Suchergebnisse

The article deals with the problems of historiography of the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic. The author analyzes the approaches to disclosure of the nature and the causes of the armed conflict in Chechnya, existing in modern Polish historiography. The active phase of the military operations of the armed conflict in Chechnya was completed in 2001. At that time, historians, analysts and journalists create a wide range of theoretical works concerning the conflict. A number of common features on the use of basic resources are discussed in these publications. The degree of accessibility of the sources which focus on the description of the conflict and its socio-political assessment is of great importance for researchers and their objectives. Modern Polish historiography, dedicated to the armed conflict in Chechnya, is in the stage of development and the state of its documentary complex is characterized by a number of qualitative changes. The article highlights the scientific and objective truth, comparing it with the comments of the contemporaries. In terms of methodological aspects it is an interesting work for specialists in the fields of history and political science. The author urges us to meditate on the objective truth and subjective opinion about the events. Versions of the causes of the conflict, conflict results and prospects set out in the Polish historiography may have significance not only for understanding of the situation in the Chechen Republic itself but also for the international relations.

Abstract
The article opens with a brief analysis of the publishing industry in the UK and Ireland to provide an informed assessment of how difficult it is for Polish migrant authors to establish their presence on the local literary market. It proceeds to show how these writers have been amazingly persistent in their efforts to win British and Irish readership by, for example, participating in literary competitions, submitting their work to literary journals, collaborating with local writers or self-publishing their work. Then some attention is given to how the process of writing a book in a non-native language engages the writers: they tend to adjust their texts to the international readership, become involved in the translation process, try their hand at writing in a foreign language, and prepare bilingual advertising materials. Why they feel such a strong need to be published in English is a question broached in the next part of the article. Finally, the closing section explores how the fact that their writing is a translation influences the reception of the writers' work.

The beginning of the twentieth century is a time of the development of official statistics in European countries. Due to the lack of its own independent state, it was not possible to publish a Yearbook of Poland at the time. In this context, the Polish Statistical Association (PSA) was founded in Cracow in 1912. One of its main tasks was to merge statistical information on Polish lands dispersed among statistical offices of Russia, Germany and Austria and to issue its own statistical yearbooks for Polish lands and their population. Before the beginning of World War I, the PSA was able to prepare the publication Statistics of Poland, printed in 1915, whose main authors were: A. Krzyżanowski and K. W. Kumaniecki. Many people from the intellectual elite of the country were involved in the project. The territorial scope of Statistics of Poland is interesting. It covers the territory of the first Polish Republic and the area of Upper Silesia and the southern Masuria, where Poles were the majority. Statistical data contained in Statistics of Poland amaze by their abundance even today. The importance of Statistics of Poland is that it gave arguments for the Polish delegation in the con­duct of the discussions on the shape of the territory of reborn Poland in 1918 carried out at the peace conference in Versailles.

In Poland, although in‑depth knowledge of Canada is rather meager, the country of the maple leaf invariably carries positive connotations. In the popular imagination, Canada is typically perceived as a land of plenty, offering practically unlimited possibilities of development for its citizens. It is also seen through the prism of its natural environment and Aboriginal Peoples, and this is why the country is enveloped in an aura of mystery and adventure. Such a perception of Canada stems not so much from broad media coverage and ever‑present cultural as well as political influence, as is the case of the USA, but largely from a few popular literary works published throughout the 20th century. Among them there are translations of a few Canadian books which are popular in Poland, as well as a few books on the subject of Canada written by Polish authors.

Management style is distinctive and relatively stable behaviour of the manager affecting the employees of the subordinate group. Management style involves personal interactions as well as in a large extent a manager spontaneous reaction in a direct contact with the subordinates. The theoretical part of this work has aimed at presenting problems of management styles and discussed the factors influencing the choice of management style. Furthermore, it provides the leader with the selected concepts and management styles. Particular attention was paid to the Blake Mounton Managerial Grid and W.J. Redline Concepts. The research part presents of the author's own research and the results obtained by graduates preparing their works under the direction of the author, which are based on the Blake Mounton Managerial Grid. The surveys were conducted among managers of All types of companies (small, medium, large) and different types of public institutions (Police, City Council, Fire Station). These results were contrasted with the results of the management styles presented in the works of other Polish authors. The analysis of the own results and other writers indicates that the most identified style is democratic style. While the studies of other authors show the frequent use of this style but also pay attention to using participation and firefighter management styles. ; peer-reviewed

The history of the eugenics movement in the United States is strictly interwoven with the processes of immigration, assimilation and naturalization. Well known are the attempts of American eugenicists (described widely by Alexandra Minna Stern in Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America, published in 2005), who combined the Manifest Destiny doctrines of the 1840s with the twentieth century medical and scientific vocabulary in order to improve the genes of the American society. One of the results of the prevailing popularity of the principles voiced by the followers of the movement, who belonged to the country's dominant group, was the introduction of strict immigration laws between 1891 and 1924. The eugenicists' preoccupation and obsession with unhealthy and physically inferior immigrant bodies, which needed to be 'reshaped' and 'purified' in order to be Americanized, was especially prominent in the literary works of American ethnic writers (Anzia Yezierska, Mary Gordon), who published their short stories and novels at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, the discomfort with the immigrant embodied selves also permeates the literary worlds of some of the contemporary Polish American authors. Taking into consideration the fact that literary immigrant bodies may be perceived as "repositories of [the newcomers'] cultures [and] serve as the microcosms of the homelands they left behind,"62 the main aim of the present article is to shed some light upon the images of the immigrant bodies in selected works of American authors of Polish descent.

The article is devoted to the presentation in contemporary Polish historiography Jozef Pilsudski, as the organizer of the May 1926 coup d'etat in Poland, the leader of the sanacja camp and creator of the sanacja regime, as well as the characteristics of the sanacja camp. In this article are presented the opinions of the Polish authors in the latest studies on those problems and the main trends of contemporary Polish history science.

Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004 is commonly regarded as a watershed in the history of Polish emigration. The massive inflow of Poles to the EU countries, most notably the United Kingdom, has been amply analysed from the perspective of sociology, economics, and psychology. Simultaneously, the experience of migration and the changes it brings about has attracted the attention of those Polish-born authors who themselves inhabit transnational European spaces, and whose works, featuring migrant characters, are now analysed from different critical perspectives: postcolonial/postcommunist, imagological, and feminist, to name but a few. In this paper, I will focus on three such authors who fictionalise migration in their works while at the same time partaking in the cultural in-betweenness that transnational movement entails: Grażyna Plebanek, A.M. Bakalar, and Agnieszka Dale. My proposition is that by portraying contemporary (Polish) migrants, their works reveal various reconfigurations inherent in the experience of leaving one's homeland for the host country, with its idiosyncratic, culture-specific features and more universal patterns of integration, or lack thereof. In doing so, these works also reflect upon contemporary Europe and the way in which selfhood and otherness are (mis)represented and enacted in a variety of settings, ranging from the micro context of an individual, through romantic and family relationships, transnational workplace, and even the dystopian post-human spaces of the Europe of the future. As they map the experience of migration in the 21st century, these works dramatize tensions within contemporary European spaces, where one's gender, ethnicity, and/or provenance affect inter-human relations, challenging and disrupting the official European narrative of "united in diversity." ; Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech