The aim of the article is to present the issues of the Russian revolutions, their course and effects in the Polish press published under the partitions, representing various ideological and political trends. Foreign dailies remained the source of information about the revolution. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The creators of the Polish press assumed the attitude of observers of political and social life. The influence of revolutionary events on the development of the situation in Poland was discussed. A review of press publications allowed us to determine what information reached the readers of the Polish press. The press content analysis method and qualitative analysis of the presented content were used.
Este estudo investigou a influência de estereótipos sobre parlamentares e contágio comportamental na participação política, comparando dois países: Brasil e Suécia. Considerou-se que estereótipos podem ser úteis para diferenciar grupos de parlamentares e predizer seus comportamentos. O Contágio Comportamental foi investigado como um possível catalisador da ação política. Os questionários online foram respondidos por 984 brasileiros (37,4% mulheres) e 879 suecos (46,5% mulheres). Empregou-se a Modelagem por Equações Estruturais para aferir as relações entre as variáveis. O Contágio Comportamental foi central na predição do engajamento. Os estereótipos predisseram participação quando desafiavam o senso comum: brasileiros não costumam diferenciar parlamentares, mas aqueles que conseguiam eram mais engajados; na Suécia, o fator "corrupção" predisse a participação não-institucional. ; This study assessed the influence of Stereotypes about Parliamentarians and Behavioral Contagion on Political Participation, comparing two countries: Brazil and Sweden. Stereotypes were admitted to be useful to tell parliamentarians' groups apart and predict their behavior. Behavioral Contagion was investigated as a possible catalyst of political action. Online questionnaires were administered to 984 Brazilians (37.4% women) and 879 Swedes (46.5% women). Structural Equation Modeling assessed relationships among variables. Behavioral Contagion played a pivotal role on predicting political engagement. Stereotypes predicted participation where they challenged commonsense: Brazilians usually cannot tell the difference among politicians, then those Brazilians who could were more politically engaged; in Sweden, the factor "corruption" predicts non-institutional types of Participation.
The purpose of this article is to discuss the act of political participation by citizens mediated by communication technologies. It is an effort to understand the potential scenarios and paths for the promotion of citizen participation in the sphere of public power. The investigation took place through the observation of a specific space on Facebook: the Plantão da Cidade group, conceived in the municipality of Ouro Preto to enable political discussions. The proposed exam highlights the possibilities offered by the online environment to ensure the political participation of ordinary people in municipal management decisions and the mobilization of local community actions. ; The purpose of this article is to discuss the act of political participation by citizens mediated by communication technologies. It is an effort to understand the potential scenarios and paths for the promotion of citizen participation in the sphere of public power. The investigation took place through the observation of a specific space on Facebook: the Plantão da Cidade group, conceived in the municipality of Ouro Preto to enable political discussions. The proposed exam highlights the possibilities offered by the online environment to ensure the political participation of ordinary people in municipal management decisions and the mobilization of local community actions. ; El propósito de este artículo es discutir la participación política de los ciudadanos mediada por las tecnologías de la comunicación. Buscamos comprender los escenarios posibles y los medios para la promoción de la participación ciudadana en el universo del poder público. La investigación ocurre a partir de la observación de un espacio especifico en Facebook: el grupo Plantão da Cidade, creado en la ciudad de Ouro Preto para viabilizar discusiones de naturaleza política. El análisis propuesto destaca las posibilidades ofrecidas por el ambiente online para garantizar la participación política del ciudadano común en las decisiones de la gestión municipal y la movilización de acciones comunitarias locales.
The information and communication technologies potentiate, from the Internet, a space to the discussion and political deliberation, approaching citizens and governments through interactive resources such as e-mails, forums, on-line ombudsman, chats and others. It is observed this way, the growing effort and investment of the governments and political representatives in organizing, managing, available information of public interest at the web, constituting the electronic government. Thus, the goal of this article intends to investigate the conditions of political participation of the citizens from the interactive tools available in the websites of the members from the state of Bahia. With a descriptive character, this research searched to identify only the sites of the members registered in Legislative Assembly from the state of Bahia (ALBA). In the tabulation of data, it was adapted the fourth level of the form: Level of participation of the citizens: the Evaluation School – proposed by Marques (2007) to a sheet in the software Excel and, to the discussion of them, used the analysis quali-quantitative. The results of this research show the incipient state of the website of the members from the state of Bahia to the opportunities of political participation in the web, lying to the principles which govern the electronic government. This work presents part of the studies which will help the project of research in developed by the present author in the Program of Pos Graduation in Information Science of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA). ; As tecnologias da informação e comunicação potencializam, a partir da Internet, um espaço para a discussão e deliberação política, aproximando cidadãos e governos através de recursos interativos como e-mails, fóruns, ouvidoria on-line, chats e outros. Observa-se, dessa forma, o crescente esforço e investimento dos governos e representantes políticos em organizar, gerenciar e disponibilizar informações de interesse público na Web, constituindo o governo eletrônico. Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo pretende investigar as condições de participação política dos cidadãos a partir das ferramentas interativas disponibilizadas nos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia. Com o caráter descritivo, esta pesquisa procurou identificar apenas os sites dos deputados registrados na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia (ALBA). Na tabulação dos dados, adaptou-se o quarto nível do formulário Níveis de Participação dos Cidadãos: a Escola de Avaliação – proposto por Marques (2007), para uma planilha do software Excel e, para a discussão destes, utilizou-se a análise quali-quantitativa. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram o estado incipiente dos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia quanto às oportunidades de participação política em rede, distando dos princípios que regem o governo eletrônico. Este trabalho apresenta parte dos estudos que auxiliarão o projeto de pesquisa em desenvolvimento pelo presente autor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA).
As tecnologias da informação e comunicação potencializam, a partir da Internet, um espaço para a discussão e deliberação política, aproximando cidadãos e governos através de recursos interativos como e-mails, fóruns, ouvidoria on-line, chats e outros. Observa-se, dessa forma, o crescente esforço e investimento dos governos e representantes políticos em organizar, gerenciar e disponibilizar informações de interesse público na Web, constituindo o governo eletrônico. Destarte, o objetivo deste artigo pretende investigar as condições de participação política dos cidadãos a partir das ferramentas interativas disponibilizadas nos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia. Com o caráter descritivo, esta pesquisa procurou identificar apenas os sites dos deputados registrados na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Bahia (ALBA). Na tabulação dos dados, adaptou-se o quarto nível do formulário Níveis de Participação dos Cidadãos: a Escola de Avaliação – proposto por Marques (2007), para uma planilha do software Excel e, para a discussão destes, utilizou-se a análise quali-quantitativa. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram o estado incipiente dos websites dos deputados do Estado da Bahia quanto às oportunidades de participação política em rede, distando dos princípios que regem o governo eletrônico. Este trabalho apresenta parte dos estudos que auxiliarão o projeto de pesquisa em desenvolvimento pelo presente autor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA). ; The information and communication technologies potentiate, from the Internet, a space to the discussion and political deliberation, approaching citizens and governments through interactive resources such as e-mails, forums, on-line ombudsman, chats and others. It is observed this way, the growing effort and investment of the governments and political representatives in organizing, managing, available information of public interest at the web, constituting the electronic government. Thus, the goal of this article intends to investigate the conditions of political participation of the citizens from the interactive tools available in the websites of the members from the state of Bahia. With a descriptive character, this research searched to identify only the sites of the members registered in Legislative Assembly from the state of Bahia (ALBA). In the tabulation of data, it was adapted the fourth level of the form: Level of participation of the citizens: the Evaluation School – proposed by Marques (2007) to a sheet in the software Excel and, to the discussion of them, used the analysis quali-quantitative. The results of this research show the incipient state of the website of the members from the state of Bahia to the opportunities of political participation in the web, lying to the principles which govern the electronic government. This work presents part of the studies which will help the project of research in developed by the present author in the Program of Pos Graduation in Information Science of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (PPGCI/UFBA).
