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The paper presents data of sociological surveys on political participation of citizens and political actors in contemporary Russia on the Internet. The data were obtained by interviewing experts in 4 subjects of the Russian Federation (Yaroslavl, Vologda, Ulyanovsk and Novosibirsk region) and the mass survey of Internet users in 15 regions of the Russian Federation, actively participating in political campaigns on the Internet. This gave a possibility to obtain both quantitative and qualitative assessments of political participation on the Internet.The author characterizes the main objects of political activity on the Internet. The study highlighted areas of political participation, most effectively realized by using the Internet. The paper analyzes the activity of the political opposition on the Internet.It is stated that the Internet users can be divided into two unequal groups: activists and consumers of information. The author points out a high proportion of professionals among activists in the Internet. The biggest proportion of customers are young people. ; Приводятся данные социологических исследований политического участия граждан и субъектов политики в современной России в сети «Интернет». Данные получены посредством опроса экспертов 4 субъектов Российской Федерации (Ярославская, Вологодская, Ульяновская и Новосибирская области) и массовый Интернет опрос пользователей из 15 субъектов Российской Федерации, активно участвующих в политических кампаниях в Интернете. Это позволило получить как количественные, так и качественные оценки политического участия граждан в сети «Интернет».Выделяются основные причины политического участия в сети «Интернет». Автором характеризуются основные объекты политической активности в Интернете. Выявляются направления политического участия, наиболее эффективно реализующиеся с помощью Интернета. Анализируется активность в Интернете политической оппозиции.Указывается, что аудиторию интернета можно разделить на две неравные группы: активисты и потребители информации. Отмечается значительная доля профессионалов в сфере Интернет среди активистов глобальной сети. Среди потребителей наиболее велика доля молодежи.

Dynamics of economical, political and social factors of electoral campaign are analysed. The problem of ensuring security of elections within the framework of modern electoral process is dealt with.The paper gives examples of influencing the public opinion in the course of the electoral process, for example, psychological influence, information and political manipulations are described. ; Анализируется динамика экономических, политических, социальных факторов предвыборной кампании. Рассматривается проблема обеспечения безопасности выборов в рамках современного избирательного процесса.Даются примеры воздействия на общественное мнение в ходе избирательного процесса, такие как психологическое воздействие, описываются информационные и политические манипуляции.

Lysenkoism was a political campaign against genetics and science-based agriculture conducted by Trofim Lysenko, his followers and Soviet authorities. Many books on this theme were forbidden in Russia and published abroad. Novel The White Robes by Dudintsev is a fictionalized version of the devastation, which Lysenko wreaked on Soviet genetic study. Novels Nikolai Nikolaevich by Aleshkovsky and The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin by Voinovich describe the topic in a satirical style. The actuality of the theme is confirmed by its presence in Russian mass media in the form of materials aimed at justifying Lysenko's activity in the recent years. ; Lysenkoism was a political campaign against genetics and science-based agriculture conducted by Trofim Lysenko, his followers and Soviet authorities. Many books on this theme were forbidden in Russia and published abroad. Novel The White Robes by Dudintsev is a fictionalized version of the devastation, which Lysenko wreaked on Soviet genetic study. Novels Nikolai Nikolaevich by Aleshkovsky and The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin by Voinovich describe the topic in a satirical style. The actuality of the theme is confirmed by its presence in Russian mass media in the form of materials aimed at justifying Lysenko's activity in the recent years.

A recent conspiracy about U.S. troops points to the wider problem of unregulated media in Iraq's polarized political environment.

The populism phenomenon has become a mainstraim political research topic at the beginning of the 21st century. Scholars have focused on different aspects of this phenomenon. In the peer-reviewed monograph "Populism in power. Strategies and Consequences of a Populist Stay" (Wiesbaden, 2021) the author analyzes the results of a populist government in a geographical area. It is argued that populism in power has the following characteristics: charismatic leadership, public political opposition, networking and shutdown of patronage institutions that stand between populist status and the so-called "true people", paving the way for the autocratization of assemblies. The author shows the peculiar position of populist governments: how they come to power and what they do as a political elite to create their own legitimacy. Most of them act as the leaders of a permanent election campaign. The first step towards their new legitimacy is always the delegitimization of any opposition and this naturally opens the way to anti-pluralism.

