The main object of present research is political crimes in Lithuania in 1919–1940. The typology was based on groups of political crimes of rebellion, high treason and subversion that were formulated in the Criminal Statute of 1903. In the first part, the creation process of the legal definition of political crimes was studied, which reflects defence position of the political authorities that have the power – to criminalise acts, that are threatening state's security, and authorities' power. Also it was dealt with the definition of political crimes in the Constitutions of Lithuania, the second section analyses the typology of political crimes in the Penal Statute. It was explored the state of emergency legal regulation and its influence on the political crimes control, the fourth section investigated how and what new state security laws (not) originated because of threats to the state security which emerged ad hoc. In the second part it was analysed how legal agents applied political crimes definitions, thus finishing the construction of the crime fully. Also it covered the criminal process functions of the political police, the prosecutor's office and the general competence courts, the political police organisation and its acts by applying political crime definitions was introduced as well. It was researched the legal regulation of the functions of the persecutor's office and general competence courts. Also analysed tendencies of political crimes cases practice in High Tribunal, district courts and Chamber of Appeal. Finally, it was explained explains Army court and Court-martials work legal reglamentation, tendencies of aforementioned courts practice examining cases of rebellion, high treason and subversion were discussed.
The main object of present research is political crimes in Lithuania in 1919–1940. The typology was based on groups of political crimes of rebellion, high treason and subversion that were formulated in the Criminal Statute of 1903. In the first part, the creation process of the legal definition of political crimes was studied, which reflects defence position of the political authorities that have the power – to criminalise acts, that are threatening state's security, and authorities' power. Also it was dealt with the definition of political crimes in the Constitutions of Lithuania, the second section analyses the typology of political crimes in the Penal Statute. It was explored the state of emergency legal regulation and its influence on the political crimes control, the fourth section investigated how and what new state security laws (not) originated because of threats to the state security which emerged ad hoc. In the second part it was analysed how legal agents applied political crimes definitions, thus finishing the construction of the crime fully. Also it covered the criminal process functions of the political police, the prosecutor's office and the general competence courts, the political police organisation and its acts by applying political crime definitions was introduced as well. It was researched the legal regulation of the functions of the persecutor's office and general competence courts. Also analysed tendencies of political crimes cases practice in High Tribunal, district courts and Chamber of Appeal. Finally, it was explained explains Army court and Court-martials work legal reglamentation, tendencies of aforementioned courts practice examining cases of rebellion, high treason and subversion were discussed.
The main object of present research is political crimes in Lithuania in 1919–1940. The typology was based on groups of political crimes of rebellion, high treason and subversion that were formulated in the Criminal Statute of 1903. In the first part, the creation process of the legal definition of political crimes was studied, which reflects defence position of the political authorities that have the power – to criminalise acts, that are threatening state's security, and authorities' power. Also it was dealt with the definition of political crimes in the Constitutions of Lithuania, the second section analyses the typology of political crimes in the Penal Statute. It was explored the state of emergency legal regulation and its influence on the political crimes control, the fourth section investigated how and what new state security laws (not) originated because of threats to the state security which emerged ad hoc. In the second part it was analysed how legal agents applied political crimes definitions, thus finishing the construction of the crime fully. Also it covered the criminal process functions of the political police, the prosecutor's office and the general competence courts, the political police organisation and its acts by applying political crime definitions was introduced as well. It was researched the legal regulation of the functions of the persecutor's office and general competence courts. Also analysed tendencies of political crimes cases practice in High Tribunal, district courts and Chamber of Appeal. Finally, it was explained explains Army court and Court-martials work legal reglamentation, tendencies of aforementioned courts practice examining cases of rebellion, high treason and subversion were discussed.
