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Political extremism is widely considered to be the product of irrational behavior. The distinguishing feature of this collection by well-known economists and political scientists from North America, Europe and Australia is to propose a variety of explanations which all insist on the rationality of extremism. Contributors use variants of this approach to shed light on subjects such as the conditions under which democratic parties take extremist positions, the relationship between extremism and conformism, the strategies adopted by revolutionary movements, and the reasons why extremism often leads to violence. The authors identify four core issues in the study of the phenomenon: the nature (definition) of extremism and its origins in both democratic and authoritarian settings, the capacity of democratic political systems to accommodate extremist positions, the strategies (civil disobedience, assassination, lynching) chosen by extremist groups, and the circumstances under which extremism becomes a threat to democracy

In Rumänien ist ein wachsender Einfluß radikaler nationalkommunistischer Kräfte zu verzeichnen, die durch das Fernsehen und Teile der Presse unterstützt werden. Die Großrumänische Partei unter ihrem Vorsitzenden Corneliu Vadim Tudor und einige kleinere Parteien verstehen sich als Parteien der "radikalen Kontinuität", die ideologisch und programmatisch an das kommunistische Regime unter Ceausescu anknüpfen. Die sich als Bewegungen einer "radikalen Umkehr" verstehenden rechtsextremistischen Formationen hingegen, die zunehmend Unterstützung unter der jungen Bevölkerung Rumäniens finden, propagieren die direkte Wiederbelebung des rumänischen Nationalismus. Ihr historisches Vorbild ist die Eiserne Garde der Zwischenkriegszeit. (BIOst-Srt)

This volume explores the relationships between fundamentalist religious belief, political extremism and outbreaks of religiously inspired violence.

Monthly survey data collected 1984/85 from 14,000+ Norwegians ages 15+, supplemented by time-series data, 1973-1985, reveal a U-shaped relationship between position on a political Left-Right scale & activity to influence others through personal communication, with the exception of a sharp drop at the extreme Left. Various hypotheses attempting to explain this Left dip are tested & refuted: (1) it does not seem to be the results of sampling or measurement error; (2) it is only to a limited extent explained by the social composition of the extreme Left; (3) it is not due to the party composition of the extreme Left, but exists within all parties of the Left; (4) it is not a symptom of a general withdrawal from political activity by the extreme Left; & (5) it is not part of a general withdrawal from personal communication, ie, there is no Left dip in the proportion of opinion leaders in various nonpolitical areas. Trend data show a changing pattern for the relationship between opinion leadership & political extremism 1973-1989, which corresponds to changes in electoral support for parties of the Left & Right. 3 Tables, 5 Figures, 1 Appendix, 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

How do democracies resolve the paradox of having to tolerate the intolerant in their midst?€ Specifically, when political "extremists"--Organized into parties that compete openly and successfully in democratic elections - enter the conventional institutional arena, how do mainstream actors react? Established democracies founded on principles of free voice and open competition typically struggle with how best to cope with pariah parties that ostensibly play by the rules of the democratic game but then espouse exclusive and rejectionist positions. Cross-national evidence demonstrates significant variation in responses to pariah parties, from outright bans to calculated disregard. The results of those actions appear to likewise vary in dramatic ways.€ While considerable research has been published looking at the historical, sociological, and economic conditions that help explain the resurgence and persistence of party-based extremism (especially the far-right variant) in western democracies, we presently know remarkably little about the relationship between democracy and efforts to combat extremism.€ This book deals with understanding how democracies respond to party-based extremism and with what consequences

When political 'extremists' - organized into parties that compete openly and successfully in democratic elections - enter the conventional institutional arena, how do mainstream actors react? This book deals with understanding how democracies respond to party-based extremism and with what consequences.

Modern political transformations involve free choice of ideology, ability to communicate with society and maintenance of their political preferences. Political struggle often leads to radical action and political extremism. The aim of this study involved an analysis of political extremism that occurs in modern democracies, and identification of the main factors underlying the development of political extremism. The determinants of the political stability/extremism are analysed based on the algorithm of hierarchical clustering. It is proved that 26 European countries studied in the work can be grouped into four clusters, which are characterised by the number of parties of extremist ideology in the national parliaments of European countries; Elite Quality Index (EQx); the Freedom in the World Index; Political Stability and Absence of Violence Index, which is part of The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). It is revealed that today ideological trends of authoritarian populism, conservatism and extremism are spreading in European countries. Cluster analysis has shown that the political extremism is influenced by the level of quality of national elites, the development of fundamental rights and freedoms, the political stability, and the absence of violence. Further research should focus on econometric simulation of factors shaping political extremism through economic development indicators.