Suchergebnisse

Since the 1990s, Lithuania lost almost one-quarter of its population, and some regions within the country lost more than 50% of their residents. Such a sharp population decline poses major challenges to politicians, policy-makers and planners. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the recent processes of socio-spatial change and the role of selective migration in Lithuania. The main focus is on understanding who lives in those regions which are rapidly losing population, and who is most likely to leave these regions. This is one of the first studies to use individual-level Lithuanian census data from 2001 and 2011. We found that low socio-economic status residents and older residents dominate the population of shrinking regions, and unsurprisingly that the most 'successful' people are the most likely to leave such regions. This process of selective migration reinforces the negative downward spiral of declining regions. As a result, socio-spatial polarization is growing within the country, where people with higher socio-economic status are increasingly overrepresented in the largest city-regions, while the elderly and residents with a lower socio-economic status are overrepresented in declining rural regions. This paper provides empirical evidence of selective migration and increasing regional disparities in Lithuania. While the socio-spatial changes are obvious in Lithuania, there is no clear strategy on how to cope with extreme population decline and increasing regional inequalities within the country.

Since the 1990s, Lithuania lost almost one-quarter of its population, and some regions within the country lost more than 50% of their residents. Such a sharp population decline poses major challenges to politicians, policy-makers and planners. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the recent processes of socio-spatial change and the role of selective migration in Lithuania. The main focus is on understanding who lives in those regions which are rapidly losing population, and who is most likely to leave these regions. This is one of the first studies to use individual-level Lithuanian census data from 2001 and 2011. We found that low socio-economic status residents and older residents dominate the population of shrinking regions, and unsurprisingly that the most 'successful' people are the most likely to leave such regions. This process of selective migration reinforces the negative downward spiral of declining regions. As a result, socio-spatial polarization is growing within the country, where people with higher socio-economic status are increasingly overrepresented in the largest city-regions, while the elderly and residents with a lower socio-economic status are overrepresented in declining rural regions. This paper provides empirical evidence of selective migration and increasing regional disparities in Lithuania. While the socio-spatial changes are obvious in Lithuania, there is no clear strategy on how to cope with extreme population decline and increasing regional inequalities within the country.

Since the 1990s, Lithuania lost almost one-quarter of its population, and some regions within the country lost more than 50% of their residents. Such a sharp population decline poses major challenges to politicians, policy-makers and planners. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the recent processes of socio-spatial change and the role of selective migration in Lithuania. The main focus is on understanding who lives in those regions which are rapidly losing population, and who is most likely to leave these regions. This is one of the first studies to use individual-level Lithuanian census data from 2001 and 2011. We found that low socio-economic status residents and older residents dominate the population of shrinking regions, and unsurprisingly that the most 'successful' people are the most likely to leave such regions. This process of selective migration reinforces the negative downward spiral of declining regions. As a result, socio-spatial polarization is growing within the country, where people with higher socio-economic status are increasingly overrepresented in the largest city-regions, while the elderly and residents with a lower socio-economic status are overrepresented in declining rural regions. This paper provides empirical evidence of selective migration and increasing regional disparities in Lithuania. While the socio-spatial changes are obvious in Lithuania, there is no clear strategy on how to cope with extreme population decline and increasing regional inequalities within the country.

Since the 1990s, Lithuania lost almost one-quarter of its population, and some regions within the country lost more than 50% of their residents. Such a sharp population decline poses major challenges to politicians, policy-makers and planners. The aim of this study is to obtain more insight into the recent processes of socio-spatial change and the role of selective migration in Lithuania. The main focus is on understanding who lives in those regions which are rapidly losing population, and who is most likely to leave these regions. This is one of the first studies to use individual-level Lithuanian census data from 2001 and 2011. We found that low socio-economic status residents and older residents dominate the population of shrinking regions, and unsurprisingly that the most 'successful' people are the most likely to leave such regions. This process of selective migration reinforces the negative downward spiral of declining regions. As a result, socio-spatial polarization is growing within the country, where people with higher socio-economic status are increasingly overrepresented in the largest city-regions, while the elderly and residents with a lower socio-economic status are overrepresented in declining rural regions. This paper provides empirical evidence of selective migration and increasing regional disparities in Lithuania. While the socio-spatial changes are obvious in Lithuania, there is no clear strategy on how to cope with extreme population decline and increasing regional inequalities within the country.