Gender quotas in politics are affirmative measures for achieving a more equal context between men and women in power spaces, which has the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women as its international law basis. Public policy aimed at development and gender equality is related to legal challenges in the country that do not only fall within the scope of public law, such as electoral law – they necessarily involve challenges linked to the autonomy of political parties, legal entities governed by private law, and the institute of fraud in law itself. Therefore, the implementation of this inclusive policy requires a dialogue between the branches of public law and private law. In the face of frauds and the so-called 'orange candidatures,' a mockery of the exercise of women's human right to political participation, we began to address political party autonomy, as well as the concept of abuse of power and fraud as private law institutes, in order to analyze issues of public law from a civilian approach. It was found that the parties break the law by fraudulently filling in the candidacy quotas, committing abuse of political party power; by unbalancing the electoral process, they increase and perpetuate the exclusion of women from formal politics, and this can characterize institutional violence. ; Las cuotas de género en la política son medidas afirmativas para lograr un contexto más igualitario entre hombres y mujeres en espacios de poder, que tiene como base la Convención sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer, de 1979. Las políticas públicas de desarrollo e igualdad de género están relacionadas con los retos legales en el país que no solo se encuentran dentro del ámbito del derecho público, como el derecho electoral, sino que también implican retos relacionados con la autonomía de los partidos políticos, entidades legales de derecho privado, y el propio instituto del fraude en derecho. Por lo tanto, la implementación de esta política inclusiva requiere un diálogo entre las ramas del derecho público y del derecho privado. Ante los fraudes y las llamadas "candidaturas naranja", una burla del ejercicio del derecho humano de participación política de la mujer, se comenzó a abordar la autonomía partidaria, así como el concepto de abuso de poder y de fraude como institutos de derecho privado, con el fin de analizar cuestiones de derecho público desde un abordaje civilista. Se constató que los partidos infringen la ley al rellenar fraudulentamente las cuotas de candidatura, cometiendo abuso de poder político-partidario; al desequilibrar el proceso electoral, aumentan y perpetúan la exclusión de las mujeres de la política formal, lo que puede caracterizar violencia institucional. ; As cotas de gênero na política são medidas afirmativas para alcançar um quadro mais paritário entre homens e mulheres nos espaços de poder, que encontra respaldo normativo internacional na Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher, de 1979. As políticas públicas de desenvolvimento e igualdade de gênero perpassam desafios jurídicos no país que não se encerram apenas no âmbito do direito público, como o direito eleitoral – envolvem, necessariamente, desafios referentes à autonomia dos partidos políticos, pessoas jurídicas de direito privado, e o próprio instituto da fraude no direito. Portanto, a efetivação dessa política de inclusão exige um diálogo entre os ramos do direito público e do direito privado. Diante das fraudes e das chamadas "candidaturas laranja", uma burla ao exercício do direito humano de participação política da mulher, passou-se a abordar a autonomia partidária, assim como o conceito de abuso de poder e de fraude enquanto institutos de direito privado, a fim de analisar questões de direito público a partir de uma abordagem civilista. Constatou-se que os partidos burlam a lei ao preencher fraudulentamente as cotas de candidatura, cometendo abuso de poder político-partidário; ao desequilibrar o pleito eleitoral, aumentam e perpetuam a exclusão das mulheres da política formal, o que pode caracterizar violência institucional.
