Suchergebnisse

A review essay on books by (1) D. G. Dimitrakopoulos (Ed), The Changing European Commission (Manchester, UK: Manchester U Press, 2004); (2) L. Hooghe, The European Commission and the Integration of Europe: Images of Governance (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge U Press, 2002); (3) J. Joana & A. Smith, Les Commissaires Europeens: technocrates, diplomates ou politiques? (Paris: Press Science PO, 2003); (4) M. A. Pollack, The Engines of European Integration: Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the EU (Oxford, UK: Oxford U Press, 2003); & (5) A. Smith (Ed), Politics and the European Commission: Actors, Interdependence, Legitimacy (London: Routledge, 2004). 4 References. Adapted from the source document.

Public engagement has become increasingly important within the sphere of science policy making. A broad range of discursive experiments and participatory methods involving citizens, consumers, and other key stakeholders are frequently used to consult the public about their opinion of new developments in science and technology. This special issue of STI-Studies aims at addressing the role(s) of scholars in this important field. Having personally participated in a variety of public engagement exercises and public discourse experiments, and having carefully considered how we (as social scientists) fit within these exercises, we have come to realise that our roles are heterogeneous, complex and ambiguous. Social scientists complete a number of tasks in participatory science policy making: For example, they initiate public and/or stake holder discourses by adopting or even developing participatory and discursive methods. They organise and moderate various dialogues (for the case of Germany see e.g. Renn 1999). They oversee various public discourse events and evaluate the process (for the case of Switzerland see e.g. Gisler 2000-2003). They analyse and comment on the impact of participatory methods, drawing on sociological and political theories (e.g. Maasen/Merz, 2006). In brief, social scientists play a variety of formal roles, serving as organisers, moderators, evaluators, commentators and others. However, these formal descriptions are rigid and do not fully convey the underlying social, moral and political dimensions of these roles. Furthermore, there is some ambivalence between the formal functions and the socio-moral-political roles taken on by social scientists. This ambivalence arises due to a conflict between the form and content of these roles as well as the fact that multiple roles may coincide with each other. For a better understanding of the ongoing debate on participatory science policy making, it is necessary to reflect upon this ambivalence because it affects social scientists accomplishments in this important field. Our contribution to the recent debate is a kind of self-reflexive turn: We would like to carefully consider the role of the social sciences and the role(s) social scientists expect and are expected to play in the field of participatory science policy making. Therefore, in this introduction, we raise the following questions from a theoretical point of view: How do the social sciences influence participatory policy procedures? What kind of explicit and/or implicit role(s) do social scientists play in the construction of political procedures and public debates? In an effort to address these questions, we will, first, argue how participatory policy making is linked to the social sciences and its methodologies (chapter 1). Second, we will contextualize the development of participatory policy making within the methodological framework of the social sciences and the broader historical shift towards the democratization of society (chapter 2). Third, we will assess some of the roles social scientists have come to play in participatory policy making. We suggest a way of rethinking such roles by unmasking their often rather implicit social, political and moral premises and by critically reflecting on the idea that there is only a formal role played by the social sciences. This way Canadian philosopher Ian Hacking (1999). We will highlight some of the complexities and moralities linked to the concrete roles the social sciences play, especially in the sphere of science and politics. This will be discussed in more detail in the case studies and articles assembled in this issue (chapter 3). Fourth, and finally, we would like to consider some looping effects that the deconstruction of social scientific roles may have on participatory policy making on a more general level (chapter 4). The social sciences, as a collection of disciplines, could eventually contribute more to participatory policy making by reflecting on its current role(s) and by revising the methods that are applied to specific scientific fields. In doing so, the social sciences may gain considerable insight into how they function as a thought collective.

Objectives This study addresses differences in the predictors of participation in different forms of protest activity using nationally representative data. The two types of protest examined, referred to as conventional and unconventional forms of activism, are differentiated by differing levels of risk, demands, and political legitimacy. Methods The analysis uses multinominal logistic regression and data from the World Values Survey to assess the effects of a wide range of independent variables on participation in protest. Results The results indicate that participation in conventional forms of protest, activities that are relatively undemanding, socially legitimate, and low risk, tend to follow patterns that are consistent with participation in institutional politics. That is, participants in this form of activism tend to be socially privileged and ideologically moderate. Participants in unconventional protest, those that are highly demanding, socially illegitimate, or carry substantial risks, tend to be more ideologically extreme, socially disadvantaged, and more alienated from the conventional political system. Conclusions The findings in this study suggest that the lack of consistency in some existing research on protest participation may be attributable to differences in the predictors of participation associated with different forms of protest. This study indicates that protest participation is not a unitary construct and should not be treated as one in research. Adapted from the source document.