"Złożoność skutków starzenia się społeczeństw stanowi istotne wyzwanie na poziomie regionalnym i lokalnym. Działania adaptacyjne wymagają współpracy samorządów terytorialnych, podmiotów gospodarczych i organizacji pozarządowych. Opracowanie przybliża: wymiary interwencji, typologię "regionów kurczących się" oraz dwie inicjatywy: regionów dla ludzi w każdym wieku (Regions for All Ages) i sieci srebrnej gospodarki regionów europejskich (SEN@ER - Silver Economy Network of European Regions). Wskazano także na dylematy tworzenia specjalnych strategii regionalnych i czynniki sprzyjające ich realizacji oraz bariery budowy srebrnych gospodarek. Dodatkowo, przedstawiono wnioski z analizy wybranych strategii rozwoju regionalnego w Polsce. Podsumowanie określa możliwe kierunki dalszych badań." (Autorenreferat)

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989–1991 allowed structural changes in the educational systems in 28 new countries which were under control of the Soviet government for a long time. Almost three decades have passed and several generations have been raised within the reformed educational systems. Therefore, it is important to assess the results of these reforms. One, yet not the only, of the main units of measurement for the assessment of the results of the educational system or education reform refers to population literacy and competencies gained through certain educational systems. The purpose of the article is to compare the results of the education reforms in Lithuania and other post-communist countries based on the population literacy as the expression of learning achievements. Data of the survey of adult skills under the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) organized by the OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) were used for comparison of the learning achievements. The OECD PIAAC survey databases of Lithuania, Estonia, Russian Federation, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia were used for comparison of the results of the reforms carried out in the post-Soviet countries. 5093 participants from Lithuania participated in the OECD PIAAC survey. Accordingly, 7632 participants participated in Estonia, 3892 in Russian Federation, 9366 in Poland, 6102 in Check Republic, 5723 in Slovakia, and 5331 in Slovenia. The total number of respondents in the seven analyzed countries is 43139. Analysis of the data of the said countries showed that in the education reform context the lowest value added generated by the secondary school was observed in Lithuania. The most positive results of the education reform at vocational education level were recorded in Estonia, at secondary education level – in Estonia and the Czech Republic, at lower secondary education level – in Lithuania. At secondary education level, the most considerable deterioration of the results was recorded for Russia, at lower secondary education level – for Russia and Slovakia. The most moderate change in the results at vocational education level was observed in Lithuania, at secondary and lower secondary education levels – in Poland.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989–1991 allowed structural changes in the educational systems in 28 new countries which were under control of the Soviet government for a long time. Almost three decades have passed and several generations have been raised within the reformed educational systems. Therefore, it is important to assess the results of these reforms. One, yet not the only, of the main units of measurement for the assessment of the results of the educational system or education reform refers to population literacy and competencies gained through certain educational systems. The purpose of the article is to compare the results of the education reforms in Lithuania and other post-communist countries based on the population literacy as the expression of learning achievements. Data of the survey of adult skills under the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) organized by the OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) were used for comparison of the learning achievements. The OECD PIAAC survey databases of Lithuania, Estonia, Russian Federation, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia were used for comparison of the results of the reforms carried out in the post-Soviet countries. 5093 participants from Lithuania participated in the OECD PIAAC survey. Accordingly, 7632 participants participated in Estonia, 3892 in Russian Federation, 9366 in Poland, 6102 in Check Republic, 5723 in Slovakia, and 5331 in Slovenia. The total number of respondents in the seven analyzed countries is 43139. Analysis of the data of the said countries showed that in the education reform context the lowest value added generated by the secondary school was observed in Lithuania. The most positive results of the education reform at vocational education level were recorded in Estonia, at secondary education level – in Estonia and the Czech Republic, at lower secondary education level – in Lithuania. At secondary education level, the most considerable deterioration of the results was recorded for Russia, at lower secondary education level – for Russia and Slovakia. The most moderate change in the results at vocational education level was observed in Lithuania, at secondary and lower secondary education levels – in Poland.