The article analyses the political attitudes and behaviours of the citizens, and describes the content and dynamics of the changes occurring due to the evolution of the Polish political system. The analysis of political participation by Polish citizens is presented in relation to the theoretical construct of social attitudes as a foundation of democracy, as proposed by Dahl. In the context of society's approach to democracy and trust in institutions, a comparative analysis has been presented of voter participation in subsequent parliamentary and local elections. The process of creating a civil society, including the various forms of participation in non-governmental organisations, has been presented in relation to attitudes such as cooperation, social trust and care for the common good.In order to illustrate the egocentric and particularistic attitudes, the activities of citizens involved in the politics of protest have been analysed. Recent years have seen a number of demonstrations; symbolic in nature and testimony to certain principles, which have been used here as material for the analysis of the ideological approach to political problems.To sum up the problem of political participation of Polish citizens, it can be said that the dynamics of the forms and content of political participation indicates a growing involvement of citizens in the governance process, which definitely makes a positive contribution to the development of democracy. It must be noted, however, that the political activity of a large part of society has not been motivated by pro-democratic attitudes. The high diversification, disparity and instability of attitudes translate into the forms and content of political participation. ; Artykuł zawiera analizę postaw i zachowań politycznych obywateli, opis ich treści i dynamiki zmian zachodzących pod wpływem ewolucji polskiego systemu politycznego. Analizę partycypacji politycznej Polaków przedstawiono w odniesieniu do teoretycznego konstruktu postaw społecznych leżących u podstaw demokracji, zaproponowanego przez R. Dahla. W kontekście stosunku społeczeństwa do demokracji i zaufania do instytucji przedstawiono analizę porównawczą partycypacji wyborczej w kolejnych wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych. Proces kreowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego – różne formy uczestnictwa w organizacjach pozarządowych przedstawiono w odniesieniu do postaw współdziałania, zaufania społecznego i dbałości o wspólne dobro.Dla ilustracji postaw egocentrycznych i partykularnych grupowych dokonano analizy działań obywateli uczestniczących w polityce protestu. Liczne demonstracje, jakie miały miejsce w ostatnich latach o znaczeniu symbolicznym, stanowiące wyraz dawania świadectwa wartościom posłużyły jako materiał do analizy ideologicznego stosunku do problemów politycznych.Podsumowując problem partycypacji politycznej Polaków można stwierdzić, iż dynamika form i treści partycypacji politycznej świadczą o pogłębiającym się uczestnictwie obywateli w procesie rządzenia państwem, co niewątpliwie stanowi pozytywny aspekt rozwoju demokracji. Zauważyć jednakże należy, że u podstaw aktywności politycznej znacznej części społeczeństwa nie leżą postawy sprzyjające demokracji. Silne zróżnicowanie, niespójność i chwiejność postaw przekłada się na formy i treść partycypacji politycznej.
Artykuł zawiera analizę postaw i zachowań politycznych obywateli, opis ich treści i dynamiki zmian zachodzących pod wpływem ewolucji polskiego systemu politycznego. Analizę partycypacji politycznej Polaków przedstawiono w odniesieniu do teoretycznego konstruktu postaw społecznych leżących u podstaw demokracji, zaproponowanego przez R. Dahla. W kontekście stosunku społeczeństwa do demokracji i zaufania do instytucji przedstawiono analizę porównawczą partycypacji wyborczej w kolejnych wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych. Proces kreowania społeczeństwa obywatelskiego – różne formy uczestnictwa w organizacjach pozarządowych przedstawiono w odniesieniu do postaw współdziałania, zaufania społecznego i dbałości o wspólne dobro. Dla ilustracji postaw egocentrycznych i partykularnych grupowych dokonano analizy działań obywateli uczestniczących w polityce protestu. Liczne demonstracje, jakie miały miejsce w ostatnich latach o znaczeniu symbolicznym, stanowiące wyraz dawania świadectwa wartościom posłużyły jako materiał do analizy ideologicznego stosunku do problemów politycznych. Podsumowując problem partycypacji politycznej Polaków można stwierdzić, iż dynamika form i treści partycypacji politycznej świadczą o pogłębiającym się uczestnictwie obywateli w procesie rządzenia państwem, co niewątpliwie stanowi pozytywny aspekt rozwoju demokracji. Zauważyć jednakże należy, że u podstaw aktywności politycznej znacznej części społeczeństwa nie leżą postawy sprzyjające demokracji. Silne zróżnicowanie, niespójność i chwiejność postaw przekłada się na formy i treść partycypacji politycznej. ; The article analyses the political attitudes and behaviours of the citizens, and describes the content and dynamics of the changes