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The article analyzes various studies in the field of population behavior in the financial market. Since psychological factors related to mentality, temperament, and risk-taking play an important role in implementing financial strategies, along with rational motives, women and men may behave differently. An attempt is made to answer the question: whether there are significant gender differences in financial behavior models, and whether this aspect requires a close attention of scientists who study trends and features of forming strategies of Russians when making economic decisions. A review of Russian and foreign studies aimed at investigation of gender characteristics of investment behavior and financial literacy is performed. Traditionally, in most families, men are responsible for the financial situation, they are more concerned with providing for their family, earning and multiplying money. Women, as a rule, are more concerned with the «inner» side of family life — so that everyone is fed, dressed, shod, and provided with everything necessary. Therefore, if both of them have decided to invest, the emphasis in the well-known formula «save and multiply» is made by men on the second word, and by women — on the first. As a result, women are significantly less likely to take risks and more likely to make profitable transactions. Men are more prone to take risks, for them it is not so much the result of investment that is important, as the excitement, and work in the financial markets is somewhat akin to hunting. Probably there are some primitive triggers at the level of the subconscious that are blocked by the norms of morality and etiquette in society. For women, stability is much more important, and the desire to maintain a sense of security prevails rather than a thirst for risk. The study revealed poor elaboration of this topic, lack of Russian research on gender-specific financial behavior due to the underdevelopment of the Russian financial market, as well as the lack of sufficient supply of financial instruments for further accumulation of experience in implementing their strategies by representatives of both genders.

In this paper we present the results of the analysis of the population change in nonmetropolitan city municipalities by components and concentration of population in the municipalities were investigated, their typologization was developed in accordance with the contribution of various components to population dynamics. The article discusses the limitations of municipal statistics. The methods of average values, the balance equation, and the measures of population concentration are used. The main conclusions confirm the trends of population decline at the second stage of demographic policy, territorial unevenness and concentration of population in administrative centers and the closest settlements to them. Less than 2% of the municipalities in question demonstrate both natural and migratory growth, and in 70% of municipalities both migration and natural components make a contribution to population reduction. The relatively high proportion of the elderly population was observed in the studied municipalities; crude birth and death rates were worse than the average in the district.

The article examines the process of reducing the population of working age and its effect on marketing strategy of commercial banks in Russia. The author first explores the process of the population ageing in Russia during the 20th and 21st century and provides information concerning the provision of banking services to different age segments. The analysis concludes with an examination of several population segments which should be of interest to commercial banks facing the population ageing. They include the elderly, children and the youth as well as the population of Russia's small towns. The author's analysis is based on foreign experience which proved successful while involving the population out of the working age in the use of banking services. The article could be of interest to the experts studying the impact of population ageing and marketers.

The article discusses topical issues related to the current trends in the field of lending to population in Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible risks of individuals' actions in the market of credit services on the basis of analysis of statistical and sociological data. Based on the general scientific dialectic approaches used by the authors, the article shows dynamics of growth in the banks' loan portfolio, growth in lending volumes (banks and microfinance organizations), as well as households' debt from 2013 to 2019 in rubles and foreign currency (in general and in mortgages). Russian macro-regions are ranked by absolute indicator of debt and by its growth rate. Opportunities and risks have been identified for borrowers wishing to take advantage of the benefits provided by the State effective from April 2020 (refinancing, credit holidays). There were assessed the measures applied by the State, in particular, credit holidays for individuals and restrictions for banks in issuing loans through introduction of a mandatory debt load indicator, which will contribute to improvement of the current situation with huge debt and to reduction of social risks. Although in the long run — in terms of the overall impact on the country's economy — a reduction in public borrowing may reduce the contribution of consumer credit to economic growth and slow it down. It is concluded that despite the measures taken by the State, the existing level of the population borrowing is a great danger due to the reduction of income as the economic consequence of the coronavirus pandemic.