The aging of the population is the process of increasing the proportion of older people in the population, which is the result of two long‑term demographic trends: a decrease in fertility and an increase in life expectancy. For the correct measurement of the advancement of this process, it is extremely important what age we consider the beginning of the old age. In the traditional approach older people are most often considered to be people over 60 or 65 years of age. In the alternative approach the beginning of the old age can be considered the age which the expected life expectancy is exactly 15 years. In many parts of the world, the phenomenon of depopulation may appear in the coming years, and the number of children will be lower than the number of older people. In the future, older people will be in nearly one third of their entire population in many regions. However, the percentage of people who have 15 or fewer years to live will stabilize in the future at about 15% of the total population in the most developed countries. Therefore, the beginning of the old age will grow in the future up to 70 years and more in the most developed countries. ; Starzenie się ludności oznacza proces wzrostu odsetka osób starszych w populacji, który jest efektem dwóch długoterminowych trendów demograficznych – zmniejszania się płodności i zwiększania się przeciętnej długości życia. Dla prawidłowego pomiaru zaawansowania tego procesu niezmiernie istotne jest to, jaki wiek uznamy za początek starości. W ujęciu tradycyjnym za osoby starsze uznaje się najczęściej osoby w wieku 60 lub 65 lat i więcej. Natomiast w alternatywnym ujęciu za początek okresu starości można uznać na przykład wiek, dla którego oczekiwane dalsze trwanie życia wynosi dokładnie 15 lat. W wielu miejscach na świecie nieuchronnie wystąpi w przyszłości zjawisko depopulacji, a liczba dzieci stanie się niższa od liczby osób starszych. Osoby w wieku 60 lat i więcej będą w przyszłości stanowić w wielu regionach blisko jedną trzecią ludności. Natomiast odsetek osób, którym zostało mniej niż 15 lat życia, w krajach najbardziej rozwiniętych ustabilizuje się w przyszłości na poziomie około 15% ich populacji. Dlatego granica określająca początek okresu starości w ujęciu tradycyjnym będzie się w przyszłości zwiększać nawet do 70 lat i więcej w państwach najbardziej rozwiniętych.

The aging of the population is the process of increasing the proportion of older people in the population, which is the result of two long‑term demographic trends: a decrease in fertility and an increase in life expectancy. For the correct measurement of the advancement of this process, it is extremely important what age we consider the beginning of the old age. In the traditional approach older people are most often considered to be people over 60 or 65 years of age. In the alternative approach the beginning of the old age can be considered the age which the expected life expectancy is exactly 15 years. In many parts of the world, the phenomenon of depopulation may appear in the coming years, and the number of children will be lower than the number of older people. In the future, older people will be in nearly one third of their entire population in many regions. However, the percentage of people who have 15 or fewer years to live will stabilize in the future at about 15% of the total population in the most developed countries. Therefore, the beginning of the old age will grow in the future up to 70 years and more in the most developed countries. ; Starzenie się ludności oznacza proces wzrostu odsetka osób starszych w populacji, który jest efektem dwóch długoterminowych trendów demograficznych – zmniejszania się płodności i zwiększania się przeciętnej długości życia. Dla prawidłowego pomiaru zaawansowania tego procesu niezmiernie istotne jest to, jaki wiek uznamy za początek starości. W ujęciu tradycyjnym za osoby starsze uznaje się najczęściej osoby w wieku 60 lub 65 lat i więcej. Natomiast w alternatywnym ujęciu za początek okresu starości można uznać na przykład wiek, dla którego oczekiwane dalsze trwanie życia wynosi dokładnie 15 lat. W wielu miejscach na świecie nieuchronnie wystąpi w przyszłości zjawisko depopulacji, a liczba dzieci stanie się niższa od liczby osób starszych. Osoby w wieku 60 lat i więcej będą w przyszłości stanowić w wielu regionach blisko jedną trzecią ludności. Natomiast odsetek osób, którym zostało mniej niż 15 lat życia, w krajach najbardziej rozwiniętych ustabilizuje się w przyszłości na poziomie około 15% ich populacji. Dlatego granica określająca początek okresu starości w ujęciu tradycyjnym będzie się w przyszłości zwiększać nawet do 70 lat i więcej w państwach najbardziej rozwiniętych.

