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Peer reviewed ; Ramírez, Óscar et al.-- Data archiving: Ancient, Iberian, Spanish wild boar and Guatemalan reads have been submitted to SRA (accession SRP044261), aligned mitochondrial fasta file, plink files with genotypic data have been deposited in Dryad (doi:10.5061/dryad.sd784). Ancient DNA (aDNA) provides direct evidence of historical events that have modeled the genome of modern individuals. In livestock, resolving the differences between the effects of initial domestication and of subsequent modern breeding is not straight forward without aDNA data. Here, we have obtained shotgun genome sequence data from a sixteenth century pig from Northeastern Spain (Montsoriu castle), the ancient pig was obtained from an extremely well-preserved and diverse assemblage. In addition, we provide the sequence of three new modern genomes from an Iberian pig, Spanish wild boar and a Guatemalan Creole pig. Comparison with both mitochondrial and autosomal genome data shows that the ancient pig is closely related to extant Iberian pigs and to European wild boar. Although the ancient sample was clearly domestic, admixture with wild boar also occurred, according to the D-statistics. The close relationship between Iberian, European wild boar and the ancient pig confirms that Asian introgression in modern Iberian pigs has not existed or has been negligible. In contrast, the Guatemalan Creole pig clusters apart from the Iberian pig genome, likely due to introgression from international breeds. This study was funded by 2010ACOM00030 (AGAUR) to MS, FEDER and BFU2012-34157 grant (Spain) to CLF, Consolider CSD2007-00036 'Centre for Research in Agrigenomics' and AGL2010-14822 grants (Spain) to MPE. OR is a postdoctoral Researcher from the JAEDOC program cofounded by ESF, EB is recipient of a FPI grant from ministry of Research (Spain), IO of a predoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government (DEUI, Spain), WBP is funded by COLCIENCIAS (Francisco Jose´ de Caldas fellowship 497/2009, Colombia).

15773 15781 117 30 ; S ; We report on Raman scattering measurements in mercury digallium selenide (HgGa2Se4) up to 25 GPa. We also performed, for the low-pressure defect-chalcopyrite structure, lattice-dynamics ab initio calculations at high pressures which agree with experiments. Measurements evidence that the semiconductor HgGa2Se4 exhibits a pressure-induced phase transition above 19 GPa to a previously undetected structure. This transition is followed by a transformation to a Raman-inactive phase above 23.4 GPa. On downstroke from 25 GPa until 2.5 GPa, a broad Raman spectrum was observed, which has been attributed to a fourth phase, and whose pressure dependence was followed during a second upstroke. Candidate structures for the three phases detected under compression are proposed. Finally, we also report and discuss the decomposition of the sample by laser heating at pressures close to 19 GPa. As possible products of decomposition, we have identified at least the formation of trigonal selenium nanoclusters and cinnabar-type HgSe. This study was supported by the Spanish government MEC under Grant No. MAT2010-21270-004-01/03/04, by MALTA Consolider Ingenio 2010 project (CSD2007-00045), by Generalitat Valenciana through project GVA-ACOMP-2013-012, and by the Vicerrectorado de Investigacion y Desarrollo of the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV2011-0966 and UPV2011-0914). E.P.-G., J.L.-S., A.M., and P.R.-H. acknowledge computing time provided by Red Espanola de Super-computacion (RES) and MALTA-Cluster. Vilaplana Cerda, RI.; Gomis Hilario, O.; Manjón Herrera, FJ.; Ortiz, HM.; Pérez González, E.; López Solano, J.; Rodríguez Hernández, P. (2013). Lattice dynamics study of HgGa2Se4 at high pressures. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 117(30):15773-15781. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp402493r

Friedrich Engels was one of the most important German thinkers of the 19th century and his writings are still important today. Addressing the pressing issues of his time, the broadly interested scholar Engels would write about many different topics, and thereby not only pave the way for a science-based socialism, but also for further studies in sociology, history, and philosophy.

