The Icelandic-English parallel corpus MaCoCu-is-en 1.0 was built by crawling the ".is" internet top-level domain in 2021, extending the crawl dynamically to other domains as well. All the crawling process was carried out by the MaCoCu crawler (https://github.com/macocu/MaCoCu-crawler). Websites containing documents in both target languages were identified and processed using the tool Bitextor (https://github.com/bitextor/bitextor). Considerable efforts were devoted into cleaning the extracted text to provide a high-quality parallel corpus. This was achieved by removing boilerplate and near-duplicated paragraphs and documents that are not in one of the targeted languages. Document and segment alignment as implemented in Bitextor were carried out, and BicleanerAI (https://github.com/bitextor/bicleaner-ai) and Bifixer (https://github.com/bitextor/bifixer) were used for fixing, cleaning, and deduplicating the final version of the corpus. While the TXT format consists solely of pairs of source and target segments (one or several sentences), each segment pair in the TMX format is accompanied by the following metadata: - source and target document URL; - quality score as provided by the tool BicleanerAI; - translation direction identification: the source segment in each segment pair was identified by using a probabilistic model; - personal information identification ("biroamer-entities"): segments containing personal information are flagged, so final users of the corpus can decide whether to use these segments; - language variants: the language variant of English (British or American) was identified for every segment pair on document and domain level. Notice and take down: Should you consider that our data contains material that is owned by you and should therefore not be reproduced here, please: (1) Clearly identify yourself, with detailed contact data such as an address, telephone number or email address at which you can be contacted. (2) Clearly identify the copyrighted work claimed to be infringed. (3) Clearly identify the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient in order to allow us to locate the material. (4) Please write to the contact person for this resource whose email is available in the full item record. We will comply with legitimate requests by removing the affected sources from the next release of the corpus. This action has received funding from the European Union's Connecting Europe Facility 2014-2020 - CEF Telecom, under Grant Agreement No. INEA/CEF/ICT/A2020/2278341. This communication reflects only the author's view. The Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
This study advocates for the central quality of the language tests and their validity and aims to investigate the content validity of the use of the English part of the achievement tests administered to the first- and second-year students of General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. The tests were given in the form of the final examination of the English language course in order to find out if the papers' content corresponded to the descriptors of the European language levels specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Europass on which the course syllabus was based. Seeking to examine the content validity, the study analyses the papers in terms of the task types and linguistic – grammatical and lexical – knowledge tested. The analyses of the papers revealed that although both open and semi-open tasks and closed tasks were present in the papers and specifications, the former were dominating for being more effective. Some of the papers lacked certain grammatical and lexical aspects to be tested which were mentioned in the specifications, such as pronouns, relative clauses, conditional clauses, modals, derivatives and collocations. The syntactic competence was tested in all the papers. As a result, the content validity of these papers can be partially supported, though in a general view, it can be inferred that the papers had the content validity, i.e. they measured what is supposed to be measured. Therefore, these findings suggest that the content of the achievement tests might be revised and may contribute to further research of validity in language testing.
This study advocates for the central quality of the language tests and their validity and aims to investigate the content validity of the use of the English part of the achievement tests administered to the first- and second-year students of General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. The tests were given in the form of the final examination of the English language course in order to find out if the papers' content corresponded to the descriptors of the European language levels specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Europass on which the course syllabus was based. Seeking to examine the content validity, the study analyses the papers in terms of the task types and linguistic – grammatical and lexical – knowledge tested. The analyses of the papers revealed that although both open and semi-open tasks and closed tasks were present in the papers and specifications, the former were dominating for being more effective. Some of the papers lacked certain grammatical and lexical aspects to be tested which were mentioned in the specifications, such as pronouns, relative clauses, conditional clauses, modals, derivatives and collocations. The syntactic competence was tested in all the papers. As a result, the content validity of these papers can be partially supported, though in a general view, it can be inferred that the papers had the content validity, i.e. they measured what is supposed to be measured. Therefore, these findings suggest that the content of the achievement tests might be revised and may contribute to further research of validity in language testing.
This study advocates for the central quality of the language tests and their validity and aims to investigate the content validity of the use of the English part of the achievement tests administered to the first- and second-year students of General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. The tests were given in the form of the final examination of the English language course in order to find out if the papers' content corresponded to the descriptors of the European language levels specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Europass on which the course syllabus was based. Seeking to examine the content validity, the study analyses the papers in terms of the task types and linguistic – grammatical and lexical – knowledge tested. The analyses of the papers revealed that although both open and semi-open tasks and closed tasks were present in the papers and specifications, the former were dominating for being more effective. Some of the papers lacked certain grammatical and lexical aspects to be tested which were mentioned in the specifications, such as pronouns, relative clauses, conditional clauses, modals, derivatives and collocations. The syntactic competence was tested in all the papers. As a result, the content validity of these papers can be partially supported, though in a general view, it can be inferred that the papers had the content validity, i.e. they measured what is supposed to be measured. Therefore, these findings suggest that the content of the achievement tests might be revised and may contribute to further research of validity in language testing.
