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The work of campaign consultants in elections outside of their countries of origin is a relatively recent phenomenon. Joe Napolitan is credited as becoming the first international consultant in modern times when, in 1969, he worked on the successful reelection bid of Ferdinand Marcos. As recently as 1972, Napolitan wrote of a certain reticence in some countries toward using non-native campaign consultants A decade later, Larry Sabato (1981) saw evidence that use of non-native consultants was becoming a more accepted practice in campaigns worldwide. By the end of the 1990s, according to David Swanson and Paolo Mancini (1996), consultants from the U.S., Germany, France, and Britain were becoming increasingly active in elections outside their own countries. Since the use of non-native campaign consultants is likely to increase into the forseeable future, I would like to use this article to set forth the beginnings of a research agenda, to present an outline of a project worth pursuing, for determining how and why foreign consultants are being, can be, or should be used. The article has three parts. First, I present an overview, based on available evidence, of the nature of overseas work by campaign consultants. Second, I explore some possible explanations for the rise of this phenomenon. Third, I assess the main institutional factors affecting the internationalization of consultancy.

Chapter 1: Rethinking Language in the Professions: New Departures for Global Workplace Research (Louise Mullany) -- Part I: Business and Organisations -- Chapter 2: Training "International Engineers" in Japan: discourse, Discourse and Stereotypes (Michael Handford) -- Chapter 3: The Relevance of Applied Linguistic and Discourse Research: On the Margins of Communication Consultancy (Erika Darics) -- Chapter 4: Language, Gender and Leadership: Applying the Sociolinguistics of Narrative Identity in East Africa (Masibo Lumala and Louise Mullany) -- Chapter 5: Culture Change and Rebranding in the Charity Sector: A Linguistic Consultancy Approach (Veronika Koller and Gill Ereaut) -- Chapter 6: The Practitioner's View: The Value of Linguistics in International Business Consultancy (Roshni Mooneeram) -- Part II: Healthcare -- Chapter 7: Talking About Diabetes and Healthy Lifestyle in Primary Healthcare: Translating Research Findings into Practice (Maria Stubbe, Lindsay Macdonald, Rachel Tester, Lesley Gray, Jo Hilder, Kevin Dew and Tony Dowell) -- Chapter 8: Speaking of Digital Communication: Home-based Telehealth for Patients and Providers (Boyd Davis, Kathryn van Ravenstein and Charlene Pope) -- Chapter 9: Communication Accommodation Theory as an Intervention Tool to Improve Interprofessional Practice in Healthcare (Bernadette Watson) -- Chapter 10: Communicating Nuanced Results in Language Consultancy: the Case of Cancer and the Violence Metaphor (Zsófia Demjén and Elena Semino) -- Chapter 11: 'We Might Have a Conversation Once a Week But the Quality is Very High': Research and Consultancy in Primary Care Multidisciplinary Teams (Claire Mann) -- Part III: Institutions: Politics, Law and Education -- Chapter 12: Social Media Interventions and the Language of Political Campaigns: From Online Petitions to Platform Policy Changes (Clare Hardaker) -- Chapter 13: The Language of Misogyny as a Hate Crime: Policy, Politics and Policing (Louise Mullany and Loretta Trickett) -- Chapter 14: Changing Educational Policies: Language and Sexuality in Schools (Helen Sauntson) -- Chapter 15: Towards an Understanding of Linguistic Consultancy: How Do Linguists Approach the Task of Evaluating Sociolinguistic Practice in Linguistic Consultancy Sessions? (Kieran File and Stephanie Schnurr) -- Chapter 16: The View From Outside: Communicating Influence and Organisational Change: Reflections from a Police Chief Constable (Susannah Fish) -- Chapter 17: Future Directions: What Next? (Janet Holmes).

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The role and contribution of consultants and consultancy in public services has grown rapidly and the power of consultants suggests the emergence of a 'consultocracy'. We draw on research evidence from the social sciences and critical education policy (CEP) studies to present an examination of the state of the field. We deploy a framework that examines functional, critical and socially critical research and theorising, and we identify the emerging interest in CEP studies. In particular, we identify the potential for consultocracy but acknowledge that there is a need for more detailed research where we argue for more attention to be given to the political sciences in theorising knowledge exchange processes.

Das Institute for Social Research and Analysis (SORA) führt Projekte im Bereich der strategischen Beratung für Parteien und Interessenvertretungen durch. Diesen Beratungsprozessen geht immer ein Forschungsprozess voraus, der die empirischen Grundlagen für die Erarbeitung von Empfehlungen liefert. Dabei werden qualitative Verfahren – und insbesondere Fokusgruppen – immer wichtiger. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden anhand von Fallbeispielen fünf verschiedene Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Fokusgruppen im Rahmen eines solchen politischen Forschungs- und Beratungsprozesses dargestellt. Jedes der Fallbeispiele stammt aus der Beratungspraxis und wird dazu genutzt, ein oder zwei spezielle Themen oder Fragestellungen, die sich bei dem jeweiligen Forschungsprojekt gestellt haben, aufzugreifen. Darüber hinaus werden die Feedback- und Kommunikationsfunktionen, die Fokusgruppen in der Praxis sowohl für die AuftraggeberInnen als auch für die ForscherInnen und BeraterInnen haben, reflektiert.

The symbolic value of being recruited by a high status multinational company likely represents an important marker of distinction. For the first time, a unique Destinations of Leavers in Higher Education (DLHE) data-set is used here to model entry to elite multinational company in finance, accountancy and consultancy sectors among graduates of different social origins, universities, degree subjects and with different degree classifications. From a sample of 11,755 graduates working across these three sectors, we examine what predicts entry to 31 leading firms and then examine pay hierarchies among the 3,260 graduates working for these companies using random-effects models. At first glance, significantly, we find that elite recruits come from a much broader range of universities than might be imagined. However, a closer look at the highest paid graduates within these firms reveals more familiar patterns of social and institutional stratification. We argue that these patterns likely reflect the nature of work undertaken by graduates in these elite firms, with institutional and social origins of graduates differing according to the particular track taken in what are likely to be highly differentiated graduate recruitment schemes.

The undertaken study aimed to diagnose the situation of agricultural consultancy from the North – East Region of Romania, 12 years after its foundation. For the realization of the study the questionnaires method has been utilized which have been completed by a number of 80 agricultural consultancy specialists from 6 counties in the North – East Region. From the responses analysis, the following aspects emerged. All persons that ensure consultancy develop general activities from all fields of agriculture. There is a shortage of specialists, a person providing services to several thousand farmers. The consultants have benefited from training courses in consultancy, a short period of time, 2-8 weeks, fact that reflects on the services rendered. The local consultancy centres have a precarious endowment (office, computer, telephone), lacking transport means, training rooms, endowment with specific auxiliary means. Between consultancy methods, the biggest share is held by individual office consultancy. Group consultancy, which has the highest efficiency, is done sporadically because of reduced financial means. A lack of interest from local authorities is manifested for consultancy activity. Specialists are unhappy with the level of salaries, reduced training possibilities, high work volume, lack of endowment and transport means, and political interference in the recruitment process. ; Peer reviewed