occurring due to the evolution of the Polish political system. The analysis of political participation by Polish citizens is presented in relation to the theoretical construct of social attitudes as a foundation of democracy, as proposed by Dahl. In the context of society's approach to democracy and trust in institutions, a comparative analysis has been presented of voter participation in subsequent parliamentary and local elections. The process of creating a civil society, including the various forms of participation in non-governmental organisations, has been presented in relation to attitudes such as cooperation, social trust and care for the common good. In order to illustrate the egocentric and particularistic attitudes, the activities of citizens involved in the politics of protest have been analysed. Recent years have seen a number of demonstrations; symbolic in nature and testimony to certain principles, which have been used here as material for the analysis of the ideological approach to political problems. To sum up the problem of political participation of Polish citizens, it can be said that the dynamics of the forms and content of political participation indicates a growing involvement of citizens in the governance process, which definitely makes a positive contribution to the development of democracy. It must be noted, however, that the political activity of a large part of society has not been motivated by pro-democratic attitudes. The high diversification, disparity and instability of attitudes translate into the forms and content of political participation.
Mobilizada por diversos discursos contemporâneos, a participação constitui-se em um campo de estudo amplo, cuja definição é proposta em variados referenciais teóricos, às vezes de modo conflitivo. Tema de relevância crescente, tem sido discutido por diversos autores para refletir sobre os impasses do sistema político das democracias modernas e constitui-se também em um conceito-chave da comunicação pública. Como iremos abordar, o fundamento da comunicação assenta-se em procedimentos, que precisam estar abertos à participação ativa da sociedade, e em objetivos, que têm o interesse público como pano de fundo. Este artigo procura, assim, discutir teoricamente o conceito de participação, tecendo algumas relações possíveis entre essa reflexão e o conceito de comunicação pública.
The purpose of this article is to discuss the act of political participation by citizens mediated by communication technologies. It is an effort to understand the potential scenarios and paths for the promotion of citizen participation in the sphere of public power. The investigation took place through the observation of a specific space on Facebook: the Plantão da Cidade group, conceived in the municipality of Ouro Preto to enable political discussions. The proposed exam highlights the possibilities offered by the online environment to ensure the political participation of ordinary people in municipal management decisions and the mobilization of local community actions. ; El propósito de este artículo es discutir la participación política de los ciudadanos mediada por las tecnologías de la comunicación. Buscamos comprender los escenarios posibles y los medios para la promoción de la participación ciudadana en el universo del poder público. La investigación ocurre a partir de la observación de un espacio específico en Facebook: el grupo Plantão da Cidade, creado en la ciudad de Ouro Preto para viabilizar discusiones de naturaleza política. El análisis propuesto destaca las posibilidades ofrecidas por el ambiente online para garantizar la participación política del ciudadano común en las decisiones de la gestión municipal y la movilización de acciones comunitarias locales. ; O objetivo desse artigo é discutir a participação política dos cidadãos mediada pelas tecnologias de comunicação. Procuramos compreender os potenciais cenários e meios para a promoção da participação cidadã no universo do poder público. A investigação se deu a partir da observação de um espaço específico no Facebook: o grupo Plantão da Cidade, criado no município de Ouro Preto para viabilizar discussões de cunho político. O exame proposto evidencia as possibilidades oferecidas pelo ambiente online para assegurar a participação política do cidadão comum nas decisões da gestão municipal e a mobilização de ações comunitárias locais.
The text presents the participation conceptions that have been developing in institutionalized social practices of education present in studies published in Education & Society (E&S) journal. The adopted theoretical references questions the relationship between individual and society in modernity proposed by liberal theories and the criticism to them carried out by Marx and Mészáros, informing the contradictions and challenges posed by participatory processes in contemporary world. Studies show the displacement of social and political participation idea, as effective control of decision-makers by the subjects of labor, to the participation idea as a "management technique" of public services.
