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The Gnassingbé clan has ruled the country since 1967. The demand for political alternance, constituted the major contentious issue between the government and the challengers of the Gnassingbé regime throughout the survey period. The first local elections since more than 30 years took finally place on 30 June 2019 and resulted in the victory of the ruling party. Shortly afterwards, in February 2020, the President won also the disputed presidential elections and thus consolidated his power, assisted by the loyal army and security services. The outbreak of the Corona epidemic in Togo in April 2020 and the subsequent economic recession may have contributed to limit popular protest against the Gnassingbé regime. The human rights record of the government has improved but remains poor. Despite undeniable improvements to the framework and appearance of the regime's key institutions during the review period, democracy remains far from complete. However, the international community, notably Togo's African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a 'laissez-faire' approach in the interests of regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum (before Corona). Public investment in infrastructure and increases in agricultural productivity, notably of export crops, had been the key drivers of economic growth. However, growth remains vulnerable to external shocks and the climate and has not been inclusive. Moreover, it was overshadowed by increasing inter-personal and regional inequality as well as an increase in extreme poverty. Money-laundering, illegal money transfers and trafficking grew alarmingly. Nevertheless, the business climate improved considerably.

Compares responses to the events of 11 September 2001 to Michel Houellebecq's novel, Extension du dumaine de la lutte, which describes a fictional people that destroy each other's livelihood. The focus is on the spread of mass fear & how 9/11 has reinforced the link between security & international migration, & led countries of North America & Western Europe to strengthen both border controls & the internal control of non-citizens. It is argued that the "securitization" of international migration in the West has resulted in a "clash of civilizations" that has reinforced cultural stereotypes. The historical evolution of migration as a security issue is traced & the migration-security nexus is explored as "an instance of symbolic politics viz. meta-politics in particular." Other issues discussed include the consequences of securitizing international migration; the need to include the study of the metapolitics of migration; & the importance of increasing awareness of both the import/export of conflicts through international migration & positive elements of immigration in order to remove fantasies about migrants as security threats. J. Lindroth

Controversial constitutional and institutional reforms voted in May 2019 in parliament opened the way for President Gnassingbé to stand for a fourth and fifth term because the law does not apply retroactively. In February 2020, the President won again the disputed presidential elections and thus consolidated his power, assisted by the loyal army and security services. The outbreak of the Corona epidemic in Togo in March and the subsequent economic recession may have contributed to limit popular protest against the Gnassingbé regime. The human rights record of the government has improved, but remains poor. Yet, the international community followed a 'laissez faire' approach in the interests of regional stability. The economy dropped into recession due to the worldwide economic negative effects of the corona-crisis. The democracy index of the Economic Intelligence Unit, London, still rated Togo as an 'authoritarian regime'.

Controversial constitutional and institutional reforms voted in May in parliament opened the way for President Gnassingbé to stand for a fourth and fifth term (2020 and 2025) because the law does not apply retroactively. The first local elections since more than 30 years resulted in the victory of the ruling party. Grand expectations of the opposition which had hoped for a fundamental change at least at the grass-roots were again dashed. The human rights situation sharply deteriorated due to growing political and social tensions related to the prospects of the head of state running for a fourth term. Islamist terrorist violence spread from Mali to the northern frontier region of Togo. The autonomous deep-water port of Lomé developed as a growth pole and hub for the sub-region. China became the major partner beside the established partners the EU, France and Germany. The informal sector still dominated the economy. Economic freedom remained with the overall status 'mostly unfree'.

Jednym z głównych wyzwań współczesnego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego jest proces starzenia się ludności. Złożony charakter zmian z nim związanych uzasadnia podejmowanie interwencji uwzględniających wyzwanie utrzymania solidarności pokoleniowej i przeciwdziałania wykluczeniu robotycznemu. Opracowane przybliża koncepcję srebrnej gospodarki jako systemu gospodarczego opartego na zaspokajaniu potrzeb starzejących się społeczeństw. W artykule przedstawione zostały założenia budowy srebrnej gospodarki zawarte w wybranych dokumentach projektu cywilizacyjnego "Polska 2030. Trzecia fala nowoczesności". Podsumowanie obejmuje wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy strategii oraz postulaty co do kierunków dalszych badań.

