Suchergebnisse

Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se razdobljem pozitivizma u Poljskoj koje je trajalo od 1863. do 1890. godine. U radu se opisuje društveno-politička situacija u Europi i njezin utjecaj na Poljsku koja je još 1795. bila podijeljena na austrijski, pruski i ruski dio. Objašnjavaju se zatim temeljni pojmovi programa poljskog pozitivizma. Osim društveno-političke scene, riječ je i o pozitivizmu u poljskoj književnosti, o vrstama književnosti kao što su tendenciozna i agitacijska književnost, te o cenzuri. Pozitivizam u sociologiji utemeljio je Auguste Comte u svome djelu "Zakon triju stadija". Poljski pozitivisti preuzeli su neke vrijednosti i prilagodili pozitivizam svojim potrebama. Promjene u Europi potaknule su politička previranja u Poljskoj: želju za asimilacijom Židova, ali i rast antisemitizma te emancipacija žena i seljaka. Prikazani su također problemi društvenih skupina koje nisu imale status poljskog plemstva. ; This graduate thesis deals with the period of positivism in Poland (1863 – 1890). The theisis addresses the socio-political situation in Europe and its impact in Poland, which was divided in 1795 into Austrian, Prussian and Russian part. The basic concepts of the Polish positivism program are explained. Apart from the socio-political scene, it is also about positivism in Polish literature, about types of literature such as tendentious and agitational literature, and about censorship. Positivism in sociology was founded by Auguste Comte in his work "The Law of the Three Stages". Polish positivists have taken on some values and adapted positivism to their needs. Changes in Europe have fueled political turmoil in Poland: the desire to assimilate Jews, but also the rise of anti-Semitism and the emancipation of women and peasants. Problems of social groups that did not have the status of Polish nobility are also presented.

張詠梅. ; 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2001. ; 參考文獻 (p. 235-273). ; 中英文摘要. ; Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong. ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Mode of access: World Wide Web. ; Zhang Yongmei. ; Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. ; Can kao wen xian (p. 235-273). ; Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.

杜甫詩是中國古典文學的經典,其經典地位奠定於有宋一代。本文以宋代詩話為考察對象,分析文學批評和杜詩經典化的關係,主要內容如下: ; 首先,本文將討論文壇領袖對杜詩的讚賞,如何演化為整個文壇的普遍觀念。文中指出蘇軾和黃庭堅是杜詩的發明者,二人對杜詩的評價,得到宋詩話的熱烈回應,意義不斷得到擴展和深化,由個人詮釋演化為宋人的集體認知,從而確立了杜詩的典範性。蘇軾「一飯未嘗忘君」的評語,經由詩話的討論和闡釋,最終令杜詩得「詩中六經」的評價。黃庭堅「無一字無來處」的評語,也促使詩話研究杜詩出處和用事手法蔚為風氣,不僅確立了杜甫好用事的特徵,也使杜詩成為宋詩風格的模範。 ; 其次,本文探討宋代政治和文化背景對宋人接受杜甫的影響。在「李杜優劣」此一議題上,杜詩得到凌駕李白的地位,批評家看重詩歌內容的社會意義多於藝術性,反映唐宋人期待視野的轉移。宋人對杜甫「詩史」的讚譽,也與宋型文化和南宋戰禍連年有密切關係。宋詩話特別重視杜甫和安史之亂有關的詩作,因為安史之亂與宋代歷史背景有不少相似之處,宋人藉著詮釋杜詩的義理,投射了對胡人的痛恨、戰亂中的自傷之情和淑世理想。宋人憑藉認同杜甫,達至自我認同;通過詮釋杜詩,而完成自我呈現。杜甫在安史之亂中的遭遇,使他成了盛唐詩人中最能引發宋人共鳴者,也為宋人的詮釋提供了前提。宋詩話慣以比興和用事手法解釋杜詩,也使杜詩的詮釋空間擴大,更能貼合宋人的情感寄託。 ; 此外,本文就宋詩話的本質和批評形式,如何在一定程度上掌握文學經典化的權力進行探討。詩話是新興於宋的詩歌批評形式,「摘句批評」和「論詩辨體」是其慣用的表達方式。在詩話的批評形式下,宋詩話出現了以杜詩為中心的價值取向:評估杜詩的價值,展示杜詩的多元性,樹立杜詩的正統意義,確立杜詩較他人優勝的觀念,凸顯學杜之必要。詩話的批評形式確立了杜詩經典化的重要價值,又憑藉詩話的詩法指導功能,規範了時人的價值判斷和創作。 ; 最後,本文考察杜甫在宋代唐宋詩之爭的詩統建構中所處的位置。「宋詩」詩統藉著「一祖三宗」的論述,加強和杜甫的連繫,鞏固自身的正統地位。「唐詩」詩統同樣以杜甫為正統,其論述反而著重否定「宋詩」和杜甫的關係。唐、宋詩同樣以杜甫為正統,使杜詩超然於後世受唐宋詩之爭,對杜詩經典價值的延續有深刻意義。 ; Since its inception in the Song Dynasty, Du Fu 杜甫 's poetry has been firmly regarded as a canon in the field of classical Chinese Literature. The process of which, however, has not been clearly examined. Based on Song Dynasty's Remarks on Poetry 詩話, this thesis is devoted to analyzing the relationship between literary criticism and canonization of Du's poems. ; First, this thesis discusses how literary leaders' commendation on Du's poetry has become the general view of the Song literati. It particularly highlighted the evaluations of Du's poems from Su Shi 蘇軾 and Huang Ting-jian 黃庭堅. Their comments were widely quoted and re-interpreted by subsequent authors of Remarks on Poetry, which confirmed and reinforced the importance of Su and Huan's thoughts. The transition from Su and Huang's personal interpretation to becoming a widely-held view amongst the literati, affirmed the canonical status of Du's poetry. Through discussion and interpretation by Remarks on Poetry, Su's comments on Du Fu as "a ever-loyal official 一飯未嘗忘君 contributed to the commendation on the Du's poems as "Six ...