The technological and communicational development of recent years has led to the creation of online platforms both by governors and by civil society sectors, with the promise of enhancing citizen participation. Despite enthusiastic discussions regarding the issue in different spheres, not enough is known about the real potential of online participation and its effectiveness in the political decision-making process. This article proposes a critical analysis of citizen participation on online platforms, their social and political characteristics and consequences. Two systematic literature reviews (SLR) are conducted on case studies – the first one exclusively in Brazil and the second one on cases all over the world – using the Web of Science, Scopus and DOAJ databases, between 1995 and 2015. Primary results indicate a significant growth in participatory platforms in Brazil and the world, however with more rhetorical than practical effects: the majority of the initiatives are promoted by top-down style governmental electronic portals, with little or no influence in the real decision-making process. This article concludes that power – and not technology – is the key obstacle for effective online citizen participation, whose barriers are nurtured by a traditional political elite with little interest in building a transparent, inclusive and collaborative democracy. A new research agenda is suggested to develop public information transparency indicators – methods to measure the social and political impact of the governmental online platforms – as well as investment in empirical studies about civil society initiatives that could promote solutions for the problems, side effects and contradictions intrinsic to online political participation. ; Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico e comunicacional dos últimos anos, as plataformas online começaram a ser criadas tanto por governantes quanto por setores da sociedade civil com a promessa de aumentar o engajamento civil. Apesar do entusiasmo das discussões sobre o tema em diferentes esferas, pouco se sabe sobre as reais possibilidades de participação online e sua efetividade no processo de tomada de decisão política. Este artigo propõe uma análise crítica sobre as iniciativas online de participação cidadã, suas características e consequências sociais e políticas. São realizadas duas revisões sistemáticas de literatura (RSL) sobre estudos de casos no mundo e no Brasil, usando a base de dados Web of Science, Scopus e DOAJ, entre 1995 e 2015. Os resultados das duas RSL são comparados e 179 plataformas são classificadas de acordo com o novo modelo de análise proposto, mensurando a participação política e o impacto decisório de cada plataforma online estudada. Os principais resultados sugerem um crescimento significativo de plataformas de participação no Brasil e mundo, porém com efeitos mais retóricos do que práticos: a maioria das iniciativas são promovidas por portais de governo eletrônico no modelo descendente, com pouca ou nenhuma influência no processo decisório real. Conclui-se que o poder – e não a tecnologia – é o principal entrave para a efetiva participação cidadã online, cujas barreiras são cultivadas por uma elite política tradicional pouco interessada na construção de uma democracia transparente, inclusiva e colaborativa. Sugere-se uma nova agenda de pesquisa voltada para a elaboração de indicadores de transparência das informações públicas, o desenvolvimento de métodos para a mensuração do impacto social e político das iniciativas governamentais e o investimento em pesquisas empíricas sobre iniciativas da sociedade civil que possam revelar soluções para os problemas, os efeitos colaterais e as contradições inerentes à participação política online.
Orçamentos participativos no Brasil e em Portugal / Lígia H.H. Lüchmann, Roberto Falanga, André S. Nicolleti -- Os determinantes da participação em protestos no Brasil e em Portugal (2008-2016) / Britta Baumgarten, Julian Borba, Carla Simara Ayres, Vicente Valentin -- A participação política dos jovens antes e depois da Grande Recessão : Portugal em perspectiva comparada, 2008-2016 / André Freire, Vicente Valentim, Viriato Queiroga, Francisco Graça -- Polarização e protesto político no Brasil / Julian Borba, Ednaldo Ribeiro, Carla Ayres -- Associativismo e movimentos sociais no Brasil em Portugal : esboço de um panorama comparativo / Britta Baumgarten, Lígia Lüchmann, Carla Ayres -- Do interesse ao ativismo : espaços de politização e investimentos militantes / Ernesto Seidl -- Produção cultural e engajamento político na Afro-Lisboa / Otávio Raposo, Carlos Garrido Castellano