This study advocates for the central quality of the language tests and their validity and aims to investigate the content validity of the use of the English part of the achievement tests administered to the first- and second-year students of General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. The tests were given in the form of the final examination of the English language course in order to find out if the papers' content corresponded to the descriptors of the European language levels specified in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the Europass on which the course syllabus was based. Seeking to examine the content validity, the study analyses the papers in terms of the task types and linguistic – grammatical and lexical – knowledge tested. The analyses of the papers revealed that although both open and semi-open tasks and closed tasks were present in the papers and specifications, the former were dominating for being more effective. Some of the papers lacked certain grammatical and lexical aspects to be tested which were mentioned in the specifications, such as pronouns, relative clauses, conditional clauses, modals, derivatives and collocations. The syntactic competence was tested in all the papers. As a result, the content validity of these papers can be partially supported, though in a general view, it can be inferred that the papers had the content validity, i.e. they measured what is supposed to be measured. Therefore, these findings suggest that the content of the achievement tests might be revised and may contribute to further research of validity in language testing.
The versatile research carried out in political linguistics has revealed the peculiarities of political texts thereby opening vast possibilities for a fruitful application of the findings to the curriculum of an ESP course of English for Politics corresponding to C1/C2 level of CEFR (2001). The present study analyses the knowledge and experience of students of political science in identifying, using and analyzing metaphor and metonymy in political discourse in the English language. Methodologically, the study is a small scale analysis carried out with the use of a questionnaire delivered to 55 students, where students are asked to answer questions with respect to their general knowledge and understanding of the use of metaphor and metonymy. They are further asked to identify metaphorical and metonymical expressions in a piece of political discourse. Finally, they are requested to express their opinion about the role of metaphor and metonymy in the creation of political texts. The results show that students demonstrate quite good theoretical knowledge of figurative language, namely metaphor and metonymy, however, their discourse analytical skills are rather poor. This conclusion can be made on the basis of students answer to the self-evaluative questions placed to them and on the basis of the given practical task.
The versatile research carried out in political linguistics has revealed the peculiarities of political texts thereby opening vast possibilities for a fruitful application of the findings to the curriculum of an ESP course of English for Politics corresponding to C1/C2 level of CEFR (2001). The present study analyses the knowledge and experience of students of political science in identifying, using and analyzing metaphor and metonymy in political discourse in the English language. Methodologically, the study is a small scale analysis carried out with the use of a questionnaire delivered to 55 students, where students are asked to answer questions with respect to their general knowledge and understanding of the use of metaphor and metonymy. They are further asked to identify metaphorical and metonymical expressions in a piece of political discourse. Finally, they are requested to express their opinion about the role of metaphor and metonymy in the creation of political texts. The results show that students demonstrate quite good theoretical knowledge of figurative language, namely metaphor and metonymy, however, their discourse analytical skills are rather poor. This conclusion can be made on the basis of students answer to the self-evaluative questions placed to them and on the basis of the given practical task.
The versatile research carried out in political linguistics has revealed the peculiarities of political texts thereby opening vast possibilities for a fruitful application of the findings to the curriculum of an ESP course of English for Politics corresponding to C1/C2 level of CEFR (2001). The present study analyses the knowledge and experience of students of political science in identifying, using and analyzing metaphor and metonymy in political discourse in the English language. Methodologically, the study is a small scale analysis carried out with the use of a questionnaire delivered to 55 students, where students are asked to answer questions with respect to their general knowledge and understanding of the use of metaphor and metonymy. They are further asked to identify metaphorical and metonymical expressions in a piece of political discourse. Finally, they are requested to express their opinion about the role of metaphor and metonymy in the creation of political texts. The results show that students demonstrate quite good theoretical knowledge of figurative language, namely metaphor and metonymy, however, their discourse analytical skills are rather poor. This conclusion can be made on the basis of students answer to the self-evaluative questions placed to them and on the basis of the given practical task.
The versatile research carried out in political linguistics has revealed the peculiarities of political texts thereby opening vast possibilities for a fruitful application of the findings to the curriculum of an ESP course of English for Politics corresponding to C1/C2 level of CEFR (2001). The present study analyses the knowledge and experience of students of political science in identifying, using and analyzing metaphor and metonymy in political discourse in the English language. Methodologically, the study is a small scale analysis carried out with the use of a questionnaire delivered to 55 students, where students are asked to answer questions with respect to their general knowledge and understanding of the use of metaphor and metonymy. They are further asked to identify metaphorical and metonymical expressions in a piece of political discourse. Finally, they are requested to express their opinion about the role of metaphor and metonymy in the creation of political texts. The results show that students demonstrate quite good theoretical knowledge of figurative language, namely metaphor and metonymy, however, their discourse analytical skills are rather poor. This conclusion can be made on the basis of students answer to the self-evaluative questions placed to them and on the basis of the given practical task.