Residents are one of conditions for state existance, therefore analysis of demographic characteristics is iportant not only in theoretical, but also practical aspect. Population density is one of the most important demographic characteristics which contains and also reflects economic, social, political and sometimes cultural meaning of region. Mapping of population density has dual objectives: on the one hand, representing quantity and distribution of residents in the analyzed area, on the other hand – after qualitative evaluation of the data the received results can be used for furhter research and for creating population distribution models. Often for certain reasons like data collection and recalculation methods or chosen cartographic methods cartographic production of the covered mapped area becomes measure which creates not entirely truthful impression about the portrayed phenomenon. Objective of this paper is to evaluate communication pecularities and efficiency of Lithuanian population density maps which were created using different cartographic methods. In order to reach the objective, literary sources, statistical data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census and results of carried out cartographic experimental research were used. Various research methods were applied: analysis of literary sources and statistical data, cartographic method, descriptive, comparative and logical methods, GIS analysis, cartographic experimental research and geostatistic methods. First part of the paper analyzes the most common methods used for population mapping, important works of foreign authors about cartographic methods of population density and Lithuanian researches of population density mapping and population density cartographic methodics. Second part of the paper presents methodics of preparing this paper: population density mapping is discussed, trial experimental research is prepared and analysis of two aspects (data presented by maps and map communication) is described. Third part of the paper consists of four subsections. Population density maps created using choropleth mapping, dasimetric and kernel density methods are presented, advantages and disadvantages of such maps are discussed in the first subsection. Deflections of village population density maps created using choropleth mapping and kernel density methods are examined by comparing the said maps with data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census presented in 1 x 1 km grids are analyzed in the second subsection. Results of trial cartographic experimental research are presented in the third subsection. Recommendations for population density mapping and cartographic experimental research are presented in the fourth subsection. The research showed that not enough attention is paid to creating correct cartographic population density models in Lithuania, while foreign countries keep improving dasimetric cartographic method which is not used in Lithuania. Also territorial patterns and scatter of deflections in populatin density maps created using different methods was observed. It was determined that the least deflections of village population density is inherent in maps which were creadet using kernel density method with impact distance parameter of 1 kilometer. In order to create more precise population density maps, generalization in level of administrative units should be refused and other cartographic methods should be used. The results of the research are important for perfecting population density cartographic methodics in Lithuania. Author of the paper observed that problem of the population density cartographic method is much more complicated than it is commonly thought, therefore main directions were distinguished and recommendations for further research of understanding of information provided in population density maps and comparison of methods by carrying out experiments with users.

