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Employees shall not use District funds, services, supplies or equipment to urge the passage or defeat of any ballot measure or candidate, including but not limited to, any candidate for election to the governing Board. This policy prohibits political activity during an employee’s working hours, but shall not be construed to prohibit an employee from urging the support or defeat of a ballot measure or candidate during non-working time. Nothing in this policy shall prevent: a. The dissemination of information concerning school tax and/or bond elections by the administrative staff insofar as authorized by the Education Code. b. The discussion and study of politics and political issues, when such discussion and study is appropriate to instruction and learning. c. The conducting of student and employee elections, and campaigning connected therewith.

Employees shall not use District funds, services, supplies or equipment to urge the passage or defeat of any ballot measure or candidate, including but not limited to, any candidate for election to the governing Board. This policy prohibits political activity during an employee’s working hours, but shall not be construed to prohibit an employee from urging the support or defeat of a ballot measure or candidate during non-working time. Nothing in this policy shall prevent: a. The dissemination of information concerning school tax and/or bond elections by the administrative staff insofar as authorized by the Education Code. b. The discussion and study of politics and political issues, when such discussion and study is appropriate to classroom studies, such as history, current events, and political science. c. The conducting of student and employee elections, and campaigning connected therewith.

This study examines the att's of citizens to actions that might be taken under hyp'al conditions of gov'al oppression. A technique called Polarized Subgroup Analysis (PSA) was used to divide a nat'l sample of adults (N= 1,200, 18 yrs of age or older) into groups that varied in the amount of systemic punishment that they had experienced. Those who had experienced greater amounts of systemic punishment were less pol'ly active & more rigid in the modes of action that they had utilized. They were more rigid psychol'ly & had higher levels of endorsement of official internal & internat'l use of force. A theory of reduced alternatives is proposed, which hyp'izes that systemic punishment leads to a reduction in pol'al activity as well as behavioral & psychol'al rigidity. It is this rigidity that leads to anxiety over complex situations & increased dependency upon & subsequent identification with authority to reduce the anxiety. This identification then results in greater endorsement of official uses of force, as well as reduced opposition to gov'al oppression. Opposition to gov requires a wide range of pol'al alternatives, which reduces anxiety & dependence & the need for identification. The conditions under which withdrawal (alienation) may occur are briefly discussed. Evidence is given that nonwhites in the US do not identify with authority. (See also SA 0829/E9781.) Modified HA.

This study examines the attitudes of citizens to actions that might be taken under hypothetical conditions of governmental oppression. A technique called Polarized Sub group Analysis (PSA) was used to divide a national sample of adults into groups that varied in the amount of systemic pun ishment that they had experienced. Those who had experi enced greater amounts of systemic punishment were less politi cally active and more rigid in the modes of action that they had utilized. They were more rigid psychologically and had higher levels of endorsement of official internal and international uses of force. A theory of reduced alternatives is proposed, which hypothe sizes that systemic punishment leads to a reduction in political activity as well as behavioral and psychological rigidity. It is this rigidity that leads to anxiety over complex situations and increased dependency upon and subsequent identification with authority to reduce the anxiety. This identification then re sults in greater endorsement of official uses of force, as well as reduced opposition to governmental oppression. Opposition to government requires a wide range of political alternatives, which reduces anxiety and dependence and the need for identi fication. The conditions under which withdrawal (alienation) may occur are briefly discussed. Evidence is given that non- whites in the United States do not identify with authority.

A polemic is presented, arguing that the traditional lecture (in which the teacher speaks all or most of the time) is both educationally ineffective and in part a political authoritarian act. For those teachers and students who accept this interpretation two suggested directions are outlined. One is to change the form of the lecture to include more student centred activities. Alternatively staff can develop courses with few or no lectures. In conclusion I argue that aspects of the politics of higher education obstruct teachers and students who wish to teach and learn in these more effective ways.

12 p.

ANALYSIS OF TACITUS' DIALOGUE INDICATES TACITUS' CONCERN WITH THE CHANGING NATURE OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY UNDER VARIOUS POLITICAL REGIMES. THE TRANSITION FROM THE ROMAN REPUBLIC TO THE TYRANNY OF THE PRINCIPATE NECESSITATED THE CHAGE FROM A RELIANCE ON ORATORY TO A RELIANCE ON ART AS THE NEW MODE OF POLITICAL ACTIVITY.

12 p.