The versatile research carried out in political linguistics has revealed the peculiarities of political texts thereby opening vast possibilities for a fruitful application of the findings to the curriculum of an ESP course of English for Politics corresponding to C1/C2 level of CEFR (2001). The present study analyses the knowledge and experience of students of political science in identifying, using and analyzing metaphor and metonymy in political discourse in the English language. Methodologically, the study is a small scale analysis carried out with the use of a questionnaire delivered to 55 students, where students are asked to answer questions with respect to their general knowledge and understanding of the use of metaphor and metonymy. They are further asked to identify metaphorical and metonymical expressions in a piece of political discourse. Finally, they are requested to express their opinion about the role of metaphor and metonymy in the creation of political texts. The results show that students demonstrate quite good theoretical knowledge of figurative language, namely metaphor and metonymy, however, their discourse analytical skills are rather poor. This conclusion can be made on the basis of students answer to the self-evaluative questions placed to them and on the basis of the given practical task.
The relevance of the topic nowadays. Knowledge of the foreign languages is a relevant and an important factor, which lets for people to take part in European education, economic, social and cultural expansion. It encourages us to find out the problems of learning English language and to find the ways, which ensure possibilities of successful English language learning. So it is very important to find out the factors, which influence quality of the learning. Relevant factors are: psychological, pedagogical and social. These factors influence not only learning at school, but learning at home too. Pupil's ability to learn determines personal characteristic, surroundings (of school and home), student's, his parents' and teacher's attitude to the learning. Seeking of good education results is concerned with combine of democracy and formal education. Then it can be achieved good education results and acquired fully-fledged, well-rounded, manifold personality. That's why in this work it is written about child's education in democracy culture, about education based on love and goodness, about experiential learning; traditional English teaching and teaching based on child's experience is compared. According A. Lepeskiene (1996), child, who is open to new experience, learns mostly. The problem. Teaching is based on a subject at school, not on child's experience. Formal education nor always is concerned with child's experience, so children are lack of informal learning experience, the knowledge which is acquired in informal surrounding is not applied at school. According R. Weskamp (1999), in these latter years, in didactics of foreign language marked change happened – from scientific- technological teaching moved up to learning based on child's experience. However the question appears – is really teaching based on experienced learning and practically applied in processes of teaching, education and training? And how to do it? That's why it is very important to encourage teachers to wonder about informal, based on child's experience teaching. It is very important to research and analyse the combination conditions of formal and informal learning, and in this way to manage the quality of foreign language learning. The purpose of the research. To explore factors affecting quality management of early English language learning in primary school ( in formal and informal teaching). The goals of the research: 1. To study and to research pedagogical, social and psychological literature and validate the relevance of children's from primary school learning in formal and informal surrounding. 2. Research empirically and establish factors, which affect the quality of English language learning in primary school. 3. Provide with references how to improve early English language teaching, how to combine formal and informal learning in primary school. The research methods: 1. The analysis of pedagogical, social and psychological literature. 2. The anonymous written questionnaires used in order to research the attitude of teachers, students, parents to factors affecting early English language teaching in primary school 3. The data of the research is analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the analysis of data is used the SSPS program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). For the arrangement, systematization and graphic design of the researched data are used Windows Microsoft Word and Windows Microsoft Excel programs. The scope of the research. 107 pupils, 74 parents, 12 teachers from Šilalė's district (Šilalė, Pajūris, Laukuva) participated in the questionnaire. In total 193 people took part in this questionnaire. The conclusions. • On parents opinion, factors affecting the quality of English language are: the English language knowledge of family members (79.5%), and watching English TV programmes (70.8%). • The results of the research shows that children from primary school rapidly learn English language. As parents say, it is associated with using of active learning methods in the lessons (84.5%) and using of dialogs with situations from children's life and experience (77.2%) • Parents agree that their children learn English language on their own playing English games on the internet (74%), watching English films and TV programmes (75%) and reading English books (54%) • According teachers, the quality of learning is affected by students motivation and when in the learning process the student is activated (100%). • Factors affecting learning in the informal surrounding are: reading of English books (100%) and watching of English TV programmes (100%). • Parents (79.5%) and teachers (100%) agree that very important factor affecting the quality of English learning is family and English language knowledge of family members. • It is very important to know, what teachers know about factors that affect learning. The analysis of the research and of academic literature shows that teachers not only know about these factors, but also they use them practically. • Types of children's informal learning were represented in the research. Children agree that it is easier for them to learn English because they watch English films (82.2%), listen to English songs (88.7%), play English games (79.3%) and watch English TV programmes. • To children's opinion, they can use their English knowledge ( that they gain in the informal surrounding) in the English lessons. 70% of children say that they have possibilities to use more English words in the lessons. 62% agree that they can easily talk in pairs, because they know more English phrases and sentences. 80.3% say that they can easily use English dictionary on the internet.