During 2019, a wave of social outbreaks was precipitated in several Latin American countries, a good part simultaneously. What do the two have in common from the point of view of the protest actions they involve? In this work I propose to answer this question by considering the mobilizations in Haiti, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Bolivia, Chile and Colombia. The general assumption is that despite the contextual and circumstantial differences, the dynamics are reproduced due to motives and processes. The analysis is based on journalistic reports from different media and is supported by assumptions from the theory of social mobilization, political science and philosophy. The objective is to elaborate a brief, mediate and current explanation of the social protest in the region, given its validity. ; Durante 2019 se precipitó una ola de estallidos sociales en varios países de América Latina, buena parte de ellos en simultáneo. ¿Qué tienen en común unos y otros desde el punto de vista de las acciones de protesta que implican? En este trabajo me propongo responder a este interrogante considerando las movilizaciones de Haití, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Bolivia, Chile y Colombia. El supuesto general es que pese a las diferencias contextuales y circunstanciales las dinámicas se reproducen a razón de los motivos y procesos. El análisis se basa en los informes periodísticos de diferentes medios y se apoya en presupuestos de la teoría de la movilización social, de la ciencia política y de la filosofía. El objetivo es elaborar una explicación breve, mediata y actual, de la protesta social en la región, dada su vigencia. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Summary The objective is to analyse the growth in the installed capacity of agricultural warehouses between 1996 and 2019 per federation and to determine whether such capacity is sufficient for an optimal inventory programme required for maize in Mexico. The methodology used was the formulation of a spatial and intertemporal equilibrium model for the maize market. The results indicate that in most states in the country the capacity is sufficient to store existing inventories. By contrast, Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca showed a deficit in warehouses. A limitation of the study is the regional coverage of the model at state level. An analysis per municipality would have been more complete; however, the main value of the study is that it provides results for directing investments in warehouses. The main conclusion states that the government must take the necessary steps to increase the capacity of the warehouses in southern Mexico. ; Resumen El objetivo es analizar el crecimiento de la capacidad instalada de los almacenes agrícolas, entre 1996 y 2019, por entidad federativa y determinar si tal capacidad es suficiente para un programa óptimo de inventarios que requiere el maíz en México. La metodología usada fue la formulación de un modelo de equilibrio espacial e intertemporal del mercado de maíz. Los resultados indican que en la mayoría de los estados del país la capacidad es suficiente para almacenar los inventarios existentes. En cambio, Chiapas, Guerrero y Oaxaca mostraron un déficit de almacenes. Una limitante del estudio es la cobertura regional del modelo a escala estatal. Un análisis por municipio hubiera sido más completo; sin embargo, el valor principal del estudio radica en que ofrece resultados para dirigir inversiones en almacenes. La principal conclusión establece que el gobierno debe tomar las medidas necesarias para aumentar la capacidad de los almacenes en el sur de México.

Resum: Les investigacions dutes a terme durant les últimes dècades han posat en relleu la singularitat i la rellevància de la documentació andorrana relativa al fenomen històric conegut com a «cacera de bruixes», tot destacant l'elevat nombre de processos per bruixeria conservats per als segles XV-XVII. Aquesta realitat documental ha motivat un projecte de recerca finançat pel Govern d'Andorra i basat en la recopilació i estudi del total de processos per bruixeria conservats al fons «Tribunal de Corts» de l'Arxiu Nacional d'Andorra. Els resultats d'aquest projecte han estat recollits en un espai web articulat al voltant d'un atles interactiu de les valls i d'una base de dades formada per desenes de fitxes individuals dotades d'un sistema d'etiquetes i enllaços, fet que converteix aquesta plataforma en una potent eina de recerca per als especialistes i, alhora, en una experiència innovadora de cara a la difusió i posada en valor de la recerca entre el gran públic. Paraules clau: processos, bruixeria, Andorra, Humanitats Digitals Abstract: The research carried out during the last decades has pointed up the relevance and uniqueness of the Andorran sources concerning the historical phenomenon of witch-hunts, by highlighting the large number of witchcraft trials preserved for the 15th-17th centuries. This archival reality has motivated the development of a research project financed by the Andorran Government and devoted to the collection and study of the totallity of witchcraft trials preserved in the series «Tribunal de Corts» of the Arxiu Nacional d'Andorra. The project's results have been displayed in a web page containing an interactive atlas and a database composed of dozens of individual files enriched with a system of tags and hyperlinks. The platform therefore becomes a powerful tool for researchers as well as an innovative experience regarding the dissemination and valorisation of research among the general public. ...