The predicted negative trends in Russian demography (falling birth rates, population decline) actualize the need to strengthen measures of family and population policy. Our research purpose is to identify groups of Russian regions with similar characteristics in the family sphere using cluster analysis. The findings should make an important contribution to the field of family policy. We used hierarchical cluster analysis based on the Ward method and the Euclidean distance for segmentation of Russian regions. Clustering is based on four variables, which allowed assessing the family institution in the region. The authors used the data of Federal State Statistics Service from 2010 to 2015. Clustering and profiling of each segment has allowed forming a model of Russian regions depending on the features of the family institution in these regions. The authors revealed four clusters grouping regions with similar problems in the family sphere. This segmentation makes it possible to develop the most relevant family policy measures in each group of regions. Thus, the analysis has shown a high degree of differentiation of the family institution in the regions. This suggests that a unified approach to population problems' solving is far from being effective. To achieve greater results in the implementation of family policy, a differentiated approach is needed. Methods of multidimensional data classification can be successfully applied as a relevant analytical toolkit. Further research could develop the adaptation of multidimensional classification methods to the analysis of the population problems in Russian regions. In particular, the algorithms of nonparametric cluster analysis may be of relevance in future studies. ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; The article has been supported by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 211, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

В данной статье автор рассматривает такие действия Российской Федерации, как гуманитарная помощь другим странам и вакцинная дипломатия, с точки зрения инструментов формирования позитивного имиджа государства на международной арене. Работа посвящена анализу геополитических направлений гуманитарной помощи, осуществляемых Кремлем, и преимуществ России в вакцинной дипломатии на данном этапе развития эпидемии. Автор предполагает, как риторика современной политики Кремля по линии помощи, в перспективе может повлиять на восприятии имиджа Российской Федерации мировым сообществом.

The article focuses on the analysis of the methodology and content of the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025. Particular attention is paid to the task set in the Strategy to improve the population settlement system and to reflection of regional issues in it. The orientation of the Strategy on large cities is in conflict with the objectives of the national project «Demography». Pulling the population into large cities makes it difficult to achieve the target indicator «Increase in the total fertility rate to 1.7 per woman by 2024». For the Strategy of spatial development, whose task was proclaimed to improve the system of population settlement, the problem of its reproduction and placement is far from an idle question. Nevertheless, in the Strategy this issue does not go beyond the framework of duty generalizations, which proclaim a differentiated approach to the directions and measures of the State support for the socio-economic development of territories, taking into account the demographic situation, characteristics of the settlement system, level and dynamics of the economic development and specifics of the environmental conditions. And the thesis formulated in the Strategy: «Stabilization of the population in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation», in fact, has no foundation. In 2005-2018 two thirds of the regions (67.1%) were losing their population. Analysis of the place and role in the Strategy of the region taken as an example (Komi Republic) shows that, in comparison with most other subjects of the Federation, quite a lot of attention and place is given to this republic. It is described as a part of the Northern macroregion, the economic specialization of the republic is indicated there, its capital — the city of Syktyvkar is represented among the promising economic centers, a number of municipal entities of the republic are identified as mineral resource centers, and the city of Vorkuta is presented as a part of the priority geostrategic territories of the Arctic zone. And this is quite understandable. The spatial development of the country is primarily oriented to the North and East.

The author of this article A.B. Sinelnikov polemizes with A.G. Vishnevsky and asks him several questions. Vishnevsky considers the population as a self-regulating system. This system itself brings its size (number of inhabitants) in line with the economic and environmental situation. Vishnevsky considers state intervention in the process of demographic self-regulation to be ineffective, when it comes to measures aimed at increasing birth rate. According to Sinelnikov, self-regulation can slow down population growth ("demographic explosion"). However, there is no self-regulation to protect against natural population decline (depopulation). This problem can only be solved through demographic policy.

The article analyzes the "passportization" of the local, primarily Jewish, population of the Polish territories annexed to the USSR, particularly in Western Belorussia in 1940–1941. The Author considers this transformation not only as a measure of unification, but also as an important method of migration control, as well as "purification" of the social image of cities in the "new" border zone. In the focus of the article is the Jewish population. Since the majority of the Jews fitted at the same time to several paragraphs of the secret instructions on the issuance of passports "with restriction" (which in fact meant a ban on residence in the border town), they were particularly affected during the implementation of the "passportization".