A theoretical game model for struggle of two big parties for the constituency in the course of election campaign is proposed. The uniqueness of solution to problem of optimal strategy choice in funds distribution among districts is proved. On the basis of the solution to the set optimization problem, the decision rule is indicated, which defines the sum of money that a party has to put in the campaign when the information about the competitors is of stochastic nature. ; Предложена теоретико-игровая модель борьбы двух крупных партий за электорат в ходе предвыборной кампании. Доказано существование и единственность решения задачи выбора оптимальной стратегии распределения денежных средств по районам. На основе решения поставленной оптимизационной задачи в работе указывается решающее правило, которое определяет, какие средства вложить партии для выигрыша, когда информация о конкурентах носит лишь вероятностный характер. ; Запропоновано теоретико-ігрову модель боротьби двох великих партій за електорат під час передвиборної кампанії. Доведено існування єдиного розв'язку вибору оптимальної стратегії розподілу грошових засобів по районах. На основі розв'язку поставленої оптимізаційної задачі в роботі вказується вирішальне правило, що визначає, які гроші необхідно вкласти партії для виграшу, коли інформація про конкурентів носить лише ймовірнісний характер.

A theoretical game model for struggle of two big parties for the constituency in the course of election campaign is proposed. The uniqueness of solution to problem of optimal strategy choice in funds distribution among districts is proved. On the basis of the solution to the set optimization problem, the decision rule is indicated, which defines the sum of money that a party has to put in the campaign when the information about the competitors is of stochastic nature. ; Предложена теоретико-игровая модель борьбы двух крупных партий за электорат в ходе предвыборной кампании. Доказано существование и единственность решения задачи выбора оптимальной стратегии распределения денежных средств по районам. На основе решения поставленной оптимизационной задачи в работе указывается решающее правило, которое определяет, какие средства вложить партии для выигрыша, когда информация о конкурентах носит лишь вероятностный характер. ; Запропоновано теоретико-ігрову модель боротьби двох великих партій за електорат під час передвиборної кампанії. Доведено існування єдиного розв'язку вибору оптимальної стратегії розподілу грошових засобів по районах. На основі розв'язку поставленої оптимізаційної задачі в роботі вказується вирішальне правило, що визначає, які гроші необхідно вкласти партії для виграшу, коли інформація про конкурентів носить лише ймовірнісний характер.

A theoretical game model for struggle of two big parties for the constituency in the course of election campaign is proposed. The uniqueness of solution to problem of optimal strategy choice in funds distribution among districts is proved. On the basis of the solution to the set optimization problem, the decision rule is indicated, which defines the sum of money that a party has to put in the campaign when the information about the competitors is of stochastic nature. ; Предложена теоретико-игровая модель борьбы двух крупных партий за электорат в ходе предвыборной кампании. Доказано существование и единственность решения задачи выбора оптимальной стратегии распределения денежных средств по районам. На основе решения поставленной оптимизационной задачи в работе указывается решающее правило, которое определяет, какие средства вложить партии для выигрыша, когда информация о конкурентах носит лишь вероятностный характер. ; Запропоновано теоретико-ігрову модель боротьби двох великих партій за електорат під час передвиборної кампанії. Доведено існування єдиного розв'язку вибору оптимальної стратегії розподілу грошових засобів по районах. На основі розв'язку поставленої оптимізаційної задачі в роботі вказується вирішальне правило, що визначає, які гроші необхідно вкласти партії для виграшу, коли інформація про конкурентів носить лише ймовірнісний характер.

