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The practice is recurrent: after each election, especially presidential, one or more books focus has to comb through the campaign which we just witnessed. The interest lies in both the fact that the analysis of communication logic provides information on the characteristics and evolutions of the media coverage of the life and political scene - the presidential campaigns playing as a magnifying mirror of these dynamics - and the possibility to evaluate the influence that the media have had on the outcome of the election. Adapted from the source document.

Indeed, the transition to a multiparty system in the early 1990s did not bring about the expected regime changes in Sub-Saharan Africa. This lack of interest also stems from the impression given by untrained observation of the party system: a dysfunction in relation to an accepted norm, that of Western political parties. This impression often springs from a lack of knowledge of local dynamics. Indeed, in Kenya, party practices attest to their success in gradually corralling the political & electoral fields, sometimes via contradictory actions. More precisely, analysis of their practices during the parliamentary elections of 2001 & 2002 in Eastern Province reveals how political parties have transformed potentially disintegrating tendencies into essential instruments in building up a monopolizing ascendancy over the electoral field. Today, party membership is a mandatory step in entering electoral competition. It has also become an increasingly decisive resource to achieve success at the polls. Adapted from the source document.

During November's 2004 presidential and legislatives elections in Namibia, Swapo won two-thirds of the seats in the National Assembly, and former President S. Nujoma handed over leadership to his preferred candidate, H. Pohamba. Because of Swapo's resounding political domination, the war of succession within the party between opponents and partisans of Nujoma was fiercer than the election campaign itself. This article examines the origins of Swapo's dominant political position and the problems which arise from it.

January 3. 'The change is now,' because slogan, Hollande (s) in his address to the French, published in Liberation, launched his campaign the presidential election. January 5. The National Conference of Presidents of tgi deplores 'a generalized disenchantment and suffering.' January 8. Mr Sarkozy pays tribute to Joan of Arc, a Domremy-la-Pucelle (Vosges) on the occasion of the 6th centenary. Adapted from the source document.

Historically, states have indebted themselves to finance military campaigns. They do so nowadays for other reasons such as financing productive investment. The state is not a debtor like any other: in the instance of payment default, their creditors may have great difficulty recovering funds. The measure of sovereign risk is therefore a crucial issue with necessitates political, economic and financial expertise. Adapted from the source document.

In order to deal with the power of the media and their growing importance in the presidential campaigns of the Fifth Republic, a distinction should be made between the selection of candidates and their promotion or elimination in the course of the electoral competition. With regard to the former, the article considers operation Mr. X before the 1965 campaign and the emergence of Segolene Royal for 2007. This will illustrate the intervention of the media in the making of a candidate while the case of Segolene Royal highlights more the importance of opinion polls. As for the promotion or the elimination of the candidates, the contribution of the media comes from the way they frame the candidates in terms of personal traits or political stakes but, more importantly, from the conjunction or disjunction they allow between the communication controlled by the candidates and the information they broadcast. Adapted from the source document.

The article analyses the electoral results of Spanish legislative elections held on 9 March 2008, stressing on the results in Catalonia. First, we examine the political context of the election, taking into account the main determinants of the 2004-2008 legislature and the innovation elements produced during the last electoral campaign. Secondly, we look at the electoral geography, focusing on the mobilization/demobilization patterns pointed out by the results at provincial level and their possible impact on the PP and PSOE figures. Finally, the article underlines the deciding role of Catalonia on the general final outcome. Adapted from the source document.