黎必信. ; "2012年3月". ; "2012 nian 3 yue". ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 355-368). ; Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. ; Abstract in Chinese and English. ; Li Bixin.

在中國現代文學中,文藝與政治之間有著密切而複雜的關係,此一問題在現代戲劇中尤其值得重視。過往戲劇研究長期位處邊緣,這與戲劇此一文類所獨具的綜合藝術特質不無關係,其橫跨文學、美術、音樂、表演等領域的跨藝術特徵,導致其複雜性實際上遠超純文學的範疇。另一方面,戲劇運動的集團性和政治性,亦導致論者對於中國現代戲劇發展較為簡單化的論述,戲劇史的書寫往往與時代話語緊密連繫。不論是純粹文藝化還是政治化的角度,皆很可能遮蔽了戲劇本身一體兩面的問題,導致研究單一化和簡單化。洪深 (1894-1955)、田漢 (1898-1968)和夏衍 (1900-1995)均是中國現代重要戲劇家,同時亦長期被定位為左翼文藝陣營中的重要成員。戲劇家和政治家的身分重疊,導致他們的研究情況往往與時代的意識形態掛鈎,而目前有關他們的研究更是受到冷落,與他們的文學成就並不相稱。本文以三位劇作家為研究對象,希望通過他們的不同面向,重新審視文藝與政治之間各種複雜關係的可能性。 ; 本文分為五章。第一章為導論,主要介紹本文的寫作理念、方法和背景。第二章以洪深為研究對象,重新探討他的現實主義戲劇創作和主張。洪深對改譯劇的主張和實踐,體現了他與晚清鴛鴦蝴蝶派文學和西方戲劇的深刻淵源,而他和蕭伯納之間的文學關係,反映了他對早期文明戲的戲劇改革和西方舞台的繼承,突顯了洪深如何在中西文化之間思索中國現代戲劇中的現實主義問題。第三章從西方唯美主義和先鋒文學運動的角度,重新探討田漢的創作和政治轉向。本章考察田漢對外國文學的譯介活動,當中包括英國唯美主義作家威廉.莫里斯、德國表現主義影劇、俄國和日本左翼劇場,反映了田漢戲劇運動的左翼國際主義特徵;然而田漢對日本作家佐藤春夫和谷崎潤一郎的翻譯,則體現了他對唯美主義的回歸。第四章以夏衍的戲劇創作為研究對象,重新探討夏衍的戲劇文學的獨特性。本章把夏衍此時期的劇作分為歷史劇和上海都市劇兩個角度作出分析,並將它們放在當時文學場域中與郭沫若的歷史劇、國防文學、現代派小說和左翼電影作一比較,並分析夏衍的現實主義與左翼現實主義的相異。第五章為結論,綜合前文各章的討論,重新思考三位劇作家的戲劇實踐,並重審中國現代戲劇中文藝與政治之間的複雜關係。 ; There is a complicated relationship between literature and politics in modern Chinese literature, especially in modern Chinese drama. As a result, the research of modern Chinese drama has long been placed at a marginal position. Drama is an integrated artistic form consisting of literature, art, music, and performance, and therefore presents a complexity that goes far beyond "pure literature". On the other hand, the history of modern Chinese drama is closely integrated with historical discourse as a result of the organizational and political characteristics of drama movements. This shows that either literary or political point of view may confine the interpretation of their inter-related complexity and interaction. Hong Shen (1894-1955), Tian Han (1898-1968) and Xia Yan (1900-1995) are three of the most important dramatists in modern Chinese literature, who were also regarded as representative members in the left-wing literary camp. Due to their dual identities as dramatist and politician, their images are often connected with historical and ideological discourses. This has also resulted in desolation in ...

Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suradnja u istraživanjima između znanosti i industrije može biti snažan izvor inovacija i čimbenik koji pridonosi uspješnosti u inovacijama i ekonomskom rastu. Iako brojne mjere javnih politika i inicijative potiču zajednička istraživanja akademske zajednice i industrije, njihov potencijal još nije primjereno iskorišten. Ovaj rad daje pregled postojeće literature o suradnji u istraživanju između znanosti i industrije. Rad analizira i diskutira motive i druge čimbenike koji utječu na suradnju i identificira ograničenja zajedničkom istraživanju s aspekta poduzeća i javnih istraživačkih institucija. Na temelju pregleda literature izvode se preporuke za inovacijske politike. ; Existing research indicates that science-industry collaborative research might be a powerful source of innovation and an important factor of high innovation performance and economic growth. Although a number of public policy initiatives promote collaborative research, its potential is still not being adequately reached. This paper presents a review of existing literature on science-industry collaborative research. It elaborates and discusses motives and determinants of collaborative research, and identifies obstacles to joint science-industry research, from both the companies' and public research organizations' perspective. Based on the literature review, the paper provides recommendations for innovation policies.