The main object of present research is political crimes in Lithuania in 1919–1940. The typology was based on groups of political crimes of rebellion, high treason and subversion that were formulated in the Criminal Statute of 1903. In the first part, the creation process of the legal definition of political crimes was studied, which reflects defence position of the political authorities that have the power – to criminalise acts, that are threatening state's security, and authorities' power. Also it was dealt with the definition of political crimes in the Constitutions of Lithuania, the second section analyses the typology of political crimes in the Penal Statute. It was explored the state of emergency legal regulation and its influence on the political crimes control, the fourth section investigated how and what new state security laws (not) originated because of threats to the state security which emerged ad hoc. In the second part it was analysed how legal agents applied political crimes definitions, thus finishing the construction of the crime fully. Also it covered the criminal process functions of the political police, the prosecutor's office and the general competence courts, the political police organisation and its acts by applying political crime definitions was introduced as well. It was researched the legal regulation of the functions of the persecutor's office and general competence courts. Also analysed tendencies of political crimes cases practice in High Tribunal, district courts and Chamber of Appeal. Finally, it was explained explains Army court and Court-martials work legal reglamentation, tendencies of aforementioned courts practice examining cases of rebellion, high treason and subversion were discussed.
Crime related publications in mass media have big impact on the public understanding of crime situation, as well as of the strategy and tactics in current criminal policy. Due to this fact, the diffusion of this kind of information becomes a serious social and political problem in modern society. The article "Crime and Press in Lithuanian Society" analyses trends and structure of crime related publications in Lithuanian press, their inner ideology, and public attitude to crime related publications. The article points on the fact that publications in Lithuanian press are not adequate to the official description of crime situation in society, create distorted image of crime, and misinform public about the real state of affairs in criminal justice. In its turn, images of crime and criminal justice could negatively influence the implementation of effective democratic criminal policy in Lithuania.
Crime related publications in mass media have big impact on the public understanding of crime situation, as well as of the strategy and tactics in current criminal policy. Due to this fact, the diffusion of this kind of information becomes a serious social and political problem in modern society. The article "Crime and Press in Lithuanian Society" analyses trends and structure of crime related publications in Lithuanian press, their inner ideology, and public attitude to crime related publications. The article points on the fact that publications in Lithuanian press are not adequate to the official description of crime situation in society, create distorted image of crime, and misinform public about the real state of affairs in criminal justice. In its turn, images of crime and criminal justice could negatively influence the implementation of effective democratic criminal policy in Lithuania.
The research object of the given dissertation is the map of the Soviet concepts of crime and punishment, their content and functioning on different Soviet political, institutional, social, chronological and spatial levels and spaces: from post-revolutionary Russia to the Perestroika-guided Soviet world; from the Centre of the Soviet Empire (Moscow) to its Periphery (one particular Soviet Republic, Soviet Lithuania). The research is focused on the ideas, concepts and definitions of crime and punishment, which were formulated in the Soviet Union and Soviet Lithuania, and the development of these ideas and concepts until the collapse of the USSR. In this way, the research aims to generate some new insights into the nature and specifics of the Soviet-type criminal law and the system of criminal justice and criminal prosecution, and to give an answer to the question whether it was the entirely repressive mechanism, a tool of political power, as "the myth of the Gulag" claims, or if Soviet criminal law had at least some features of a separate, partially independent structure of criminal justice. Soviet Lithuanian concepts of "crime", "punishment", and "criminal" (their meanings and content) are investigated in 6 different levels: political discourse and official Soviet ideology, professional (expert) criminological knowledge, the Mass Media, the field of criminal prosecution, the law braking level, and the discourse of the "people from the street".
The research object of the given dissertation is the map of the Soviet concepts of crime and punishment, their content and functioning on different Soviet political, institutional, social, chronological and spatial levels and spaces: from post-revolutionary Russia to the Perestroika-guided Soviet world; from the Centre of the Soviet Empire (Moscow) to its Periphery (one particular Soviet Republic, Soviet Lithuania). The research is focused on the ideas, concepts and definitions of crime and punishment, which were formulated in the Soviet Union and Soviet Lithuania, and the development of these ideas and concepts until the collapse of the USSR. In this way, the research aims to generate some new insights into the nature and specifics of the Soviet-type criminal law and the system of criminal justice and criminal prosecution, and to give an answer to the question whether it was the entirely repressive mechanism, a tool of political power, as "the myth of the Gulag" claims, or if Soviet criminal law had at least some features of a separate, partially independent structure of criminal justice. Soviet Lithuanian concepts of "crime", "punishment", and "criminal" (their meanings and content) are investigated in 6 different levels: political discourse and official Soviet ideology, professional (expert) criminological knowledge, the Mass Media, the field of criminal prosecution, the law braking level, and the discourse of the "people from the street".