What is the state of consciousness of modernity presently like? Is modernity as out of date as is claimed by neoconservatism in general & the postmodernists in particular? Neoconservatists accuse modern culture of undermining the ethical foundations of social life. The author shows that neoconservatism does not understand the relation between culture & society, & that it ascribes to cultural modernity the pathological syndromes (hedonism, narcissism, loss of identity) which are, in fact, the product of capitalist modernization of economy & society. Through money & power, the systemic imperatives of market economy & of the bureaucratic state gravely endanger the world of life & the process of cultural reproduction & social integration. Thus, it is solely through distinction between societal & cultural modernization that one can also understand the pathological effects resulting from the sphere of culture itself. While societal modernization is characterized by a growing autonomy of purposefully rational activity (in market economy & administration), which leads to colonization of the world of life, cultural modernization is marked by an increasing differentiation of cultural value spheres (science, morality, art) based on varied aspirations to validity (truth, rightness, authenticity) & by a differentiation of structures of rationality (cognitive-instrumental, moral-practical, aesthetic). Conservative critics of the aporiae of modern culture reject the entire project of modernity, advocating either a return to pre-modernism, or a step forward into postmodernity, or else mere anti-modernity (philosophers such as Nietzsche, Heidegger, Bataille, Foucault, Derrida). In contrast to them, the author sees the potentials of modernity in the protection & development of the sphere of communicational rationality against the systemic imperatives of economy & of the state, in the reestablishment of links between the spheres of science, morality & art, & in connecting the corresponding expert cultures with the communicational practice of the world of life. Thus perceived, modernity is still an unfinished project, which encompasses historical emancipatory potentials only as a differentiated reactive linkage of modern culture with everyday practice, only if societal modernization can also be steered down other non-capitalist paths, if the world of life can develop out of itself institutions limited by the dynamics of the economic & administrative system. Adapted from the source document.

One of David Sassoli's most outstanding initiatives was the Conference on the Future of Europe, concluded in 2022, which aimed to promote the European construction based on the voices of citizens. Given the Europe's historical relevance in the development of science and technology and my own European experience, I comment on this Sassoli's "political testament", highlighting three major challenges for Europe and arguing that, in addition to science and technology, the future of the European Union must be based on the values ​​he espoused.

