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Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables and Boxes -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: Ideology in British Politics -- Political ideas and ideologies -- Ideas, power and interests -- Ideology as dogmatism: the 'end of ideology' -- Ideological conflict and consensus -- Contemporary approaches towards the study of ideologies -- Studying ideology: the issue of bias -- Elements of ideologies -- Classifying ideologies: left and right -- Levels of ideology -- Power, influence and indoctrination -- Ideology and pragmatism in British politics -- Moderation and consensus in British politics -- The British political tradition -- Political ideology in Britain? -- Further reading -- 2 Liberalism -- Introduction -- Liberalism: Key concepts and values -- Early influences on liberalism in Britain -- The Whig tradition -- Radicals -- Classical economics and utilitarianism -- Victorian liberalism -- Liberalism, capitalism and democracy -- The New Liberalism -- The decline of the Liberal Party and the triumph of liberalism? The 1920s to the 1960s -- Liberal revival and the Liberal Democrats -- From The Orange Book to coalition with the Conservatives -- The future of liberalism? -- Further reading -- 3 Conservatism -- Introduction -- What is conservatism? Key values and concepts -- The Tory tradition -- Reaction and reform -- Classical liberalism, neo- liberalism and the free market -- Neo-conservatism -- Tensions within Thatcherism -- Ideology and pragmatism -- The legacy of Thatcherism -- The legacy of Thatcherism: from Major to Howard -- Cameron's conservatism in opposition -- The Conservatives in government: the coalition -- Further reading -- 4 Socialism, Social Democracy and Labour -- Introduction -- Socialism, liberalism and conservatism -- Socialism: key concepts and values -- Evolutionary and revolutionary socialism -- State socialism and its critics.

The study of American politics at the state level has, in recent years, been held back by the lack of sufficient data to operationalize key concepts. In this article we assess survey, policy, and roll-call measures that may be used to operationalize one such concept, state political ideology. Each of these measures performed well on reliability and validity tests. However, on balance the roll-call measures performed best on these tests, and scored highest in terms of practicality and ease of use. This leads us to recommend the roll-call measures of state political ideology as the best alternative at this time. We do, however, emphasize that all the measures tested here performed reasonably well, and that they should be used when theoretical concerns so dictate.

Abstract
American politics scholarship has relied extensively on self-reported measures of ideology. We evaluate these widely used measures through an original national survey. Descriptively, we show that Americans' understandings of "liberal" and "conservative" are weakly aligned with conventional definitions of these terms and that such understandings are heterogeneous across social groups, casting doubt on the construct validity and measurement equivalence of ideological self-placements. Experimentally, we randomly assign one of three measures of ideology to each respondent: (1) the standard ANES question, (2) a version that adds definitions of "liberal" and "conservative," and (3) a version that keeps these definitions but removes ideological labels from the question. We find that the third measure, which helps to isolate symbolic ideology from operational ideology, shifts self-reported ideology in important ways: Democrats become more conservative, and Republicans more liberal. These findings offer first-cut experimental evidence on the limitations of self-reported ideology as a measure of operational ideology, and contribute to ongoing debates about the use of ideological self-placements in American politics.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics on 02/01/17, available online: http://www.routledge.com/https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Sport-and-Politics/Bairner-Kelly-Lee/p/book/9781138792548

Mestrado Bolonha em Management ; As the conflict in politics becomes increasingly polarized, researchers in political science and psychology have become increasingly interested in determining the antecedents of individuals' attachment to ideologies. While some recent developments illustrate the relationship between political orientation and socio-demographic factors, personality traits, locus of control or risk aversion, this dissertation provides new insights for a possible relationship to financial literacy. A unidimensional model provides a simple understanding of the structure of political ideology; however, it has been shown to be implausible and insufficient. In this research, we highlight a model based on two dimensions: one for the economic freedom, and another for personal freedom. We construct a framework with data retrieved from a questionnaire connecting individual's political orientation in the two-dimensional spectrum and its determinants with the use of ordered probit models. The results suggest an interplay between financial literacy and political orientation in the Left-Right dimension, in which being financially-literate increases the probability of an individual having Centre or Right-wing political views, in detriment of Left-wing views. We found no significance when considering the Libertarian-Authoritarian dimension. Furthermore, we analyse the effect of the highest level of education as an alternative measure of financial literacy and the results suggest that they capture different features and should, therefore, be interpreted as distinct variables. Several other variables included in the model were only proved significant in one of the dimensions. Our conclusions suggest that variables with economic links affect the dimension that refers to economic freedom such as financial literacy and average monthly income and, on the other hand, other variables such as region, age, ethnicity, or religion provide a better explanation of political orientation on a personal freedom dimension. ...

Social workers encounter politically fraught issues in many aspects of their professional lives. They must make decisions that touch on topics such as abortion, family planning, end-of-life care, immigration rights, economic assistance, and racial inequality, among many others. How do personal political beliefs influence social workers' education and training, practice with clients and communities, and efforts to achieve social change?Mitchell Rosenwald provides a comprehensive examination of the role of politics in the social work profession. He discusses how political ideology relates to social work education and practice at all levels, identifying and analyzing the strands of thought that have shaped the profession's history up to the present day. This book examines how social workers strive to balance their personal views with the professional obligation to provide therapy, case management, and information and referral to their clients. It explores how the social work profession struggles to encourage and support political diversity among its members and what happens when an individual's political beliefs challenge commonly held attitudes. Considering both clinical and policy work, Political Ideology and Social Work also offers recommendations for encouraging political reconciliation in order to strengthen the profession

AbstractObjectiveThis article provides a novel measure of nonprofit political ideology using semantic text analysis of public Internal Revenue Service filings. It explores the relationship between electoral competition and private donations.MethodsMission statements of over 150,000 U.S. nonprofits are matched to Congressional speeches to classify ideology on a political spectrum. The measure is validated against established ideology scores. Donation data are analyzed to examine if donors strategically countervail expected policy changes after elections.ResultsThe proposed measure shows a significant correlation with other ideology metrics. Donations are found to move in sync with ideological shifts of the government rather than to countervail expected policy changes after elections.ConclusionThe mission statement‐based measure enables studying nonprofit positioning. Findings suggest expressive motivations make donation trends complementary to voting trends.

Past research has shown that issues vary significantly in their salience across citizens, explaining key outcomes in political behavior. Yet it remains unclear how individual-level differences in issue salience affect the measurement of latent constructs in public opinion, namely political ideology. In this paper, we test whether scaling approaches that fail to incorporate individual-level differences in issue salience could understate the predictive power of ideology in public opinion research. To systematically examine this assertion, we employ a series of latent variable models which incorporate both issue importance and issue position. We compare the results of these different and diverse scaling approaches to two survey data sets, investigating the implications of accounting for issue salience in constructing latent measures of ideology. Ultimately, we find that accounting for issue importance adds little information to a more basic approach that uses only issue positions, suggesting ideological signals for measurement models reside most prominently in the issue positions of individuals rather than the importance of those issues to the individual.