Residents are one of conditions for state existance, therefore analysis of demographic characteristics is iportant not only in theoretical, but also practical aspect. Population density is one of the most important demographic characteristics which contains and also reflects economic, social, political and sometimes cultural meaning of region. Mapping of population density has dual objectives: on the one hand, representing quantity and distribution of residents in the analyzed area, on the other hand – after qualitative evaluation of the data the received results can be used for furhter research and for creating population distribution models. Often for certain reasons like data collection and recalculation methods or chosen cartographic methods cartographic production of the covered mapped area becomes measure which creates not entirely truthful impression about the portrayed phenomenon. Objective of this paper is to evaluate communication pecularities and efficiency of Lithuanian population density maps which were created using different cartographic methods. In order to reach the objective, literary sources, statistical data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census and results of carried out cartographic experimental research were used. Various research methods were applied: analysis of literary sources and statistical data, cartographic method, descriptive, comparative and logical methods, GIS analysis, cartographic experimental research and geostatistic methods. First part of the paper analyzes the most common methods used for population mapping, important works of foreign authors about cartographic methods of population density and Lithuanian researches of population density mapping and population density cartographic methodics. Second part of the paper presents methodics of preparing this paper: population density mapping is discussed, trial experimental research is prepared and analysis of two aspects (data presented by maps and map communication) is described. Third part of the paper consists of four subsections. Population density maps created using choropleth mapping, dasimetric and kernel density methods are presented, advantages and disadvantages of such maps are discussed in the first subsection. Deflections of village population density maps created using choropleth mapping and kernel density methods are examined by comparing the said maps with data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census presented in 1 x 1 km grids are analyzed in the second subsection. Results of trial cartographic experimental research are presented in the third subsection. Recommendations for population density mapping and cartographic experimental research are presented in the fourth subsection. The research showed that not enough attention is paid to creating correct cartographic population density models in Lithuania, while foreign countries keep improving dasimetric cartographic method which is not used in Lithuania. Also territorial patterns and scatter of deflections in populatin density maps created using different methods was observed. It was determined that the least deflections of village population density is inherent in maps which were creadet using kernel density method with impact distance parameter of 1 kilometer. In order to create more precise population density maps, generalization in level of administrative units should be refused and other cartographic methods should be used. The results of the research are important for perfecting population density cartographic methodics in Lithuania. Author of the paper observed that problem of the population density cartographic method is much more complicated than it is commonly thought, therefore main directions were distinguished and recommendations for further research of understanding of information provided in population density maps and comparison of methods by carrying out experiments with users.

Residents are one of conditions for state existance, therefore analysis of demographic characteristics is iportant not only in theoretical, but also practical aspect. Population density is one of the most important demographic characteristics which contains and also reflects economic, social, political and sometimes cultural meaning of region. Mapping of population density has dual objectives: on the one hand, representing quantity and distribution of residents in the analyzed area, on the other hand – after qualitative evaluation of the data the received results can be used for furhter research and for creating population distribution models. Often for certain reasons like data collection and recalculation methods or chosen cartographic methods cartographic production of the covered mapped area becomes measure which creates not entirely truthful impression about the portrayed phenomenon. Objective of this paper is to evaluate communication pecularities and efficiency of Lithuanian population density maps which were created using different cartographic methods. In order to reach the objective, literary sources, statistical data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census and results of carried out cartographic experimental research were used. Various research methods were applied: analysis of literary sources and statistical data, cartographic method, descriptive, comparative and logical methods, GIS analysis, cartographic experimental research and geostatistic methods. First part of the paper analyzes the most common methods used for population mapping, important works of foreign authors about cartographic methods of population density and Lithuanian researches of population density mapping and population density cartographic methodics. Second part of the paper presents methodics of preparing this paper: population density mapping is discussed, trial experimental research is prepared and analysis of two aspects (data presented by maps and map communication) is described. Third part of the paper consists of four subsections. Population density maps created using choropleth mapping, dasimetric and kernel density methods are presented, advantages and disadvantages of such maps are discussed in the first subsection. Deflections of village population density maps created using choropleth mapping and kernel density methods are examined by comparing the said maps with data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census presented in 1 x 1 km grids are analyzed in the second subsection. Results of trial cartographic experimental research are presented in the third subsection. Recommendations for population density mapping and cartographic experimental research are presented in the fourth subsection. The research showed that not enough attention is paid to creating correct cartographic population density models in Lithuania, while foreign countries keep improving dasimetric cartographic method which is not used in Lithuania. Also territorial patterns and scatter of deflections in populatin density maps created using different methods was observed. It was determined that the least deflections of village population density is inherent in maps which were creadet using kernel density method with impact distance parameter of 1 kilometer. In order to create more precise population density maps, generalization in level of administrative units should be refused and other cartographic methods should be used. The results of the research are important for perfecting population density cartographic methodics in Lithuania. Author of the paper observed that problem of the population density cartographic method is much more complicated than it is commonly thought, therefore main directions were distinguished and recommendations for further research of understanding of information provided in population density maps and comparison of methods by carrying out experiments with users.