The influence of cultural, information and psychological processes of globalization on the functioning of historical memory mechanisms in Ukraine is considered. Recommendations regarding scientific support of the historical memory formation and development state policy, which would include the scientific, cultural and educational, memorial segments, are made.Research and origin of the functioning of Historical Memory (historical consciousness) became one of the leading areas of world and national historiosophical opinion interdisciplinary subject of serious research. Globalization caused massive scale out social, political and economic activity beyond the borders of individual states and nations on intercontinental level. Unheard of increased intensity of the relationships in the exchange of goods, investments, financial operations, migration, cultural and information processes. Much easier movement of people and process information. Globalization has in many ways become a logical consequence of humanity – and Interstate block integration collapse of the colonial system and a new type of networking between former colonies and metropolises, weight increase industrial cooperation and open new resource bases in remote parts of the world developed countries, improvement material culture under the influence of the STR, the development of transport and communications, the Internet.It is worth noting that the analysis of the essence of globalization is generally taken into account the economic and communication factors, while globalization means a significant challenge to traditional cultures of the world. Conducted since the end of the 1990s. Number of leading international think tank study on the impact of the information revolution transformation processes of modern society BASED even cried when a new geopolitical concept, which is based on the thesis of the "digital divide" nations, which arose during the information revolution and globalization of the world economy. One of the most important phenomena of the spiritual life of people who are affected unifikatsiynyh effects of globalization is the historical memory of the peoples (nations) as part of their national consciousness and statehood. In modern ethnology approved the submission of historical consciousness factor as one of the key levers of creation of modern nations. Historical memory BASED treads important part of identity and the consolidation of the peoples inhabiting the Ukraine, a single political nation (civic community) – Ukrainian people. Restoring and preserving the collective memory of the state-creating traditions, civilizational achievements, military and labor victory, historical tragedy promotes unity citizenship and mobilizing spiritual forces and potential builders Ukrainian nation, its establishment as an equal subject of international relations, the preservation of public order and territorial integrity of Ukraine, creation of positive socio-political, moral and cultural field being Ukrainian political nation.The term "historical memory" refers to the phenomenon of social consciousness, selectively stored nation body of knowledge, ideas and value assessments of the events of the past that had a decisive influence on its formation, identity, and state-civilizational achievements and consensus in society are perceived as the most important for its self-existence of a consolidated and constructive development in the future. Accordingly, the policy content of the historical memory of the Ukrainian state, are motivated, normalized with constitutional and legal point of view, science-based efforts of the state and society, aimed at identifying, preserving, strengthening in the public mind the memory of the most important reproduction and political life of the nation events and processes of the past in the interest of the sovereign state of civilization and progress. Given the globalization of modern world, the powerful development of electronic and other media, technologies and methods of influence on mass consciousness (including manipulating her destructive information and psychological impact) is markedly increasing scale of threats to information security and stability component of the Ukrainian state. The use of technologies targeted information-psychological influence in modern conditions can lead to such disastrous consequences for sovereign statehood that previously achieved direct aggression or coup.During the period of development of Ukraine as a sovereign state politics of historical memory as part of humanitarian policy was created largely situational, exposed to political conditions, corporate interests. Its foundation was laid not acceptable to society, scientifically based enshrined in regulatory principles and guidelines concerning the development and implementation of national memory as a focused and continuous set of measures developed and implemented by the authorities. ; Рассматривается неоднозначное воздействие культурно-информационного влияния глобализации на функционирование механизмов исторического сознания как важной составляющей идентичности украинской политической нации, а также на традиционную культуру Украины. Высказываются рекомендации относительно научного обеспечения государственной политики формирования и развития исторической памяти, которая включала бы научный, культурно-просветительский, мемориальный и другие сегменты. ; Розглядається неоднозначне позначення культурно-інформаційних впливів глобалізації на функціонування механізмів історичної свідомості як важливої складової ідентичності української політичної нації, а також на традиційну культуру України. Висловлюються рекомендації щодо наукового забезпечення державної політики з формування і розвитку історичної пам'яті, яка включала б науковий, культурно-просвітній, меморіальний та інші сегменти.

The opening of the Sultan Qaboos University in November 1986 is seen in the context of Oman's rapid development of modern education and of a strategy of modernisation without loss of cultural identity. The emphasis is on practical subjects and on cultural heritage. To this corresponds the fact, that the first faculties to open were natural sciences, engineering, agriculture and medicine. Teacher training and Islamic studies have followed in order to reduce the dependance on foreign teachers and administrators. (DÜI-Asd)

International audience ; The economic and human security expresses a collective feeling concerning the threats that weigh on the world, the countries, regions, social groups and all the citizens. It is not measurable; it depends on philosophic and religious conceptions, but also on the violence of international, social or human conflicts. On this purpose, several questions must be evoked. What is the nature of the States conflicts in a situation of economic globalization? Is the market economy a guarantee of peace? What is the impact of the choice between butter and cannon? What is the economic, political and policy power of weapons? Is nuclear weapons threat or deterrent? What is the importance of "cyber weapons" and "cyber warfare" threats? What is the weight of the relative scarcities in the expression of interstate conflicts, particularly in the energy field? What is the effectiveness of international economic sanctions against a country? Is the research of world leadership for a State in a market economy a factor of peace? Can the contemporary economic development to engage in sustainable development without social and interstates conflicts? International security implies respect of sustainable human development, the eradication of extreme poverty and the establishment of stable institutions rejecting any discrimination. Search of growing political, social, religious, economic and sociological inequalities is at the heart of conflicts and war. ; La sécurité économique, sociale et humaine exprime un sentiment collectif concernant les menaces qui pèsent sur le monde, les pays, les régions, les groupes sociaux et l'ensemble des citoyens. Elle n'est pas mesurable, elle dépend des conceptions philosophiques, religieuses ou situationnelle dans lesquelles les analyses des agents s'inscrivent ou se reconnaissent. Plusieurs questions méritent alors d'être évoquées. Quelle est la nature des conflits étatiques dans une situation de globalisation économique ? Existe-t-il un choix entre le beurre et le canon ? ...