The research object of the given dissertation is the map of the Soviet concepts of crime and punishment, their content and functioning on different Soviet political, institutional, social, chronological and spatial levels and spaces: from post-revolutionary Russia to the Perestroika-guided Soviet world; from the Centre of the Soviet Empire (Moscow) to its Periphery (one particular Soviet Republic, Soviet Lithuania). The research is focused on the ideas, concepts and definitions of crime and punishment, which were formulated in the Soviet Union and Soviet Lithuania, and the development of these ideas and concepts until the collapse of the USSR. In this way, the research aims to generate some new insights into the nature and specifics of the Soviet-type criminal law and the system of criminal justice and criminal prosecution, and to give an answer to the question whether it was the entirely repressive mechanism, a tool of political power, as "the myth of the Gulag" claims, or if Soviet criminal law had at least some features of a separate, partially independent structure of criminal justice. Soviet Lithuanian concepts of "crime", "punishment", and "criminal" (their meanings and content) are investigated in 6 different levels: political discourse and official Soviet ideology, professional (expert) criminological knowledge, the Mass Media, the field of criminal prosecution, the law braking level, and the discourse of the "people from the street".
The research object of the given dissertation is the map of the Soviet concepts of crime and punishment, their content and functioning on different Soviet political, institutional, social, chronological and spatial levels and spaces: from post-revolutionary Russia to the Perestroika-guided Soviet world; from the Centre of the Soviet Empire (Moscow) to its Periphery (one particular Soviet Republic, Soviet Lithuania). The research is focused on the ideas, concepts and definitions of crime and punishment, which were formulated in the Soviet Union and Soviet Lithuania, and the development of these ideas and concepts until the collapse of the USSR. In this way, the research aims to generate some new insights into the nature and specifics of the Soviet-type criminal law and the system of criminal justice and criminal prosecution, and to give an answer to the question whether it was the entirely repressive mechanism, a tool of political power, as "the myth of the Gulag" claims, or if Soviet criminal law had at least some features of a separate, partially independent structure of criminal justice. Soviet Lithuanian concepts of "crime", "punishment", and "criminal" (their meanings and content) are investigated in 6 different levels: political discourse and official Soviet ideology, professional (expert) criminological knowledge, the Mass Media, the field of criminal prosecution, the law braking level, and the discourse of the "people from the street".
Relations between EU and Russia have a huge impact on global stability. This Master's Thesis aims to define the impact of Russia on European security and to provide a detailed analysis of relations between EU and Russia in the field of detection of organized crime. The Thesis also aims to provide an analysis of the EU policy on the field of organized crime detection, of European and Russian legislation, agreements and the policy the countries are implementing. Another aim of the Thesis is to cast a light on the relations of cooperation between Lithuania and Russia in this field, and to describe the national policies. Experts, politicians and scientists have been interviewed in order to find out, whether, in their opinion, Russian organized crime is threatening European security, in which ways the threat is expressed, whether there are any difficulties in cooperation between Lithuanian and Russian law enforcement institutions, and other related matters. The hypothesis of this Thesis is that Russia causes threat to European security, as Russian's measures of detection of organized crime are not up to EU and international standards.
Relations between EU and Russia have a huge impact on global stability. This Master's Thesis aims to define the impact of Russia on European security and to provide a detailed analysis of relations between EU and Russia in the field of detection of organized crime. The Thesis also aims to provide an analysis of the EU policy on the field of organized crime detection, of European and Russian legislation, agreements and the policy the countries are implementing. Another aim of the Thesis is to cast a light on the relations of cooperation between Lithuania and Russia in this field, and to describe the national policies. Experts, politicians and scientists have been interviewed in order to find out, whether, in their opinion, Russian organized crime is threatening European security, in which ways the threat is expressed, whether there are any difficulties in cooperation between Lithuanian and Russian law enforcement institutions, and other related matters. The hypothesis of this Thesis is that Russia causes threat to European security, as Russian's measures of detection of organized crime are not up to EU and international standards.