Throughout the year the controversial legislative elections dominated the political landscape. Huge anti-government demonstrations that called in vain for political alternance. The legislative elections of 20 December 2018, boycotted by the major opposition parties, resulted in an easy victory of the ruling party, however without the expected constitutional amendment majority. Therefore, the prime minister and his cabinet were replaced. The local elections, crucial for democratization at the grass-roots, but postponed time and again since 1987, were again postponed in December 2018 sine die. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum. Public investment in infrastructure (e. g. roads, harbour) and increases in agricultural productivity, notably of export crops, had been the key drivers of economic growth. Moreover, money-laundering, illegal money transfers and trafficking grew alarmingly. Unemployment and lacking political change caused increasing migration.

Generacja sandwicz - grupa osób w wieku średnim, która ze względu na swoją centralną pozycję (status) w strukturze wieku i w związanej z nią stratyfikacji wiekowej stanowi generację (pokolenie), które jednocześnie opiekuje się osobami starszymi (przeważnie swoimi rodzicami) i osobami młodszymi (przeważnie swoimi dziećmi). Zjawisko to określane jest też jako "kobiety w środku" (ang. women in the middle) lub "złapani w środku" (ang. being caught in the middle). Koncepcja "generacji sandwicz" ("pokolenia kanapki") w wąskim ujęciu odnoszona jest przeważnie do tradycyjnie postrzeganych ról opiekuńczych kobiet, które są w wieku środkowym (środkowej dorosłości), a zarazem na przedpolu starości (przed późną dorosłością). W ujęciu feministycznym społeczne oczekiwania wobec kobiet znajdujących się między 40. a 60. rokiem życia są zorientowane z jednej strony na udzielanie pomocy dzieciom i młodzieży w uzyskaniu samodzielnego dorosłego życia, z drugiej zaś są ukierunkowane na udzielanie pomocy pielęgnacyjnej starszemu pokoleniu szczególnie w przypadku niepełnosprawności, otępienia lub choroby Alzheimera. Oczekiwania wobec powyższych ról opiekuńczych są sformalizowane w mniejszym (np. tradycja, równość płci, krąg kulturowy, stereotypy) lub większym stopniu (np. polityka rodzinna państwa, polityka kadrowa przedsiębiorstw, powszechność programów równowagi praca-życie) co prowadzi do nierówności między kobietami i mężczyznami (Korzec, 1997).

Proces starzenia się społeczeństw stanowi istotne wyzwanie dla krajów Unii Europejskiej. W napływie emigrantów z młodszych regionów świata - głównie Azji i Afryki - dostrzega się sposobu na uzupełnienie malejących zasobów pracy, co prowadzi do wzrostu obaw w zakresie możliwości ich integracji w wymiarze międzypokoleniowym ze społecznościami przyjmującymi. Jednocześnie upatruje się korzyści z migracji seniorów oraz możliwości kształtowania gospodarek regionalnych i lokalnych tak by sprzyjały zaspokajaniu ich potrzeb. Celem opracowania jest przybliżenie koncepcji ageizmu (dyskryminacji ze względu na wiek) w formie zwielokrotnionej, zarządzania różnorodnością, polityki kreatywności oraz związków wielokulturowości z konstruowaniem srebrnych gospodarek. Podsumowanie zawiera potencjalne kierunki dalszych badań nad wielokulturowymi aspektami srebrnej gospodarki.

The mass media play a crucial role in modern societies. Media allows reaching with information's about current events to the broad masses of recipients, they interpret it and construct their meanings, they create a community of values, organize entertainment in leisure time and mediate in mobilizing social movements. Mass communication is also related to conduct of public debate and developing public opinion awareness about social problems. The aim of this article is to bring closer look on the results of empirical analysis of selected messages perceived by older people in the press, radio and television that are related to their image, problems and interests. Work outlines the expectations of senior citizens towards activities of mass media on local and national level.

The article presents an overview of selected connections of the COVID-19 pandemic with risk theories. The study first explores the basic concepts of preparing and mobilizing networks of public policy actors to act together under conditions of uncertainty. The following section discusses the pandemic risk preparedness and fighting. Then, selected possible social, economic and political effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed. In summary, recommendations regarding the public management in the further stages of the pandemic development and in the post-pandemic period were indicated, as well as proposals for further research directions.