International audience ; The economic and human security expresses a collective feeling concerning the threats that weigh on the world, the countries, regions, social groups and all the citizens. It is not measurable; it depends on philosophic and religious conceptions, but also on the violence of international, social or human conflicts. On this purpose, several questions must be evoked. What is the nature of the States conflicts in a situation of economic globalization? Is the market economy a guarantee of peace? What is the impact of the choice between butter and cannon? What is the economic, political and policy power of weapons? Is nuclear weapons threat or deterrent? What is the importance of "cyber weapons" and "cyber warfare" threats? What is the weight of the relative scarcities in the expression of interstate conflicts, particularly in the energy field? What is the effectiveness of international economic sanctions against a country? Is the research of world leadership for a State in a market economy a factor of peace? Can the contemporary economic development to engage in sustainable development without social and interstates conflicts? International security implies respect of sustainable human development, the eradication of extreme poverty and the establishment of stable institutions rejecting any discrimination. Search of growing political, social, religious, economic and sociological inequalities is at the heart of conflicts and war. ; La sécurité économique, sociale et humaine exprime un sentiment collectif concernant les menaces qui pèsent sur le monde, les pays, les régions, les groupes sociaux et l'ensemble des citoyens. Elle n'est pas mesurable, elle dépend des conceptions philosophiques, religieuses ou situationnelle dans lesquelles les analyses des agents s'inscrivent ou se reconnaissent. Plusieurs questions méritent alors d'être évoquées. Quelle est la nature des conflits étatiques dans une situation de globalisation économique ? Existe-t-il un choix entre le beurre et le canon ? ...

Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.

Досліджено історичні фактори виникнення та особливості функціонування нелегальних бібліотек в Україні у ХІХ–ХХ ст. Виявлено та охарактеризовано основні види і специфіку їх культурно-просвітницької та бібліотечної діяльності. Проаналізовано своєрідність організаційної роботи нелегальних бібліотек в умовах підпільного існування, соціально-політичні чинники їх роз- витку у загальному контексті історичних подій та особливостей політичного та культурно-освітнього життя суспільства. Висвітлено суспільне значення функціонування нелегальних бібліотек, місце і роль їх бібліотечної та культурно-просвітницької діяльності у поширенні читання, знань, просвітництва та у піднесенні загального рівня свідомості та політичної культури соціально активних, переважно нижчих, прошарків населення, а також у розвитку бібліотечної справи країни в цілому. ; Исследованы исторические факторы возникновения и особенности функцио-нирования нелегальных библиотек в Украине в XIX–ХХ вв. Выявлены и оха-рактеризованы основные виды и специфика их культурно-просветительскойи библиотечной деятельности. Проанализированы своеобразие организационной работы нелегальных библиотек в условиях подпольного существования, социально-политические факторы их развития в общем контексте исторических событий и особенностей политического и культурно-просветительной жизни общества. Освещены общественное значение функционирования нелегальных библиотек, место и роль их библиотечной и культурно-просветительской деятельности в распространении чтения, знаний, просвещения и в повышении общего уровня сознания и политической культуры социально активных, преимущественно низших, слоев населения, а также в развитии библиотечного дела страны в целом. ; Victor Sokolov's article «Genesis and features of the functioning of illegal libraries in Ukraine: historical and socio-political factors» examined the peculiarities of formation, characteristics and peculiarities of illegal libraries, as well as socio political factors, social conditions and main directions of these collections, mainly in Ukraine. The purpose of the proposed article is to identify and study the characteristics of illegal libraries, study their types, analysis and generalization of information about the peculiarities of the creation and operation of these collections in Ukraine, as well as characteristics of the main forms and directions of their activities. In his work, the author widely used general scientific and historical research methods: comparisons, analogies, deductions, descriptive, analytical, typological methods, as well as historical-comparative, historical-genetic and other methods of scientific research. The author proved that the most developed were the illegal libraries of political organizations and circles, which collected literature from various fields of knowledge, but most of them were publications in the social sciences (history, philosophy, sociology, etc.). Many illegal libraries, including marxist organizations and circles, were interconnected in centralized systems. In terms of the number of books, the funds of some illegal libraries of political organizations can be compared with the funds of public, church-parish, county and township libraries. However, most of them had up to 300 books. However, their activities had a certain impact on the socio-political life of society, on the formation of consciousness, cultural and educational level, mostly, the lower strata of the population. It was found that in the context of police persecution, «employees» of illegal libraries quickly adapted to new circumstances and needs of readers and often changed the forms, methods, principles of work in order to steadily pursue the main line of these collections – to disseminate certain ideas and principles of public life. Illegal libraries often operated under the guise of self-education, literary and artistic, public, women's, family and leisure, educational and other societies and clubs. In general, they were characterized by the presence of almost all organizational and structural subsystems that had official public libraries: they had a fund of various types of documents, a catalog, a contingent of readers, facilities, library staff and documentation. In illegal libraries, for the first time, active forms and methods of book promotion were born, which were used and researched during communication with users of book collections, whose reading needs were also periodically studied. It was found that illegal libraries, including political organizations and circles, performed both educational and ideological tasks, and organizational (they became organizational centers of political struggle, in particular the premises of illegal libraries were a place of appearances, a point of agitation and propaganda, storage of revolutionary literature, etc.). A study of the history of illegal libraries, in particular, political organizations, educational and cultural-educational societies, proves that certain democratic, progressive elements of library development were formed in their activities, some of which were inherited and developed by domestic library science and practice.