4702 4705 44 19 ; S ; [EN] Over the recent years, subwavelength grating (SWG) structures have increasingly attracted attention in the area of evanescent-field photonic sensors. In this Letter, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate experimentally the real-time refractive index (RI) sensing using the SWG bimodal interferometric structures. Two different configurations are considered to compare the effect of the nonlinear phase shift, obtained between the two first transverse electromagnetic propagating modes, in the measured bulk sensitivity. Very high experimental values up to 2270 nm/RIU are reached, which perfectly match the numerical simulations and significantly enhance other existing SWG and spectralbased sensors. By measuring the spectral shift, the obtained experimental sensitivity does not depend on the sensor length. As a result, a highly sensitive and compact singlechannel interferometer is experimentally validated for refractive index sensing, thus opening new paths in the field of optical integrated sensors. European Commission (PHC-634013 PHOCNOSIS project); Spanish Government (TEC2015-63838-C3-1-R-OPTONANOSENS project); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (grant PAID 01-18). Torrijos-Morán, L.; Griol Barres, A.; García-Rupérez, J. (2019). Experimental study of subwavelength grating bimodal waveguides as ultrasensitive interferometric sensors. Optics Letters. 44(19):4702-4705. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.004702 Cheben, P., Xu, D.-X., Janz, S., & Densmore, A. (2006). Subwavelength waveguide grating for mode conversion and light coupling in integrated optics. Optics Express, 14(11), 4695. doi:10.1364/oe.14.004695 Schmid, J. H., Cheben, P., Janz, S., Lapointe, J., Post, E., & Xu, D.-X. (2007). Gradient-index antireflective subwavelength structures for planar waveguide facets. Optics Letters, 32(13), 1794. doi:10.1364/ol.32.001794 Bock, P. J., Cheben, P., Schmid, J. H., Lapointe, J., Delâge, A., Janz, S., … Hall, T. J. (2010). Subwavelength grating periodic structures ...

68 72 99 ; S ; [EN] Cocoa shell must be removed from the cocoa bean before or after the roasting process. In the case of a low efficient peeling process or the intentional addition of cocoa shell to cocoa products (i.e. cocoa powders) to increase the economic benefit, quality of the final product could be unpleasantly affected. In this scenario, the Codex Alimentarius on cocoa and chocolate has established that cocoa cake must not contain more than 5% of cocoa shell and germ (based on fat-free dry matter). Traditional analysis of cocoa shell is very laborious. Thus, the aim of this work is to develop a methodology based on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for the fast detection of cocoa shell in cocoa powders. For this aim, binary mixtures of cocoa powder and cocoa shell containing increasing proportions of cocoa shell (up to ca. 40% w/w based on fat-free dried matter) have been prepared. After acquiring NIR spectra (1100-2500 nm) of pure samples (cocoa powder and cocoa shell) and mixtures, qualitative and quantitative analysis were done. The qualitative analysis was performed by using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), finding that the model was able to correctly classify all samples containing less than 5% of cocoa shell. The quantitative analysis was performed by using a partial least squares (PLS) regression. The best PLS model was the one constructed using extended multiple signal correction plus orthogonal signal correction pre-treatment using the 6 main wavelengths selected according to the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores. Determination coefficient of prediction and root mean square error of prediction values of 0.967 and 2.43, respectively, confirmed the goodness of the model. According to these results it is possible to conclude that NIR technology in combination with multivariate analysis is a good and fast tool to determine if a cocoa powder contains a cocoa shell content out of Codex Alimentarius ...

1069 1082 11 6 ; S ; [EN] Knock is a major bottleneck to achieving higher thermal efficiency in spark-ignited (SI) engines. The overall tendency to knock is highly dependent on fuel anti-knock quality as well as engine operating conditions. It is, therefore, critical to gain a better understanding of fuel-engine interactions in order to develop robust knock mitigation strategies. In the present work, a numerical model based on three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was developed to capture knock in a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine. For combustion modeling, a hybrid approach incorporating the G-equation model to track turbulent flame propagation, and a homogeneous reactor multi-zone model to predict end-gas auto-ignition ahead of the flame front and post-flame oxidation in the burned zone, was employed. In addition, a novel methodology was implemented wherein a laminar flame speed lookup table generated a priori from a chemical kinetic mechanism could be used to provide flame speed as an input to the G-equation model, instead of using conventional empirical correlations. Multi-cycle Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations were performed for two different spark timings (STs) corresponding to non-knocking and knocking conditions, with other operating conditions kept the same as those of a standard Research Octane Number (RON) test. Iso-octane was considered as the fuel for the numerical study. Two different reduced kinetic mechanisms were employed to describe end-gas auto-ignition chemistry and to generate the flame speed lookup table. Experimental data, including intake/exhaust boundary conditions, was provided by a spark timing sweep study conducted in an in-house CFR engine. Moreover, cylinder wall/valve/port surface temperatures and residual gas fraction (RGF) were estimated using a well-calibrated one-dimensional (1-D) model. On the other hand, a novel methodology was also developed to analyze experimental data for the knocking case and identify the most representative ...