The subject. Detection of the essence of electoral process, the election campaign and their influence on the temporal component of the electoral process is the subject of this publication.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the concept of "election campaign" should include activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out in the period from the date of the decision on the appointment of elections to the day of official publication (publication) of the decision on the results of electionsThe methodology. General scientific methods were used when considering and analyzing the concepts of the electoral process, election companies, and stages of the electoral process. Normative-logical and comparative-legal methods were used in the process of analyzing the electoral legislation.The main results and scope of their application. The definition of the electoral process is considered by scientists not only as a system of relations, but also as a phenomenon, as an institution, as a form of implementation of constitutional principles, as a legal technology, as a technological infrastructure. Almost all authors, detecting the essence of the electoral process, cannot avoid the temporal aspect of this phenomenon. Political scientists and sociologists understand an election (election) campaign as a system of various campaigning events, with the help of which political parties and individual candidates seek the support of voters in elections. The election campaign in the broad sense is the period of time during which citizens have the opportunity to exercise most of their electoral rights. It is essential not only to legislate consolidation of the definition of "election campaign", but also to define its temporal component, adequate to the goals and objectives of the implementation of the constitutional right to elect and to be elected.The current law defines the election campaign as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections from the date of publication of the announcement of elections until the day the election commission submits the election report.The start of the election campaign is given by the publication of the announcement of the election, but not the adoption of this decision. The campaign ends not with the determination of the winner, but after the election commission submits a report on budget spending, i. e. 3 months after the actual completion of the election. This duration of the campaign does not correspond to the objectives of the election and artificially lengthens the election campaign.The time limits of an election campaign are closely related to the stages of the electoral process, i.e., a set of electoral actions and procedures that are separate in time, aimed at forming a government body and electing an official. The author refers to the mandatory stages of the electoral process as determining the voting day and publishing the decision to call elections; nominating and registering candidates (lists of candidates); election campaigning; voting, determining the results of voting, determining the results of elections and publishing them. Deadlines mark the boundaries of the stages of the electoral process, affecting its institutional, subject and technological components.Conclusions. Nowadays, it is necessary to reduce the legislatively fixed period of the election campaign and, as a result, clarify the definition of "election campaign", which is preferably defined as activities for the preparation and conduct of elections, carried out from the date of the decision of the authority or official on the election to be held until the day official publication of the decision of the election commission on the election results. ; Рассматривается понятие избирательного процесса и его темпоральный аспект, стадии электорального процесса. Анализируется законодательное закрепление дефиниции «избирательная кампания» и ее влияние на продолжительность выборов. Приводятся аргументы, критикующие действующее правовое регулирование, предлагается сокращение законодательно закрепленного периода избирательной кампании с уточнением ее понятия.

в статье анализируются причины ; ход и итоги военной компании афинского военачальника Кимона на юго-западе Малой Азии. Даётся краткий сравнительно-исторический и текстологический анализ письменных источников и археологических материалов ; свидетельствующих о военно-политической активности Афин в Карии и Ликии. Предпринимается попытка анализа эволюции взглядов на проблему в рамках классической и современной историографии. На основании привлечения широкого круга данных предпринимается попытка реконструкции характера военно-политического влияния Афин в юго-западной Анатолии. ; the article analyzes the reasons ; course and results of the military campaign of the Athenian military commander Kimon in the southwest of Asia Minor. The author provides a brief comparative-historical and textual analysis of written sources and archaeological materials testifying the military-political activity of Athens in Caria and Lycia. An attempt is made to analyze the evolution of views on the problem within the framework of classical and modern historiography. Based on the involvement of a wide range of data ; an attempt is made to analyze the evolution of the political influence of Athens in southwestern Anatolia.

This article is devoted to one of the most important administrative and political actions initiated by Stalin's regime in the mid-1930s – campaigns on verification and exchange of party documents. The author made an attempt to examine the whole course of the campaign as much as possible in detail, from the preparation stage at the beginning of 1935 until its completion in the autumn of 1936 in a particular historical and geographical location – in the areas of the Upper Volga region. Documentary base of this research were, first of all, archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In this article series on the basis of the evidence the author reveals the following provisions. Firstly, investigation of party documents represented a large-scale ideological and political examination covering all regions – intra-party filtering of communists for "political reliability". Secondly, the immediate aim of the campaign was to collect materials compromising the Communists and to make a list of the potentially repressed. One of the most important tools for carrying out the "ideological examination" of the Party and Soviet nomenclature used together with public security bodies in the territory of the Upper Volga region in the mid-1930s, was represented by the Party Control Commission (CPC) at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and its regional structure – Communist Party Collegium and later by the authorized representatives of the CPC of the Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The author makes the general conclusion – campaign for the exchange and verification of party documents became the representative illustration of methodologically verified political technologies of the Stalin's regime, as evidenced by its course: organization; full control by the center by means of directives; efficiency manifested in revealing "socially alien elements" recorded statistically for CPC line.