"Today, the Internet has become a source of information that no country or company can forgo. It is not only used to communicate or entertain, but most importantly to operate utilities and public services such as banking or air traffic. As the reliance on computer networks across societies and economies keeps growing, so do security risks in cyberspace - referred to as "cybersecurity." Cybersecurity means protecting information and control systems from those who seek to compromise them. It also involves actors, both malicious or protective, policies and their societal consequences. This collection of essays provides a better understanding of the risks, perceptions, and myths that surround cybersecurity by looking at it from three different levels of analysis: the sovereign state, the infrastructure and stakeholders of the Internet, and the individual. The essays explore such issues as information ownership, censorship, cyberwars, cyberterrorism, privacy, and rebellion, bringing together expert knowledge from computer science and the social sciences with case studies. It reviews existing policies and practices and discusses the threats and benefits of living in an increasingly networked world. This authoritative analysis of one of the most controversial and compelling security debates of the twenty-first century will appeal to scholars and practitioners interested in security, international relations and policymaking."--

Using research in early warning & preventive diplomacy, a theoretical paradigm of refugee migration is developed to examine the structural elements of forced migration. Several hypotheses regarding the impact of economic crises, overpopulation, political violence, & geographic obstacles on migration trends are presented. Refugee data collected by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees & the US Committee for Refugees from 1971-1990 were employed to test the validity of the hypotheses. The findings indicate that (1) political violence is a better predictor of refugee migration than human rights violations, (2) the presence of foreign militaries increases refugee populations in nations experiencing civil war, (3) uprisings initiated by ethnic groups are poor predictors of mass refugee mobilizations, & (4) economic & geographical factors demonstrate little influence on forecasting refugee migration. It is concluded that the traditional economic hardship explanation for refugee migration is contradicted by the findings; however, the intensity of political violence determines the size of refugee mobilization. 1 Table, 64 References. Adapted from the source document.

A study of the history of medical and science journalism on Dutch public television shows that the representation of science on television has changed over the last 25 years. Scientists and experts no longer play a leading role in medical and science programmes. Experts and journalists have changed places putting the journalist in a central position. This has had consequences for the distribution of speaking time the storyline about science and the design of the programmes. Medical and science journalism has developed in the same way as political and general news journalism on television over the last fifty years. Medical and science journalists in the Netherlands have like their colleagues elsewhere evolved from being propagandists of medicine and science to being so-called image brokers about science. These brokers create a lot of space for themselves and their own conversations with lay people. Infotainment techniques are used to build a bridge between science and the public. This research shows that the journalistic culture of the public broadcasting organizations has adjusted itself to market considerations prompted by the rise of a dual broadcasting system of public and commercial television in the Netherlands since 1989.