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Icelandic politics are analysed from the perspectives of three normative models of democracy: the liberal, republican and deliberative democratic theories. While the Icelandic constitution is rooted in classical liberal ideas, Icelandic politics can be harshly criticized from a liberal perspective, primarily because of the unclear separation of powers of government and for the extensive involvement of politics in other social sectors. Despite strong nationalist discourse which reflects republican characteristics, rooted in the struggle for independence from Denmark, republicanism has been marginal in Icelandic politics. In the years before the financial collapse, Icelandic society underwent a process of liberalization in which power shifted to the financial sector without disentangling the close ties that had prevailed between business and politics. The special commission set up by the Icelandic Parliament to investigate the causes of the financial collapse criticized Icelandic politics and governance for its flawed working practices and lack of professionalism. The appropriate lessons to draw from this criticism are to strengthen democratic practices and institutions. In the spirit of republicanism, however, the dominant discourse about Icelandic democracy after the financial collapse has been on increasing direct, vote-centric participation in opposition to the system of formal politics. While this development is understandable in light of the loss of trust in political institutions in the wake of the financial collapse, it has not contributed to trustworthy practices. In order to improve Icelandic politics, the analysis in this paper shows, it is important to work more in the spirit of deliberative democratic theory ; Peer Reviewed

This chapter explores the possible influences of Sweden, Denmark and Finland on the Environmental Policy of the EU. We focus specifically on the reputation, expertise and role model behaviour of the Nordic EU members and their possibilities to use these factors as cognitive power resources.The chapter discusses several examples where the Nordic EU member states have successfully promoted their national environmental interests within the EU. We also make use of interviews with environmental representatives at the Swedish, Danish and Finnish Permanent Representations to the EU in Brussels, officials from other member states, DG Environment of the Commission and the European Environment Agency. The results indicate that the Nordic EU members have to some extent minimised their quantitative disadvantages, such as small administrations and limited voting powers, by successfully using the cognitive power resources in question within the Environmental Policy of the European Union.

GchiMiighwech --Chapter 1.Nishnaabeg Resurgence: Stories from within --Gaawiin Nda-gajsii, We Are Not Shameful --A Flourishment of the Indigenous Inside --Aanji Maajitaawin, the Art of Starting Over --Chapter 2.Theorizing Resurgence from within Nishnaabeg Thought --Gwiinmaagemi Gdi-dbaajimowinaanin, We Tell Stories --Grandmother Teachings --Our Theory is Personal --Embodied Knowledge, Unlimited Intelligence --Chapter 3.Gdi-Nweninnaa: Our Sound, Our Voice --Biskaabiiyang --Aanjigone --Naakgonige --Debwewin --Gdi-nweninaa --Chapter 4.Niimtoowaad Mikinaag Gijiying Bakonaan (Dancing on Our Turtle's Back): Aandisokaanan and Resurgence --Chibimoodaywin --Re-creation: Niimtoowaad Mikinaag Gijiying Bakonaan (Dancing on Our Turtle's Back) --Waynabozhoo and the Great Flood --Resurgence, Wiindigo and Gezhizhwazh --Nanabush Stories --Ninaatigoog --Chapter 5.Building Like a Beating Heart: A Society of Presence --Transmotion, Emergence and Mobilization --Nishnaabeg Society: A Society of Presence --Bubbling Like a Beating Heart --Creating Decolonized Time and Space --Chapter 6.Resurgence in Our Political Relationships --Echoes from the Past --Breastfeeding and Treaties --Gchi-dbaakgonigewin --Dewe'igan, the Heartbeat of the Nation --Gdoo-naaganinaa, Our Dish --Gdoo-naaganinaa in Contemporary Times --Chapter 7.Protecting the First Hill: Nurturing Eniigaanzid in Children --Aabawaadiziiwin --The Four Hills of Life --Kokum Dibaajimowinan --Leading by Following: The Seven Stages of Life --Protecting the First Hills of Life --Nengaajgchigewin in Parenting --Zhinoomoowin: Modeling and Learning by Doing --Aanjigone in Parenting --Nurturing Leaders for Resurgence --Chapter 8.Shi-Kiin: New Worlds --Stone's Throw --Shki-kiin: New Worlds --Grounding Resurgence in Our Hearts --Index.