The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.
Various statistical indicators suggest that in less than 25 years Lithuania will become one of the oldest countries in the EU. This demographic shift has, and will have a significant economic, social and political impact. Although according to the ageing indicators Lithuania does not belong to the EU leaders, the pace of ageing during the period since the beginning of the 1990s was among the fastest. Eurostat projections suggest that pace of ageing will continue to be very fast: by the year 2050 every third person (32.3%) in Lithuania is expected to be aged 65+, and the population above the age of 60 to constitute 39%. With a view to improving active ageing opportunities in Lithuania in the future, it is appropriate to enhance opportunities for people in retirement age to stay in the labour market, improve the accessibility of adult learning programmes and free-time activities for them. It should be noted that one of the main challenges d
Various statistical indicators suggest that in less than 25 years Lithuania will become one of the oldest countries in the EU. This demographic shift has, and will have a significant economic, social and political impact. Although according to the ageing indicators Lithuania does not belong to the EU leaders, the pace of ageing during the period since the beginning of the 1990s was among the fastest. Eurostat projections suggest that pace of ageing will continue to be very fast: by the year 2050 every third person (32.3%) in Lithuania is expected to be aged 65+, and the population above the age of 60 to constitute 39%. With a view to improving active ageing opportunities in Lithuania in the future, it is appropriate to enhance opportunities for people in retirement age to stay in the labour market, improve the accessibility of adult learning programmes and free-time activities for them. It should be noted that one of the main challenges d
Various statistical indicators suggest that in less than 25 years Lithuania will become one of the oldest countries in the EU. This demographic shift has, and will have a significant economic, social and political impact. Although according to the ageing indicators Lithuania does not belong to the EU leaders, the pace of ageing during the period since the beginning of the 1990s was among the fastest. Eurostat projections suggest that pace of ageing will continue to be very fast: by the year 2050 every third person (32.3%) in Lithuania is expected to be aged 65+, and the population above the age of 60 to constitute 39%. With a view to improving active ageing opportunities in Lithuania in the future, it is appropriate to enhance opportunities for people in retirement age to stay in the labour market, improve the accessibility of adult learning programmes and free-time activities for them. It should be noted that one of the main challenges d
Various statistical indicators suggest that in less than 25 years Lithuania will become one of the oldest countries in the EU. This demographic shift has, and will have a significant economic, social and political impact. Although according to the ageing indicators Lithuania does not belong to the EU leaders, the pace of ageing during the period since the beginning of the 1990s was among the fastest. Eurostat projections suggest that pace of ageing will continue to be very fast: by the year 2050 every third person (32.3%) in Lithuania is expected to be aged 65+, and the population above the age of 60 to constitute 39%. With a view to improving active ageing opportunities in Lithuania in the future, it is appropriate to enhance opportunities for people in retirement age to stay in the labour market, improve the accessibility of adult learning programmes and free-time activities for them. It should be noted that one of the main challenges d
Various statistical indicators suggest that in less than 25 years Lithuania will become one of the oldest countries in the EU. This demographic shift has, and will have a significant economic, social and political impact. Although according to the ageing indicators Lithuania does not belong to the EU leaders, the pace of ageing during the period since the beginning of the 1990s was among the fastest. Eurostat projections suggest that pace of ageing will continue to be very fast: by the year 2050 every third person (32.3%) in Lithuania is expected to be aged 65+, and the population above the age of 60 to constitute 39%. With a view to improving active ageing opportunities in Lithuania in the future, it is appropriate to enhance opportunities for people in retirement age to stay in the labour market, improve the accessibility of adult learning programmes and free-time activities for them. It should be noted that one of the main challenges d
Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) are an asset of Lithuanian biodiversity, one of the rarest reptiles in the country found in only a few places in the Lithuania. Herpetological research on this species has not been performed in Lithuania, therefore this research aims to study the biological peculiarities of smooth snake and population abundance in southern Lithuania, in the territory of Dzūkija National Park and Čepkeliai State strict Nature Reserve. The 3 sites of the national park were selected for this herpetological research: first and second places are southern slopes of Čepkeliai marsh, third are former military training ground, sandy, well - heated heath. 20 units of artificial refugee's (ATR) were used to search for smooth snakes, which are built in those 3 different places in the national park potential smooth snakes habitats. Reptiles are also searched with active search method and by checking potential natural snakes refugee's. The study monitors all reptiles that have been accurately identified to assess biological relationships and reptile abundance. Only smooth snakes were caught for measurement and sex identification. The herpetological hook was used for catching snakes. At the end of the study, air temperature and humidity parameters of Varėna district were purchased from the State Hydrometeorological Service, which were used for statistical analyzes and reptile activity and abundance in different weather conditions. During this study, in May - August 2019, a total of 62 snakes were observed 335 times including 14 adults (12 females, 2 males) and 48 offsprings. The largest number of different smooth snakes per day was observed 41 individuals (offsprings) in first and second research sites at 15/08/2019. Smooth snakes females stays together during gestation in order to keep their bodies warm during the day, keeping them warm at night as long as posible and this promote faster offsprings development. Males do not stay in a permanent place they are using random refugee's. Females smooth snakes leave their gestation refugee's and starts searching for prey a few days after giving birth. Adult snakes did not return to the same location where the offsprings were left until the end of the study. Smooth snakes behavior was consistent with healthy individuals. They feared humans, used the usual defense mechanisms. During the study period 6 snakes sheds were found, 2 of them without pathologies, full of snakes lenght it were found after rain. The rest were found in the dry time cracked and incomplete, which proves the pathological shedding of 4 adult snakes in the presence of low humidity in the air. Smooth snakes were mostly observed near their natural refugee's which were on the slopes facing the marsh side.
Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) are an asset of Lithuanian biodiversity, one of the rarest reptiles in the country found in only a few places in the Lithuania. Herpetological research on this species has not been performed in Lithuania, therefore this research aims to study the biological peculiarities of smooth snake and population abundance in southern Lithuania, in the territory of Dzūkija National Park and Čepkeliai State strict Nature Reserve. The 3 sites of the national park were selected for this herpetological research: first and second places are southern slopes of Čepkeliai marsh, third are former military training ground, sandy, well - heated heath. 20 units of artificial refugee's (ATR) were used to search for smooth snakes, which are built in those 3 different places in the national park potential smooth snakes habitats. Reptiles are also searched with active search method and by checking potential natural snakes refugee's. The study monitors all reptiles that have been accurately identified to assess biological relationships and reptile abundance. Only smooth snakes were caught for measurement and sex identification. The herpetological hook was used for catching snakes. At the end of the study, air temperature and humidity parameters of Varėna district were purchased from the State Hydrometeorological Service, which were used for statistical analyzes and reptile activity and abundance in different weather conditions. During this study, in May - August 2019, a total of 62 snakes were observed 335 times including 14 adults (12 females, 2 males) and 48 offsprings. The largest number of different smooth snakes per day was observed 41 individuals (offsprings) in first and second research sites at 15/08/2019. Smooth snakes females stays together during gestation in order to keep their bodies warm during the day, keeping them warm at night as long as posible and this promote faster offsprings development. Males do not stay in a permanent place they are using random refugee's. Females smooth snakes leave their gestation refugee's and starts searching for prey a few days after giving birth. Adult snakes did not return to the same location where the offsprings were left until the end of the study. Smooth snakes behavior was consistent with healthy individuals. They feared humans, used the usual defense mechanisms. During the study period 6 snakes sheds were found, 2 of them without pathologies, full of snakes lenght it were found after rain. The rest were found in the dry time cracked and incomplete, which proves the pathological shedding of 4 adult snakes in the presence of low humidity in the air. Smooth snakes were mostly observed near their natural refugee's which were on the slopes facing the marsh side.
Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) are an asset of Lithuanian biodiversity, one of the rarest reptiles in the country found in only a few places in the Lithuania. Herpetological research on this species has not been performed in Lithuania, therefore this research aims to study the biological peculiarities of smooth snake and population abundance in southern Lithuania, in the territory of Dzūkija National Park and Čepkeliai State strict Nature Reserve. The 3 sites of the national park were selected for this herpetological research: first and second places are southern slopes of Čepkeliai marsh, third are former military training ground, sandy, well - heated heath. 20 units of artificial refugee's (ATR) were used to search for smooth snakes, which are built in those 3 different places in the national park potential smooth snakes habitats. Reptiles are also searched with active search method and by checking potential natural snakes refugee's. The study monitors all reptiles that have been accurately identified to assess biological relationships and reptile abundance. Only smooth snakes were caught for measurement and sex identification. The herpetological hook was used for catching snakes. At the end of the study, air temperature and humidity parameters of Varėna district were purchased from the State Hydrometeorological Service, which were used for statistical analyzes and reptile activity and abundance in different weather conditions. During this study, in May - August 2019, a total of 62 snakes were observed 335 times including 14 adults (12 females, 2 males) and 48 offsprings. The largest number of different smooth snakes per day was observed 41 individuals (offsprings) in first and second research sites at 15/08/2019. Smooth snakes females stays together during gestation in order to keep their bodies warm during the day, keeping them warm at night as long as posible and this promote faster offsprings development. Males do not stay in a permanent place they are using random refugee's. Females smooth snakes leave their gestation refugee's and starts searching for prey a few days after giving birth. Adult snakes did not return to the same location where the offsprings were left until the end of the study. Smooth snakes behavior was consistent with healthy individuals. They feared humans, used the usual defense mechanisms. During the study period 6 snakes sheds were found, 2 of them without pathologies, full of snakes lenght it were found after rain. The rest were found in the dry time cracked and incomplete, which proves the pathological shedding of 4 adult snakes in the presence of low humidity in the air. Smooth snakes were mostly observed near their natural refugee's which were on the slopes facing the marsh side.
Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) are an asset of Lithuanian biodiversity, one of the rarest reptiles in the country found in only a few places in the Lithuania. Herpetological research on this species has not been performed in Lithuania, therefore this research aims to study the biological peculiarities of smooth snake and population abundance in southern Lithuania, in the territory of Dzūkija National Park and Čepkeliai State strict Nature Reserve. The 3 sites of the national park were selected for this herpetological research: first and second places are southern slopes of Čepkeliai marsh, third are former military training ground, sandy, well - heated heath. 20 units of artificial refugee's (ATR) were used to search for smooth snakes, which are built in those 3 different places in the national park potential smooth snakes habitats. Reptiles are also searched with active search method and by checking potential natural snakes refugee's. The study monitors all reptiles that have been accurately identified to assess biological relationships and reptile abundance. Only smooth snakes were caught for measurement and sex identification. The herpetological hook was used for catching snakes. At the end of the study, air temperature and humidity parameters of Varėna district were purchased from the State Hydrometeorological Service, which were used for statistical analyzes and reptile activity and abundance in different weather conditions. During this study, in May - August 2019, a total of 62 snakes were observed 335 times including 14 adults (12 females, 2 males) and 48 offsprings. The largest number of different smooth snakes per day was observed 41 individuals (offsprings) in first and second research sites at 15/08/2019. Smooth snakes females stays together during gestation in order to keep their bodies warm during the day, keeping them warm at night as long as posible and this promote faster offsprings development. Males do not stay in a permanent place they are using random refugee's. Females smooth snakes leave their gestation refugee's and starts searching for prey a few days after giving birth. Adult snakes did not return to the same location where the offsprings were left until the end of the study. Smooth snakes behavior was consistent with healthy individuals. They feared humans, used the usual defense mechanisms. During the study period 6 snakes sheds were found, 2 of them without pathologies, full of snakes lenght it were found after rain. The rest were found in the dry time cracked and incomplete, which proves the pathological shedding of 4 adult snakes in the presence of low humidity in the air. Smooth snakes were mostly observed near their natural refugee's which were on the slopes facing the marsh side.
Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.
Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.
This article analyses tendencies of general and regional development of Lithuania's rural settlement network in the period of 1989-2011. Also, in the article is briefly reviewed the heritage of rural politics of the soviet period. The analysis is based on the data of general population and housing census of 1989, 2001 and 2011, submitted by the Lithuanian Department of Statistics. It is also based on researches carried out by Lithuanian scientists during previous years. During the soviet period an enlargement of rural settlements was carried out but the general number of rural population was decreasing. Cities and villages grew at the expense of smaller villages and farmsteads. Between 1959 and 1989, due to the collectivization, deconstruction of the villages, reclamation, development of cities and etc., the number of rural settlements in Lithuania decreased from 25 to 19 thousand. Large ("central") rural settlements grew the most during the soviet period. The number of settlements with 1000 or more inhabitants increased from 24 to 108. The population in them increased from 29 to 178 thousand – it means more than six times. About three times (from 73 to 203 thousand) the population increased in settlements with 501-1000 inhabitants. The number of smaller rural settlements together with the population in them was decreasing. Particularly the number of residents in the traditional villages with 50-200 inhabitants declined. The population in such villages declined about three. [to full text]
This article analyses tendencies of general and regional development of Lithuania's rural settlement network in the period of 1989-2011. Also, in the article is briefly reviewed the heritage of rural politics of the soviet period. The analysis is based on the data of general population and housing census of 1989, 2001 and 2011, submitted by the Lithuanian Department of Statistics. It is also based on researches carried out by Lithuanian scientists during previous years. During the soviet period an enlargement of rural settlements was carried out but the general number of rural population was decreasing. Cities and villages grew at the expense of smaller villages and farmsteads. Between 1959 and 1989, due to the collectivization, deconstruction of the villages, reclamation, development of cities and etc., the number of rural settlements in Lithuania decreased from 25 to 19 thousand. Large ("central") rural settlements grew the most during the soviet period. The number of settlements with 1000 or more inhabitants increased from 24 to 108. The population in them increased from 29 to 178 thousand – it means more than six times. About three times (from 73 to 203 thousand) the population increased in settlements with 501-1000 inhabitants. The number of smaller rural settlements together with the population in them was decreasing. Particularly the number of residents in the traditional villages with 50-200 inhabitants declined. The population in such villages declined about three. [to full text]