The article proposes a method for identifying "reviving" rural settlements (RS). Case studies of the Tver region RS revealed what features of the geographical location determine a settlement opportunities for revitalization. The previous typology, based on the analysis of satellite images, showed a considerable differentiation in the degree of RS degradation, classified according to the 2010 census as "without population". Further work to determine the leading factors of revitalization was based on the study of those RS where the houses and outbuildings, identified by satellite images, have been preserved to the greatest extent. Nearness to rivers and water bodies, position relative to federal and regional highways, and location near the regional and/or district center were chosen as key features of the geographical location that have an effect on the prospects for revitalization of a territory. The presence of registered residents (according to current records) and demarcated cadastral plots are indicators of the RS revitalization. The study showed that one third of all RS, which fell into the category "without population" according to 2010 statistics, could now be considered "reviving". A key factor in the revitalization of rural settlements of the Tver region is their nearness to the river, mainly to the Volga River. Another important factor is the location in the zone of influence of main centers, primarily the city of Tver. The main function is the recreational (dacha) use of such villages.

This article presents the main results of studying the composition and scale of Russia's middle classes, which are comprised of the working population. The study is based on an authentic methodology, which develops a multi-criterion approach to identifying social structures, based on standards and quality of living, and to revealing middle classes within their composition. Determining the potential for developing middle classes within the working population, their qualitative and quantitative identification while utilizing an array of objective and subjective characteristics – all of this was conducted based on comparing actual values with specially formulated social standards. Said standards record the normative requirements for education level, position in the field of employment, level of personal income, amount of savings, income level from primary occupation and possession of real estate, as well as the corresponding values of standards and quality of living, determined by means of subjective assessment. The study revealed that the proportion of middle classes within the structure of the working population is less than 25%. And only 2% of the working population can be identified as the core middle classes, while another 21% relate to either a broadened core or the periphery. The article reveals that potentially, if they were to attain the necessary position in the employment field and the proper level of education, a wider range of workers could comprise the middle classes. However, considering the relatively low level of material security for workers and their households, as well as inconsistencies with subjective identification markers, workers for the most part remain outside of the middle classes. The authors consider the main reasons which lead to the lower general quantitative estimates of the boundaries of middle classes. Assessed is the scale of "losses" when it comes to the potential size of the middle classes, which are linked to the specifics of workers implementing their educational potential in the workplace, to their level of material security and subjective evaluation of living standards and quality, and which identify the potential of middle classes in terms of their position in the field of employment and their level of education.

The article assesses the probability of fulfilling the tasks set by the President of the Russian Federation in the May 2018 Decree in the field of population reproduction. Each of the tasks outlines the current situation, current trends and the most likely results. Factors that contribute to or counteract solutions to the designated problems are identified. In particular, increase or even preservation of the number of births will be hindered by constant reduction since 2015 in the number of women of active reproductive age (25-39 years), who account for 4/5 of all births [1]. Their number will reduce from 17.9 million in 2015 to 15.0 million in 2024, and up to 12.0 million in 2030 [1]. Reduction in deaths from circulatory diseases and neoplasm will be prevented by: the tendency of population ageing; persistence and impossibility of rapid eradicating bad habits, such as smoking, regular excessive drinking; poor quality of food and alcohol, etc. In addition, in the future, with increase in the life expectancy (LE) in Russia, those, who have been cured of diseases related to other major causes of death, eventually will start dying from circulatory diseases or oncology. It is these diseases that are the leading causes of death in countries with high LE. There are made the following conclusions: it will be actually impossible to achieve the goal of "increasing the population of the country" (set in the Decree) only by reproductive means in the near future in Russia. To solve Russia's general demographic problems (ensuring a positive overall population growth; optimizing the placement of the population on its territory not only in the economic, but also in the geopolitical interests of the state; redemption of the structural demographic wave volatility; etc.), it is necessary to follow coordinated reproduction and migration routes.

The article investigates the problem of improving the efficiency of civil service. The paper presents the result of sociological survey of citizens, living in the Rostov region in term of possible solutions to declared problem. It is shown that the priorities of such work according to population, is improvement of legislation on public service, professional development of officials and establishing a direct relationship between the magnitude of salaries of civil servants and the results of their personal performance.