251 267 27 3 ; S ; [EN] Accurate experimental data are often needed to validate computational fluid dynamics models. These models regularly rely on experimental results from single-orifice axially drilled nozzles that do not fully represent real injectors, as the difference in inclination angles creates turbulent conditions at the nozzle outlet, consequences of which on the spray development are not yet fully understood. In this work, near-field visualization was done for two nozzle inclination angles in non-vaporizing conditions. Spray tip penetration, spreading angle, and axis angle fluctuations are reported. Three hypotheses are analyzed: liquid jet breakup mechanism, internal flow development, and cavitation. Experiments were carried out using n-Dodecane, testing a single orifice axially drilled and a three-orifice injector, from the Engine Combustion Network. The spray was observed with a diffused back-illumination technique and a long distance microscope, only visualizing the first 6 mm of spray tip penetration, for three injection pressures and four gas densities at ambient temperature. The multi-orifice injector produced a spray with wider spreading angle, which resulted in smaller penetration values. Additionally, higher spray axis angle fluctuations were observed for the multi-orifice injector, which increased for higher injection pressure and, to a lesser extent, with decreasing chamber density. Further analysis was performed with spreading angle fluctuations measurements, where results showed good agreement with spray axis angle fluctuations trends, implying that complex internal flow structures, and even incipient cavitation, could be present in the multi-orifice injector and be the cause of these spray axis angle fluctuations. This work was sponsored by "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" of the Spanish Government in the frame of the project " Estudio de la interaccion chorro-pared en condiciones realistas de motor," reference TRA2015-67679-c2-1-R. Additionally, the optical equipment used for ...

249 256 71 4 ; S ; [EN] Introduction. Interest in grafting onto rootstocks resistant to soil-borne pathogens has risen since the phasing-out of methyl bromide, an efficient soil disinfectant. In this study, we have evaluated the putative effect of rootstock¿scion combinations on pepper fruit nutritional quality in relation to grafting, an effect that is sometimes overlooked. Materials and methods. As the scions, we used two representative sweet pepper cultivars, `Almuden¿ and `Coyote¿, and as rootstocks `Foc¿ and `Charlot¿, both resistant to Phytophthora capsici and Meloidogyne incognita. Dry matter, soluble solids, proteins, phenolics, and vitamin C content, as well as eight minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, and Zn) were measured in fruits from non-grafted, self-grafted, and grafted plants. Results and discussion. Differences in the fruit composition were found, depending on the genotype, rootstock, or rootstock¿scion combination. The main effects were as follows. Higher values of ¿Brix, phenolics, P, Mg, and Na were found in the fruit of `Coyote¿ whereas the vitamin C and Fe levels were higher in `Almuden¿ fruit. The dry matter, protein, and K concentrations were higher in the fruit from grafted plants with respect to the values from non-grafted plants, especially in the fruit from plants grafted onto `Charlot¿ and `Foc¿ rootstocks (increases of 11.8%, 17.6%, and 9.6%, respectively; when average values of the four combinations of these rootstocks). Fruit from `Almuden¿ and `Coyote¿ plants grafted onto the rootstock `Foc¿ had lower ¿Brix values (about one degree less than the control) and lower values of phenolics were also obtained when used this rootstock (14.4% less than for the control). On the other hand, the P concentration was higher in the fruit of `Coyote¿ grafted onto `Charlot¿ (17.2% higher than for the control). This combination also exhibited the highest fruit K concentration (226.70 mg 100 g¿1 fresh weight). Conclusion. From a nutritional point of view it is important to evaluate and select the ...

280 286 58 ; S ; Recent developments in hardware, software and communication technologies have resulted in increasing interest in the use of wireless local area networks (WLANs). Mobile devices with embedded WLAN functionality are becoming increasingly popular. Such devices must be designed to support applications that require high quality of service (QoS) and have favorable to maximize battery capacity. The resources of queues in IEEE 802.11e networks may be wasted by the transmission of information that is useless to the receiver. This work develops a frame-based mapping mechanism (FBM) that exploits different methods to process I/P/B (Intra/Predictive/Bipredictive) video frame packets. FBM refers to the dropping of arriving packets if the preceding packets in the same video frame have been dropped. When fragmented packets of a single frame are allocated to different access categories (AC) queues, out-of order delivery may occur. Hence, FBM tries to treat all fragmented packets of each video frame equally and allocates them to the same AC queue if possible. The simulation results demonstrate that transmission by the FBM is more efficient than that by other mechanisms, such as EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access), static mapping and adaptive mapping, suggesting that the energy of a device is not wasted in the transmission of useless video data in WLANs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Foundation item: The National Project of Taiwan (No.: MOST 103-2221-E507-001). Authors are grateful to Ministry of Science and Technology Grant no. (MOST 103-2221-E507-001), Government of Taiwan for financial support to carry out this work. Ke, C.; Yang, C.; Chen, J.; Ghafoor, KZ.; Lloret, J. (2015). Frame-based mapping mechanism for energy-efficient MPEG-4 video transmission over IEEE 802.11e networks with better quality of delivery. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 58:280-286. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2015.08.005