишь в начале 2000-х гг. Между тем, за последние 15 лет Королевство сделало огромный рывок в сфере научного развития, разработав четкий план действий, сформировав прочную и структурированную институциональную базу и эффективно используя мировой опыт. Такие успехи были обусловлены пришедшим саудовскому руководству осознанием важности научно-технического прогресса не только для национальной экономики, но и для политического положения страны в регионе и мире. Целью данной статьи является анализ научной политики Саудовской Аравии на этапах ее зарождения и сегодняшнего состояния развития посредством изучения официальных государственных документов, статистики и существующей структуры научных учреждений Королевства. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что ключевыми характеристиками саудовской научной политики сегодня являются доминирующая роль государства, приоритет прикладных исследований над фундаментальными и интернациональность при заметной зависимости от международного сотрудничества в условиях отсутствия собственной национальной научной традиции.
Introduction. Currently, in the context of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, major changes are taking place, including in the scientific and technical area. The law, as a social institution, also undergoes transformations determined by internal and external factors. However, such changes, as a result of which the legislation changes, do not always fully reflect the dynamics and orientation of social processes. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify important changes in the Russian legislation in the scientific and technical area for 2021. The subject of the study is the main changes in the Russian legislation in the field of science and innovation that occurred in the period from January to December 2021. Monitoring Tools. The methodological basis is the dialectical method. The study employs general scientific (analytical, systematic, functional), special-purpose (sociological), and specific scientific (formal legal, the method of interpretation of legal rules) methods. The materials collected as part of the analysis are conditionally divided in this article in the following areas: public administration in the scientific and technical field, state policy in the scientific, technical and innovative areas, the results of intellectual activity in the scientific and technical field and the organisation of the activities of the scientific field and the field of higher education. Results. The analysis of legislative changes carried out in these areas will be useful both for lawyers who apply these laws, and for researchers or teachers of higher education who encounter the provisions of the regulations in question in their professional activities. Conclusion. Based on the results of this article, it is concluded that most of the changes that have affected the scientific and technical sphere relate to changes in by-laws that specify the norms of laws, taking into account the decisions made by the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation.
Introduction. The Russian legislation is undergoing major changes determined by internal and external factors, which cannot but affect the scientific and technical sphere. However, such changes do not always fully reflect the dynamics and direction of social processes. In this connection, the purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the specificity of changes in the Russian legislation in the science and technology in 2018. The subject is the main changes in the Russian legislation in the field of science and innovation that took place in the period from January to December 2018. Methods. The methodological basis is the dialectical method. The paper uses general (analysis, system and structural, functional) and specific (sociological, technical, interpreting the law) scientific methods. Results and Discussion. The materials collected in the framework of the analysis in this article are divided into the following areas: science and technology policy and organization of science; science and education; intellectual property and technology transfer; innovation policy and development of the national innovation system. The analysis of legislative changes carried out in these areas will be useful both for the lawyers who apply these laws and for the researchers who are faced with the action of such laws in their professional activities. Conclusion. As a result, it is concluded that most of the changes that have affected the scientific and technical sphere relate to the changes in the by laws specifying the norms of laws with account of the decisions of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation. ; For citation: Stepanova M. O. The Main Changes in the Russian Legislation in Science and Technology in 2018. Science. Innovation. Education. 2019; 14(1):147-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33873/1996-9953.2019.14-1.147-166
The reality of Russia confirms the relevance of studying the specifics of the historical form of policy prevalent in the country. In order to analyze the nature of the existing order of power in post-Soviet Russia, different analytical categories are required compared to democracy or authoritarianism. This warrants using approaches and methods which lie at the border between political science and sociology. Such approaches allow for examining politics as a process and a result of not only the elites' doings, but also a group of actors, which is not only not outlined, but, on the contrary, isn't really limited. The author of this article offers an authentic policy typology, starting with its ideal variety, being institutionalized, based on universal trust rather than force and on competition between projects and decisions aimed at common benefit, conducted within an indefinite circle of free citizens. Compared to true policy, the main distinctions of other phenomena is a lack of institutionalization in the case of "under-policy", lacking principles of unrestricted participation and alignment towards common good in the case of "pre-policy", and the use of unlawful violence in the case of "anti-policy". These phenomena can be described using the collective term "quasi-policy". "Under-policy" and "pre-policy" are inherent to people's "natural state", and can be used as a means to adjust public life and the circulation of resources, while "anti-policy" is a perverse form of social order which arises from not knowing any non-violent solutions to various problems. Based on the empirical data, the author shows that "pre-policy", which is becoming ever less effective, is prevalent in Russia, while also considering possible trends for its subsequent transformation. "Pre-policy" is characterized by syncretism of the governmental, economic and legislative domains of public life, being an archaic phenomenon by default. However, the degree of "pre-policy's" archaism varies. In Russia's case it is quite high. In Russia we see a high degree of integration on the social level within situational informal groups (cliques), combined with a low degree of trust on the societal level, which leads to there not being ideologically manifested political differentiation. The tendencies when it comes to the transformation of Russia's "pre-politics" are multidirectional and conflicting: together with amplified "pre-policy" by means of increasing archaism, we can also observe pre-political actors occasionally resorting to certain principles of "under-policy" and "anti-policy", when "pre-policy" is unable to help said actors solve the problems that they face.
