Suchergebnisse

Attempts to explain the nature of ideologies & to specify their functions in society as a whole can be seen as falling into 6 distinct groups: (1) as systems of theoretical propositions purporting to tell how things really are; (2) as systems of normative or evaluating statements; (3) as calculated lies, for the furtherance of particular pol'al purposes; (4) as myths; (5) as expressions of the needs & demands of soc groups; & (6) as expressions of the att's of diff human personality types. The only approach that will always be found to pay a dividend is to preserve an open mind with respect to the diff ways that may lead us to our goal. IPSA.

In an introduction to summaries of papers delivered at the 2nd Congress of the Int Polit Sci Assoc (Sep 1952) the following points are made: (1) while the meetings had adequately indicated the 'complexities inherent in the analysis of political ideologies,' it failed to establish acceptable lines of methodological approach; (2) 'the relations between political theory (or philosophy) and political ideology remained unexplored.'; (3) a lack of terminological precision hampered results (discrepancies in the use of `symbol,' differing definitions of 'ideology,' and lack of differentiation between political ideologies and other ideologies); & (4) emphasis was on the East-West conflict rather than historical experience. The summaries of the paper are grouped under the following headings: (1) Dealing with the analysis and dissemination of ideologies. J. Blanchet, 'Ideologies et Transformations Sociales.' Jacques-Serge Billy, 'Le Problems de la Finalite des Societes Politiques et lea Explications Ideologiques.' H. D. Lasswell, 'The Political Role of Ideologies.' K. Lowenstein, 'Political Ideologies and Institutions and the Problem of Their Circulation.'; (2) Case studies of specific ideologies. S. D. Bailey, 'The Revision of Marxism.' R. D. Lang, 'Conservative Thought in Europe 1818-30'; (3) Case studies of ideologies in specific geographical areas. R. D. Lucic, 'Means of Propagating Ideologies and the Conditions for Their Development in the Various Parts of the World (Yugoslavia).' M. Azis Ahmad, 'Political Ideology of Pakistan.' D. N. Banerjee, 'Political Ideologies and Their Influence on Political Behavior with Special Reference to the Results of Their Propagation and the Conditions of Their Acceptance'; (4) Case studies of internationalism as an ideology. W. N. Hogan, 'International Organization and the Dissemination of Ideologies. J. Ellul, 'Propagande et Ideologie.' F. Lenz, 'An Introduction into the Sociology of Broadcasting'; (6) Special Studies. I. de Sola Pool, D. Lerner & C. E. Rothwell, 'The Measurement of Ideological Change.' P. Feldkeller, 'Donnees Psychologiques Fondamentales de la Psycho-politique'; (7) Referring to Research. R. Aaron 'Le Role des Ideologies dans les Changements Politiques'. Q. Wright, 'Current Research on the Subject of Political Ideologies and Their Dissemination.' J. Meyriat, Recherches en Cours dans les Differents Pays d'Europe sur les Ideologies Politiques et Leur Diffusion.' D. Wolsk.

Formerly the diffusion & circulation of ideologies had a kind of spontaneity, not systematic, but sporadic. But today this diffusion takes place by a very conscious process controlled by professional news organs, parties, & special interest groups. At the same time, pol'al ideology cannot be separated from ideologies of a diff type (econ, religious, moral). We are approaching a total ideology which is taking hold on a large scale of all aspects of the life of the individual. Now in spite of their rational foundations, modern ideologies have an emotional determination & are charged with affectivity. They are tending more & more to draw nearer to religions. It is a tragic paradox to see liberalism & democracy, which were founded on the idea of tolerance, assume as absolute & inflexible a character as other monolithic ideologies. Finally, today all ideologies are oriented toward concrete institutions with the result that a pol'al theory which does not have an active pol'al program has lost its raison d'etre. Perhaps this explains the sterility of contemporary pol'al philosophy. Tr from IPSA. Adapted from the source document.

Revision of paper presented before the Am. association for public opinion research, Princeton, N.J., June 22-25, 1951.

The philosophy of the Englightenment left its mark, directly or indirectly, on all of the ideologies that originated or developed in the 19th cent: liberal democracy with its English, American & French exponents; socialism, whether it consisted of the socialism prior to 1848, of the sci'ific socialism of Marx or the socialism of Proudhon: & nationalism in both its French & German sources, can be traced back to the 18th cent. Tr by J. A.Broussard from IPSA.

The ideological factor plays a decisive role in the formation & operation of pol'al systems. To study it, we must adopt modern US &, to a large degree French, theories which reject the purely 'Institutional' approach now favored in Germany. In fact, the pol'al ideology inherent in each pol'al system creates of itself compatible institutions, & the functioning of these institutions is determined by the dominating ideology. Before one can speak of ideology, a certain number of conditions must be present (its formulation should be comprehensible to the large mass of people, it should seek to influence this mass rather than an elite, it should be oriented toward the satisfaction of the desires or human needs which the average man experiences as soc values). Just as pol'al theory may involuntarily become ideology, so may a simple defense of a specific material interest also take on ideological characteristics. It is now possible to draw up a catalog of the principal types of pol'al ideologies: absolutism, constitutionalism, individualism (including liberal capitalism, anarchism, & humanism), soc collectivism (including State capitalism as well as 'Welfare State'), nationalism & finally, aristocracy. Under institutions should be classed not only constitutional organs, but `pressure groups' as well. With this as a base, a true ontology of the forms of gov can be undertaken. (Translated by Z. Dana from IPSA).