From May 1, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union, and in 2004, on the 29th of March joined NATO. In case of the EU, Lithuania has committed to harmonize its national legislation with Community law, and this has led to changes in the Lithuanian legal acts on human rights. Lithuania, as other Member States apply EU laws directly or transfer into national laws. The harmonization of legal acts in Lithuania also contributed to public policy-making in order to deal with various forms of discrimination. These changes had an impact on the struggle against hate crimes during the recent years. Furthermore, this type of crimes attracts more international attention. There is a great number of such crimes throughout the history and, unfortunately, victims are counted in millions. Hate crimes are crimes motivated by racial, ethnic or religious hatred or enmity. Reports of violence against certain ethnic groups are regularly appear on media sites. International organizations such as the UN (United Nations), the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) noted that hate crimes is a serious public safety problem. These crimes result not only in physical and mental sufferings of the victim or economic losses. Moreover, the outcome is the altering of relationship between different social groups, i.e. mistrust, suspicion and hostility. Such offences can lead to conflicts, resulting in a large mass of people forced to leave their homes and become refugees and asylum seekers. These people are the potential for radical extremism and terrorism. Western democracies develop laws that impose criminal penalties for hate crimes. The experience of countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Germany and etc in adoption and improvement of legislation in the struggle against such crimes, also the recommendations of various international organizations will contribute to the reduction of hate crime rate in Lithuania. ; Nuo 2004 m. gegužės 1 dienos Lietuva tapo Europos Sąjungos nare, o 2004 m. kovo 29 dieną įstojo į NATO. Įstojus į ES, Lietuva įsipareigojo suderinti savo nacionalinius teisės aktus su Bendrijos įstatymais ir tai lėmė pasikeitimus Lietuvos teisės aktuose sąryšyje su žmogaus teisėmis ir prisidėjo prie valstybės politikos formavimo, siekiant kovoti su įvairių formų diskriminacija. Lietuva, kaip ir kitos ES valstybės narės, taiko ES teisės aktus tiesiogiai ar perkelia jų nuostatas į savo nacionalinius įstatymus. Tokie pakeitimai padarė įtaką ir kovai su neapykantos nusikaltimais, nes pastaraisiais metais šio tipo nusikaltimai sulaukia vis daugiau tarptautinės bendruomenės dėmesio. Tokie nusikaltimai turi ilgą istoriją, o jų aukos skaičiuojamos milijonais. Neapykantos nusikaltimai – tai nusikaltimai motyvuoti rasinės, etninės ar religinės neapykantos ar priešiškumo. Pranešimai apie smurtą prieš tam tikras etnines grupes nuolat spausdinami žiniasklaidos puslapiuose. Tarptautinės organizacijos, pavyzdžiui JTO, ESBO, nuolat pabrėžia, kad neapykantos nusikaltimai yra rimta visuomenės saugumo problema. Tokių nusikaltimų žala yra ne tik fizinės ir psichinės kančios, ekonominiai nuostoliai. Jų pasekmė yra santykių tarp įvairių socialinių grupių pasikeitimas, nepasitikėjimo, įtarumo ir priešiškumo atsiradimas. Tokie nusikaltimai gali sukelti ir ginkluotus konfliktus, dėl ko daug žmonių bus priversti palikti savo namus ir prašyti prieglobsčio kitose valstybėse. Šių nusikaltimų aukų skaičiaus augimas yra dirva radikaliam ekstremizmui ir terorizmui plisti. Demokratinės vakarų valstybės tobulina įstatymus, kurie nustato baudžiamąją atsakomybę už neapykantos nusikaltimus. Tokių šalių kaip JAV, Didžiosios Britanijos, Vokietijos ir kitų patirtis rengiant, tobulinant teisės aktus, kovojant su tokiais nusikaltimais, bei tarptautinių organizacijų rekomendacijos, manytina prisidės prie sėkmingos kovos su tokio tipo nusikaltimais Lietuvoje.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