Residents are one of conditions for state existance, therefore analysis of demographic characteristics is iportant not only in theoretical, but also practical aspect. Population density is one of the most important demographic characteristics which contains and also reflects economic, social, political and sometimes cultural meaning of region. Mapping of population density has dual objectives: on the one hand, representing quantity and distribution of residents in the analyzed area, on the other hand – after qualitative evaluation of the data the received results can be used for furhter research and for creating population distribution models. Often for certain reasons like data collection and recalculation methods or chosen cartographic methods cartographic production of the covered mapped area becomes measure which creates not entirely truthful impression about the portrayed phenomenon. Objective of this paper is to evaluate communication pecularities and efficiency of Lithuanian population density maps which were created using different cartographic methods. In order to reach the objective, literary sources, statistical data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census and results of carried out cartographic experimental research were used. Various research methods were applied: analysis of literary sources and statistical data, cartographic method, descriptive, comparative and logical methods, GIS analysis, cartographic experimental research and geostatistic methods. First part of the paper analyzes the most common methods used for population mapping, important works of foreign authors about cartographic methods of population density and Lithuanian researches of population density mapping and population density cartographic methodics. Second part of the paper presents methodics of preparing this paper: population density mapping is discussed, trial experimental research is prepared and analysis of two aspects (data presented by maps and map communication) is described. Third part of the paper consists of four subsections. Population density maps created using choropleth mapping, dasimetric and kernel density methods are presented, advantages and disadvantages of such maps are discussed in the first subsection. Deflections of village population density maps created using choropleth mapping and kernel density methods are examined by comparing the said maps with data from 2011 general residents and accomodation census presented in 1 x 1 km grids are analyzed in the second subsection. Results of trial cartographic experimental research are presented in the third subsection. Recommendations for population density mapping and cartographic experimental research are presented in the fourth subsection. The research showed that not enough attention is paid to creating correct cartographic population density models in Lithuania, while foreign countries keep improving dasimetric cartographic method which is not used in Lithuania. Also territorial patterns and scatter of deflections in populatin density maps created using different methods was observed. It was determined that the least deflections of village population density is inherent in maps which were creadet using kernel density method with impact distance parameter of 1 kilometer. In order to create more precise population density maps, generalization in level of administrative units should be refused and other cartographic methods should be used. The results of the research are important for perfecting population density cartographic methodics in Lithuania. Author of the paper observed that problem of the population density cartographic method is much more complicated than it is commonly thought, therefore main directions were distinguished and recommendations for further research of understanding of information provided in population density maps and comparison of methods by carrying out experiments with users.

The Curonian Spit is an exceptional natural territory and a special geographical space for human habitation. From time immemorial, the inhabitants of this country have faced various challenges: natural, economic, political. In the context of historical periods, the inhabitants of this land had to find solutions to adapt or change the natural environment. The aim of this work is to determine the social and demographic changes of the Curonian Spit population and the structures of economic activities in the context of spatial differentiation and social segregation.